The original castle, called Tre Kronor or Three Crowns, was an amalgamation of parts and pieces
that had been built, renovated, and added-on since the 1250’s. Its waterfront location, high walls, jumble
of towers, turrets, and Renaissance gables lent the Three Crowns Castle a
fairytale-like air whose spirit embodies today’s (Disneyland) concept of “medieval castle.” In comparison to the defensive castle as seen
in the 1661 painting below, the building that stands in its place is a placid
palace. While it has a quiet, simple
character, it is not short on grandeur: the new palace has 1,430 rooms and is
Europe’s largest royal residential palace (to give an idea of the palace’s scale,
the interior courtyard is football-field length).
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| 1661 painting of Tre Kronor Castle by Govert Camphuysen |
Like Stockholm’s lesser palaces, Three Crowns had a long
history of renovations. In the late
1500’s, modern Sweden’s first king hired Willem Boy to
transform the palace from a medieval fortress to a Renaissance castle. While the facades and turrets were updated in
style, the defensive nature of the castle remained; the Stockholm Bloodbath in
which 50 of Sweden’s highest ranking noblemen had been killed by the Danes was
only about 50 years before and was still fresh in King Vasa’s memory.
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| A model at the palace shows the castle after Boy's renovation. The jumble of the original castle's many additions and alterations over time is apparent. |
In the 1650’s, Jean de la Vallée proposed a remodel of the castle that would keep the central
medieval tower while it regularized and re-clad the surrounding buildings in a
colossal and overtly classical façade.
In Jean de la Vallée’s proposal, the castle was reoriented to
face north toward Norrmalm and a corresponding bridge over the water from Gamla
Stan, past Helgandsholmen, and to Norrmalm was included in the project. Additionally, other than the central tower, Vallée’s
proposal removed any defensive character
from the building; he transformed the castle into a palace (at this later point
in history Stockholm relied on a defensive network of castles and fortifications
out in the archipelago to stop any attacks before they got to the city). Although Vallée’s scheme was never carried
out, it did set a precedent which future proposals would remember.
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| Vallée’s proposal |
Just a few years later, in 1666, Nicodemus
Tessin the Elder designed a new veneer for the northern façade of the
castle. This was contemporaneous with
the renovation of many older palaces in Stockholm; like the other palaces, the
Three Crown castle “modernized” from a detail-rich Dutch Renaissance to a
restrained classical style (see my post: Palaces from The Time of Great Powerin the 1600's). Nicodemus Tessin the Younger carried out his
father’s drawings, and the new northern façade was finished in 1692 (map 1).
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| Tessin the Elder's north facade |
Shortly thereafter, in 1697, a huge fire devastated most of
the castle, burning everything but Tessin’s newly renovated wing to the ground. The survival of Tessin’s wing coupled by the fact
that Nicodemus Tessin the Younger generated full and detailed plans, sections,
and elevations for the castle’s 1,430 room replacement within six weeks of the
fire makes me a bit suspicious as to the cause of the blaze. In all my reading, I have not come across
anything that assigns or even hints at blame to Tessin, but it’s hard to
imagine a better way for the royally appointed architect to create job security
for himself.
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| Tessin's plan for the new palace |
In stark contrast to the original castle’s assemblage of
parts over time, the new palace is an orderly, nearly symmetrical plan
consisting of a central square surrounding a courtyard plus three wings
pointing to the east and west of the square (there would have been four wings
but the existing church was in the way of the southwest wing). There are an additional two wings forming a
broken arc at the west end of the building.
The symmetrical nature of the new palace is important in addressing the
palace’s many “front” doors: one facing Norrmalm to the north, the growing
commercial center of the city; one facing Gamla Stan to the south, the
traditional heart of the city; and one facing the water to the east, the city’s
entry point and diplomatic façade. The
western façade faced the rounded wings which housed the castle guard and army
commander.
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| One of the rounded guard and army wings |
Just as the various facades faced various aspects of the
city, their design and functions echoed what they faced. The northern façade facing out to the city at
large houses the Rikssalen, or the
National Hall, which housed the King’s throne room. The south façade (map 2) faces historic Gamla Stan
and the city’s historic cathedral church; this wing houses the castle chapel
and the façade decorations commemorate the nation.
