tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-27728218078842825612024-03-14T12:34:55.030+01:00Walking StockholmWalking through Stockholm one neighborhood and one epoch at a timeRainahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03436765499184988845noreply@blogger.comBlogger57125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2772821807884282561.post-66750094583259621362023-11-08T20:58:00.006+01:002023-12-22T00:09:02.838+01:00Hornsbergs Villastad (Hornsberg’s Villa City): An Unrealized Utopia <table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiVKdb9mWDdHh3Eb-4dDPkfR2AVJGYrgrvZj__STQ-i8jx_AA9fPNWtquFjWZl5mE4KqUywaQwOfnSIMbbYiuPRlYNCiRv1miXUAsgLPpsnRnmgYfpRV3HByfknAK0AQbHaVrU3Ha_3oJ9t0DYRbcF76BTLHR8lyWQnh2dkN4JmHYlPNzEFBk80_N2dAXsB/s1440/first%20comp.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="472" data-original-width="1440" height="210" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiVKdb9mWDdHh3Eb-4dDPkfR2AVJGYrgrvZj__STQ-i8jx_AA9fPNWtquFjWZl5mE4KqUywaQwOfnSIMbbYiuPRlYNCiRv1miXUAsgLPpsnRnmgYfpRV3HByfknAK0AQbHaVrU3Ha_3oJ9t0DYRbcF76BTLHR8lyWQnh2dkN4JmHYlPNzEFBk80_N2dAXsB/w640-h210/first%20comp.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">*&*</td></tr></tbody></table><p style="text-align: justify;">While I don’t spend a lot of time dwelling on unrealized plans on this blog, I find Hornsberg’s Villastad interesting because this unrealized ghost town was officially on the books for about 50 years which ended up stunting this area of Kungsholmen’s development. The design was also a harbinger of a change in aesthetic which would soon become a major trend. <br /></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgM1-eDqsq7SCw5PncbQj98u0uk6Y-bXNWdJZpglQjvBPLb7AMIvzzYnTC1R6aGA0b0vW51_T6hEqBkQa3Fqxonv6DbX6IjlYPFPwB5VzoBaJS1kvJTQerdvU-OnpKg7wkNSCh2nYko_STTJRJFwKy2xMcAjVAdwYUDa-l7kKmWATYo5KGQ2kc2VX6FNsUa/s1127/Hornsberg-Villastad-Maps.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1127" data-original-width="742" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgM1-eDqsq7SCw5PncbQj98u0uk6Y-bXNWdJZpglQjvBPLb7AMIvzzYnTC1R6aGA0b0vW51_T6hEqBkQa3Fqxonv6DbX6IjlYPFPwB5VzoBaJS1kvJTQerdvU-OnpKg7wkNSCh2nYko_STTJRJFwKy2xMcAjVAdwYUDa-l7kKmWATYo5KGQ2kc2VX6FNsUa/w422-h640/Hornsberg-Villastad-Maps.jpg" width="422" /></a></div><p style="text-align: justify;">Hornsberg’s Villastad was a reaction to both the success and the failure of <a href="LINK: https://walkingstockholm.blogspot.com/2021/12/villastaden-villa-city-unsuccessful.html" target="_blank">Villastaden</a> in Östermalm. This Villa City was enormously popular and there was no problem selling lots for single-family houses. However, the idea of zoning was so new and untested in Sweden that the easements requiring “villa-style buildings” and setbacks didn’t hold up against the development pressure to build larger and larger apartment buildings instead. Understanding that the concept of a single-family residential neighborhood was marketable as well as that the idea needed stronger legal protections, a group of investors bought the idyllic Hornsberg Estate on Kungsholmen in 1876 and presented a plan to the city council in 1887. </p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhHtkZQxYO4B5hh9trpEIQ8ASj25ss8gZN-KTY4NNlkPTwrD27yA2oq8H_KJ5xxWQjcVuaz1GXoUTCxApKr-y9-llt0zLPbsmLJ7-68joLqFtH1Y53ROueagN8TZ-ABBKp7-BL9TGs8JLxU9PYPCoMp7TRZYcuGNL4qykXZ44E5I9wObYCPbOtd7AhR0PgQ/s2640/Hornsbergs_villastad_stadsplan_1885.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1756" data-original-width="2640" height="426" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhHtkZQxYO4B5hh9trpEIQ8ASj25ss8gZN-KTY4NNlkPTwrD27yA2oq8H_KJ5xxWQjcVuaz1GXoUTCxApKr-y9-llt0zLPbsmLJ7-68joLqFtH1Y53ROueagN8TZ-ABBKp7-BL9TGs8JLxU9PYPCoMp7TRZYcuGNL4qykXZ44E5I9wObYCPbOtd7AhR0PgQ/w640-h426/Hornsbergs_villastad_stadsplan_1885.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">*</td></tr></tbody></table><p style="text-align: justify;"></p><p style="text-align: left;"></p><p style="text-align: justify;">I am curious why they waited so long to present a plan; <a href="LINK: http://walkingstockholm.blogspot.com/2023/10/the-plan-for-my-island-of-kungsholmen.html" target="_blank">Kungsholmen’s plan</a> was discussed starting in 1876 and ratified in 1880—wouldn’t it have been easier to get their plan incorporated into the larger plan for Kungsholmen?</p><p style="text-align: justify;"></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhliGmkcTQYcU82fncGNgkKlYkg9_MWfhX9kWG6swKKJxEuuBjLz-UAuZQEN_OVu4el06cKmkkwv4UsdQtUheiF0hWf8zNTKnUt0GYlRf-cz9oxl1-ZMTEhaKaZt9Wo-Nn5Lk-byot3R85HZAU4JhtwkYMU5deD7lpcqaVGPKO6eUXpDRl_crTNwFLpYxvh/s2714/14%20PL%2023%20without%20colors.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1590" data-original-width="2714" height="374" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhliGmkcTQYcU82fncGNgkKlYkg9_MWfhX9kWG6swKKJxEuuBjLz-UAuZQEN_OVu4el06cKmkkwv4UsdQtUheiF0hWf8zNTKnUt0GYlRf-cz9oxl1-ZMTEhaKaZt9Wo-Nn5Lk-byot3R85HZAU4JhtwkYMU5deD7lpcqaVGPKO6eUXpDRl_crTNwFLpYxvh/w640-h374/14%20PL%2023%20without%20colors.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">**</td></tr></tbody></table><p></p><p style="text-align: justify;"></p><p style="text-align: left;"></p><p style="text-align: justify;">In order to protect the single-family nature of the proposed development, this plan included several zoning measures:<br /></p><ul style="text-align: justify;"><li>Setbacks of 12 meters (39ft) from the middle of the streets</li><li>Only 1/8 of each lot was allowed to be built upon</li><li>The building height was limited (I’m not sure to what height)</li></ul><p style="text-align: justify;">Like Villastaden in Östermalm, these zoning measures were not a part of the plan itself but were to be easements attached to the lots. However, these easements were to be much more durable than in Östermalm as they would still apply even after the lots changed hands. </p><p style="text-align: justify;">The plan and easement proposal was adopted without even having to go to a vote on the condition that land for streets, open areas, and quaysides would be given over to the city after the area was fully developed. Perhaps this was why the developers waited—they didn’t want their plan to be part of the contentious process of planning the entire island. <br /></p><p style="text-align: justify;">Hornsberg was a hilly area by the water on the western edge of Kungsholmen. In a big departure from Stockholm’s orthogonal street grid and the mostly orthogonal plan which had just been ratified a few years before, Hornsberg’s streets would follow the terrain, organically curving around and up the hills. The idyllic nature of the area was emphasized by proposed street names like “Happiness,” “Paradise,” “Haven,” and “Refuge.”