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| The palaces South facade. Statues and panels represent important contributors to Swedish society like Linneus who was an admired botanist throughout the world. |
The western façade (map 4) facing the
arched wings housing the castle guard is the King’s side and is decorated in
war and “manly” themes.
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| War themes on the western facade: a helmet, three war ships, arrows, a horn to signal "charge!", a dagger, and a crossbow with a sheath of arrows. |
It is interesting to note the difference in quality between
Nicodemus Tessin the Elder’s north façade and Tessin the Youngers’ façades. The slightly older, north façade is much
simpler in comparison to the other façades. The older north façade is nearly decoration-free
except at the portal, but the slightly newer facades feature patterned plaster
work, pilasters, ornate window surrounds, varied window shapes, complicated
cornices, Juliette balconies, niches with statuary, patterned floor bands,
textured plaster, medallions, caryatids, and Italianate arches. The return to Classicism after the Dutch
Renaissance style was at first a simpler, cleaner architecture, but it didn’t
take long for the “new” Classicism to become quite decorative and additive.
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| The north facade (left) gets no more complex than a changing corner quoin. The west facade, on the other hand... |
The plan and design of the palace itself is fairly
straightforward, but the re-configuration of the urban environs around the
castle are more complex and require a short history lesson for better
comprehension. First, it is important to
note that the fall of the “great” Swedish empire corresponds to the end of the
17th century. In 1700,
Russia, Saxony–Poland, and Denmark–Norway joined forces and attacked the
Swedish empire on all sides. King Karl
XII was initially able to defend the country’s territories in unexpected
victories, but he became too cocky and committed the classic mistake of trying to
attack Moscow. At the Battle of Poltava,
the Russians captured most of the Swedish army, and King Karl XII was forced to
flee to the Ottoman Empire where he stayed for years trying to convince the
Ottomans to join in with Sweden to attack Russia. The Ottomans were only so interested in Karl’s
plan and they eventually became fed up with Karl’s political intrigues and his
soldiers’ terrible behavior; King Karl XII was eventually imprisoned by the
Ottomans for several years. By the time Karl
returned to Sweden in 1714, Russia had become the great power in the North, and
Sweden’s war-weary Parliament converted the crown from an absolute to a
constitutional monarchy.
Given this war-beleaguered background in which Sweden lost
most of its empire, it is no wonder that the king didn’t have money to rebuild
right away and that the new palace wasn’t habitable until 1754. It is also no wonder that Tessin’s new urban
plan for the areas around the palace created a triumphal urban center which
through blatant symbolism and grand, processional spaces declared Stockholm the
seat of a grand and successful empire.
Naturally, these references to grandeur and success were merely
illusions; Tessin sent his urban plans to King Karl XII for approval while the
king was imprisoned in Constantinople and dreaming of a re-built Sweden. Tessin’s new urban plan was never carried
out—not only did the king not have enough capital to realize the plan, but
he died four years after returning to Sweden and subsequent monarchs did not
have the same egotistical need to assert their prowess. Despite not being built out, the plan
remained important for Stockholm’s future urban design and as a record of how
an 18th century absolute monarch wished to immortalize himself.
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| Tessin's plan for the new urban plan surrounding the palace |
The fundamental heart of Tessin’s plan was an axis between
the royal palace and a newly built burial church (map 5). This axis is formed by a straightened bridge
across Helgandsholmen to Norrmalm (recalling Vallée’s earlier proposal). Like the palace interior where the chapel and
the throne room face each other across the interior courtyard, Sweden’s
important axes of monarchy and religion were symbolized in Tessin’s plan where
the new church and the royal palace faced each other across the water. The other parts of the plan—the palace hill
and rearrangement of Gamla Stan, the stable on Helgandsholmen, and the formal
square on Norrmalm were all secondary elements to this new ceremonial axis.
On Gamla Stan in the vicinity of the palace, Tessin had to
deal with a sudden change in grade of about 30 feet between the water’s edge
and the palace’s southern portal.