<br /></p><p style="text-align: left;"></p><p style="text-align: justify;">The development company hired architect Magnus Isæus to draw up sample house plans and elevations. These included a national-romantic house, a Gothic mansion, and a country “cottage.” </p><p style="text-align: justify;"></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjh8ZYVdFHaQ2JSI6oCuUr5ewjS2Q52wT-_SmDab503_DuKb5turS45u8IBacA4osl4KBGHbiJud5SHe4rFD4K2BR2Rew6NqF7IGP5vofuvK-mb-Fp8TsOVf_za0nyYB3OI7RyIsrpNiqrbKpsnminUwrLiytR5RpKxPdES3XjpgG5XiN9GPgVt2-vkA8xF/s2700/Hornsbergs_villastad_hustyper%202.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1559" data-original-width="2700" height="370" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjh8ZYVdFHaQ2JSI6oCuUr5ewjS2Q52wT-_SmDab503_DuKb5turS45u8IBacA4osl4KBGHbiJud5SHe4rFD4K2BR2Rew6NqF7IGP5vofuvK-mb-Fp8TsOVf_za0nyYB3OI7RyIsrpNiqrbKpsnminUwrLiytR5RpKxPdES3XjpgG5XiN9GPgVt2-vkA8xF/w640-h370/Hornsbergs_villastad_hustyper%202.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">*</td></tr></tbody></table><p></p><p style="text-align: justify;">Additionally, the prospectus included a bird’s-eye perspective showing the completed neighborhood with large, romantic houses climbing up the hillside, spread out and embedded in lush greenery. </p><p style="text-align: justify;"></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjomqcJA5D2Syen4eghQQloJ2plnc9IwYyOyOteZk01doGqtDoZONCsJ3Af4hwXXNZkp6EbjMBNBobzhjYDF-8oDVETjtmPyhMCM7WgAqVHPLIvSbmVHtbv01PPxePhFFjw1QHSJmozdYoJMtlyyJGY1VwEsrV78MSTW0QBFn73bkvaM_1Tm7de3eJFno97/s2700/Hornsbergs_villastad_1886.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1790" data-original-width="2700" height="424" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjomqcJA5D2Syen4eghQQloJ2plnc9IwYyOyOteZk01doGqtDoZONCsJ3Af4hwXXNZkp6EbjMBNBobzhjYDF-8oDVETjtmPyhMCM7WgAqVHPLIvSbmVHtbv01PPxePhFFjw1QHSJmozdYoJMtlyyJGY1VwEsrV78MSTW0QBFn73bkvaM_1Tm7de3eJFno97/w640-h424/Hornsbergs_villastad_1886.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">*</td></tr></tbody></table>Despite the verdant, waterside idyll promised by the drawings, not a single lot in Hornsberg’s Villastad was sold. The area was too far and too disconnected from the city center. To get there by road, you had to go all the way across Kungsholmen which was covered with polluting factories and inhabited by the working class—this was not the kind of area that wealthy people fleeing the dense city wanted to see, much less live next to. And while a regular steamboat service was planned to connect Hornsberg to the city center, it became a chicken-and-egg conundrum where the boat company wouldn’t start a regularly trafficked boat service until there were residents to use and pay for the service, but no one would buy without a regular boat service. <br /><p style="text-align: justify;"><br />The estate languished empty for a few years but a large brewery was soon established on the land. (Sadly, the Hornsberg Slott estate was demolished to make way for the brewery. One of the gate houses, a lauded countryside pub, was saved and eventually restored. It is now a cute little jealousy-inducing residence at the water’s edge in the middle of the bustling city.) Around the turn of the century, other parts of the estate became a series of popular allotment gardens. </p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj67xE3zrXzytpvLmRYrznzyAp7BDtoeNXp-sskOQCB62E1PdQBOjGeV7go2BxPEApUM5zrVbPJ_3immTaTn1KBXAz9W-jbvMI4Gk1DqPkp2UdXDGXEVbMhs4dy-cFWWql_szN3kZ0Ey8RiM5CeyOOiXXUb9PuaqOdYdUz08vEJFZf-NKDZFF12VDA5aqes/s1080/Hornsberg%20slott%20house.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="810" data-original-width="1080" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj67xE3zrXzytpvLmRYrznzyAp7BDtoeNXp-sskOQCB62E1PdQBOjGeV7go2BxPEApUM5zrVbPJ_3immTaTn1KBXAz9W-jbvMI4Gk1DqPkp2UdXDGXEVbMhs4dy-cFWWql_szN3kZ0Ey8RiM5CeyOOiXXUb9PuaqOdYdUz08vEJFZf-NKDZFF12VDA5aqes/w400-h300/Hornsberg%20slott%20house.jpg" width="400" /></a></div><p style="text-align: justify;"></p><p style="text-align: left;"></p><p style="text-align: justify;">The plan for Hornsberg’s Villastad was the official zoning for Hornsberg until 1933 when the area was rezoned for industry. </p><p style="text-align: justify;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhOON5SisTzAcFOaiqVICpTQdVNTeNLezd4xNggcjAXEFqGXnjXk3smc__UW-najG7LN1QRRakHqnQLsBd2orTj1uZOnSlFcYV7JH7IqW9ecIEKBVO0GPWZe-enH4jVkLrGEjYWpFuc-7HEf1R3J3wmhu6-uu-HZ4jW1B0eyp4tSPihRxUDYbV-9E0mSpUB/s2205/industry%20comp.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="720" data-original-width="2205" height="208" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhOON5SisTzAcFOaiqVICpTQdVNTeNLezd4xNggcjAXEFqGXnjXk3smc__UW-najG7LN1QRRakHqnQLsBd2orTj1uZOnSlFcYV7JH7IqW9ecIEKBVO0GPWZe-enH4jVkLrGEjYWpFuc-7HEf1R3J3wmhu6-uu-HZ4jW1B0eyp4tSPihRxUDYbV-9E0mSpUB/w640-h208/industry%20comp.jpg" width="640" /></a></div><p>One by one, all of the allotment gardens gave way to factories except for Karlbergs-Bro koloniområde which is still an idyllic little waterside garden today. </p><p></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg1SwbP-ebFDZzPI1Zajnq4AQab3-Zf86oX2qOgMkHrhkDNe1EUD4EC5hqyj-CHhMiaCB3L4eX5nHalNiC9hyphenhyphenppjJCw91NZWu6smRObMjTKhiWjsvLs409jwz1YSymnsMgWZ6-7r_mQvNhDQW7hInxXPBmYf_gJEl5J379yR4MrL9YBQNIDnst3n4eonMk_/s1080/Karlsberg%20kolonitr%C3%A4dg%C3%A5rd%202.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="675" data-original-width="1080" height="250" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg1SwbP-ebFDZzPI1Zajnq4AQab3-Zf86oX2qOgMkHrhkDNe1EUD4EC5hqyj-CHhMiaCB3L4eX5nHalNiC9hyphenhyphenppjJCw91NZWu6smRObMjTKhiWjsvLs409jwz1YSymnsMgWZ6-7r_mQvNhDQW7hInxXPBmYf_gJEl5J379yR4MrL9YBQNIDnst3n4eonMk_/w400-h250/Karlsberg%20kolonitr%C3%A4dg%C3%A5rd%202.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">***</td></tr></tbody></table>The factories remained throughout the 20th century and Hornsberg was the last industrial area within Stockholm’s inner city. Eventually, even Hornsberg’s industrial epoch waned and the area was redeveloped into office and apartment buildings in the early 2000’s—the area is still being built out today. <p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEimRWOGzxN2ym-pbvTu6fOSKIJj6vICAT-6nqAV54HU0j7BL_bgz5P2lICLtF3j3L6UULti-5x0ZQFhTRniYM2sf3KmTCb3dnjQ7M61wnCykIDEtMw35MWKE9bWhQVW7O4akIjrJAbIEcytJQeerXSNCA63hUW0cH6pCLKcMJT70XsPIIwKCVjfAr0-0Y0T/s2082/Hornsberg%20comp.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="720" data-original-width="2082" height="222" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEimRWOGzxN2ym-pbvTu6fOSKIJj6vICAT-6nqAV54HU0j7BL_bgz5P2lICLtF3j3L6UULti-5x0ZQFhTRniYM2sf3KmTCb3dnjQ7M61wnCykIDEtMw35MWKE9bWhQVW7O4akIjrJAbIEcytJQeerXSNCA63hUW0cH6pCLKcMJT70XsPIIwKCVjfAr0-0Y0T/w640-h222/Hornsberg%20comp.jpg" width="640" /></a></div><p></p><p style="text-align: left;">Since Hornsberg’s Villastad was never developed, the strength of the
easements was never tested or tried in court. Would they have stood up