Because the palace was no longer a castle with walls, ordinary people
and goods needed to be able to negotiate this terrain, but it was critical that
the area outside the palace’s southern entry be flat for ceremonial purposes. In order to accommodate both needs, Tessin
designed a very steep slope (map 6) ramping up from the water’s edge to the southern
portal. However, because several
existing buildings at water level on the south side of the palace hill would be
obliterated by this ramp, the southern edge of the ramp is a wall that drops
into an ditch-like alley which allows access to the original buildings. (These original buildings include Flemingska Palace #11 and Boneaus Palace #19, Palaces from the 1600’s.) This is a bit of an awkward design move that
is still confusing and misleading today.
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| Tessin's awkward elevation change solution with existing palaces and the resulting ditch to the left, the grand ramp leading to the backside of the church in the middle, and the royal palace on the right. The ramp is much steeper than it appears in this photo. |
It is also anticlimactic that this imperial, ceremonial ramp is directly
on axis from the water to the back side of the cathedral church (map 7), which was also
in existence long before Tessin’s time.
Tessin hoped to partly alleviate this problem by re-cladding the medieval Gothic church in a classical baroque façade that matched the style of the
palace. The new facade looks more like a front door than the backside of a church and leads to confusion.
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| Tessin's drawing for the re-cladding of the church. Today's church is a bit simpler than Tessin's drawing. |
Tessin’s vision for Gamla Stan didn’t end with the ramp. He also designed three prominent buildings on
the upper, flat end of the palace hill.
These buildings included a palace for himself (see #20 in my post Palaces from the 1600’s) (map 8) which was placed directly across from the royal palace’s
entrance (I’m assuming that as palace architect he was entitled to some good
real estate nearby),
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| Tessin's own palace from the south portal into the royal palace |
a stock market (map 9), and a machine house (map 10) (not sure exactly what this entailed). Not liking the medieval town hall (map 11) facing
Gamla Stan’s Stortorget (“The Large Square,” the heart of Gamla Stan), Tessin
also proposed to rebuild it in a classical style more in keeping with the
times. Directly west of the palace
beyond the curved guard wings, Tessin designed a building to house Sweden’s
Supreme Court (map 15). And not to leave any
important aspects of Swedish society or government out, he also designed a mint
building (map 12) a block away. The mint building was not built until the 1780's, and it does not appear to have been much influenced by Tessin's design (I'm not sure who the architect was). As far as I can tell, Tessin’s own palace was the only one of these
six buildings that was ever realized.
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| Tessin's elevation and plan drawings for the royal mint |
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| The mint building as built in the 1780's. |
At first glance, it’s hard to understand why such a
prominent place and so much real estate would be devoted to the royal stables,
but considering the increasing importance of cavalry in war and the king’s loss
of much of the Swedish empire, it makes a bit more sense that the stables and
carriage house would occupy all of Helgandsholmen (“The Holy Spirit’s Island). The original stable had been designed by
Tessin’s father, but it burned in 1696, allowing Tessin to build a showier,
grander version which also included a show track and grandstand that would
provide entertainment. For me the most
interesting aspect of the stable buildings is that we have a slew of Tessin’s
drawings for the project as he reworked and refined it. You can see the progress he made from the
first submission to the last. Again,
however, this project was not realized and the island is now home to Sweden’s Parliament.
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| Tessin's drawings for the stall buildings from 1696, 1712, and 1713. |
Tessin’s proposed changes on Norrmalm are perhaps the most striking
part of his urban plan. When walking
from the palace to Norrmalm over the straightened, axial bridge, a person would
be walking directly toward an imposing church (map 5).
Tessin proposed this church as the new burial church for the Swedish
monarchs (I supposed the existing burial church on Riddarholmen was too old-fashioned for
him). It is no accident that this church
strongly resembles St. Peter’s in Rome.
On a study trip to Italy several years before, Tessin had fallen in love
with Michelangelo’s, Bernini’s, and Palladio’s architecture. References to giant, powerful empires (be
they papal or Roman) were just another way to shore up the king’s fallen
ego. It is also no accident that the
church’s cupola and the top, residential floor of the palace were at the same
height—the king and god were equally above all others in Sweden.
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| Tessin's elevation, plan, and section drawings for the new royal burial church |
Tessin imagined the square in front of the new church to be
much like Rome’s forum: a place for all to cross paths while being reminded of
who is in charge. Proportional
relationships were important to Tessin’s designs, and he designed the square to
have a 3:2 relationship, the ideal relationship for a city square according to
Vitruvius. Flanking the church, the two
private palaces (one of which was Torstensonska Palace, #5 in my Palaces of the1600’s post) (map 13) were to be removed
and classical public buildings were to take their place in order to house
Stockholm’s governor and the palace office.
Various monuments and fountains
were planned for the square. While none
of the buildings around this square were ever realized, they did inform the
public, monumental nature of today’s Gustav Adolf’s Square.
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| Tessin's perspective of the church square, a monument to be placed in that square, and a plan for the replacement of the palaces that flank the square. The perspective gives a good idea of what those palaces would have looked like in elevation. The monument to the king implies that he is more powerful than the Egyptian empire and Hannibal. |
In keeping with the theme of tearing down or recladding
everything in the vicinity that wasn’t designed by Tessin and that didn’t match
his classical taste, Tessin proposed that the Mäkalös Palace (see #4 in my post
Palaces of the 1600’s) (map 14) be torn
down in order to make way for a monumental arsenal building. This new building would make a more fitting
edge to Kungsträdgården than a
private palace, and it would also house a public trophy room or victory hall so
that the public could view the king’s war booty. Again, Tessin’s design goals seem to be more
rooted in inflating the King’s ego than in reality. It’s hard to get a sense of the gigantic
scale of this building from the drawing, but it is at least two city blocks
long and the ceilings in the victory hall were 50 feet tall. Tessin provided lots of space for all the war booty that was highly unlikely to
ever arrive.
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| Tessin's plan, elevation, and section/elevation at one of the Arsenal towers |
Again, the royal palace and Tessin’s palace were the only
pieces of this grand scheme to ever get built.
Due to the monarchy’s financial troubles, construction was delayed again
and again, and by the time palace construction began in 1727, Tessin was on his
deathbed. Architect Carl
Hårleman took over the project and completed it according to Tessins plans and
also designed the palace’s interiors.
This explains why the palace’s exterior is a stricter, Baroque
Classicism while the interiors reflect a later, richer French Rococo.
My favorite part of the interior is the chapel and the droopy clouds everywhere. I suppose that the droopy clouds represent the Holy Spirit’s all-reaching presence, but they just make me smile.
My favorite part of the interior is the chapel and the droopy clouds everywhere. I suppose that the droopy clouds represent the Holy Spirit’s all-reaching presence, but they just make me smile.
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| Just a sampling of the chapel's oozing, dripping, drooping clouds. |
The palace facades are currently
undergoing a $36 million, 50 year renovation, which is why there is black netting
and scaffolding visible in several of my exterior photos.
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| Some of my favorite palace details. Left: This "wrapping" pedestal is on Tessin the Elder's north facade, but the detail is repeated on Tessin the Younger's facades as well. Middle: This is the "left over" space between the palace's northwest wing and the arcing wing. Right: Streetlamp and beautiful, crisp shadow. |
Tourist tip: You can walk into the
chapel for free, and I highly recommend stopping in while you explore Gamla
Stan. However, if your stay in Stockholm
is short, I recommend going to Drottningholm Palace (also designed by Tessin)
instead of touring this palace. The
Drottningholm Palace tour is much more extensive, the interiors are much less
disturbed, and the grounds with auxiliary buildings are greatly interesting.
Ragnar Josephson’s Tessins slottsomgivning (1925/2002) was extremely helpful and unless otherwise
noted, all drawing images came from this book.
All photographs are my own. Other helpful sources included Thomas Hall’s Stockholm: The Making of a Metropolis; the royal family’s website
on the history of the palace: http://www.kungahuset.se/kungligaslotten/kungligaslottet/slottet/historik.4.187e1841020141a4c88000631.html and
Wikipedia for filling in the gaps in my knowledge of King Karl XII and his
wars: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swedish_history#The_Great_Northern_War:_1700
Painting of the original castle from: https://www.tii.se/projects/thecastle
Vallée’s
proposal image from: http://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stockholms_slott