to creative property developers and intense development pressure?</p><p>The curvy, "organic" nature of Hornsberg’s Villastad's plan was a major departure from Lindhagen's rectilinear grid plan. Despite never being built, it was one of Per Olof Hallman’s inspirations and precedents. His organic, romantic city planning would soon begin to loosen up the strict grid structure of the city. <br /></p><p style="text-align: left;"><br />Hornsberg is also interesting because the failed idea remained an officially zoned plan for nearly fifty years. Despite the fact that the streets had never been built, generations of
city maps showed the development’s streets as if they might appear at
any moment.</p><p style="text-align: left;"></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEikR-Ipoxhz-YgMCoIiT5aYKKC-LMQy64n_6qPKEJFQJTs6NpAdIG-1XWJpOJb6PB2CSfYliszbWTz949tB1JBJnFzYmKGS275izX38lr7VzU6UQrXoRpMwPIFjpxcJpp0lGlz1pwzsa67bWfnAvAEqNUx1yAoRIBXaRbGnvUfN9c8rpqywATH0mNJGflpi/s921/Stadshagen_karta_1920.png" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="630" data-original-width="921" height="438" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEikR-Ipoxhz-YgMCoIiT5aYKKC-LMQy64n_6qPKEJFQJTs6NpAdIG-1XWJpOJb6PB2CSfYliszbWTz949tB1JBJnFzYmKGS275izX38lr7VzU6UQrXoRpMwPIFjpxcJpp0lGlz1pwzsa67bWfnAvAEqNUx1yAoRIBXaRbGnvUfN9c8rpqywATH0mNJGflpi/w640-h438/Stadshagen_karta_1920.png" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">This map of Hornsberg and Stadshagen from 1920 shows Hornsberg Villastad's streets as if they had been built. *<br /></td></tr></tbody></table>Because this unbuilt plan was on the books for so long, western Kungsholmen’s development into residential neighborhoods was stunted and delayed for more than a hundred years. Just outside of the Hornsberg estate, a few blocks comprising the Thorildsplan area were developed <p></p><p style="text-align: left;"></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEguffjrSVGHQiKDPQNcvq3TfNcUbNhwgLhfU-lpQTax2fHrds4uNjJ0JY9wOZvtKf-uRCiUc1d4h2t-EgmRMatJW7Sf_Flk9hPk703wD87nAcb-rxwIaKQUHfMAES7Pgd_1gamgS8ppC5PLowyvHCjLiP1ZH-b6rK_O3QswpJnjKyNV46vwCYXhni4rBL1r/s2266/Thorildsplan%20map.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="2266" data-original-width="1999" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEguffjrSVGHQiKDPQNcvq3TfNcUbNhwgLhfU-lpQTax2fHrds4uNjJ0JY9wOZvtKf-uRCiUc1d4h2t-EgmRMatJW7Sf_Flk9hPk703wD87nAcb-rxwIaKQUHfMAES7Pgd_1gamgS8ppC5PLowyvHCjLiP1ZH-b6rK_O3QswpJnjKyNV46vwCYXhni4rBL1r/w353-h400/Thorildsplan%20map.jpg" width="353" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Hornsberg Villastad is marked in red, Thorildsplan in orange.<br /></td></tr></tbody></table>according to the 1880 ratified plan for Kungsholmen, but these blocks could never develop into a broader neighborhood since further development was blocked by Hornsberg Villastads low-density, single-family zoning which was never built out. <p></p><p style="text-align: left;"><b>Sources:</b><br />The city council’s discussion and decision to ratify the plan for Hornsberg’s Villastad: https://stockholmskallan.stockholm.se/PostFiles/SMF/SD/Beredningsutskottets_utlatande_1887_83.pdf<br /></p><p style="text-align: left;">Åke Abrahamsson, Stockholm: en utopisk historia (2004)</p><p style="text-align: left;">Gösta Selling, Esplanadsystemet och Albert Lindhagen: Stadsplanering i Stockholm åren 1857-1887 (1970)</p><p style="text-align: left;">Dagens nyheter newspaper article: https://www.dn.se/blogg/epstein/2015/01/02/nya-hornsbergs-gamla-historia/<br /><br /><b>Images:</b><br />Images are my own except for: <br />* Åke Abrahamsson, Stockholm: en utopisk historia (2004)<br />** Gösta Selling, Esplanadsystemet och Albert Lindhagen: Stadsplanering i Stockholm åren 1857-1887 (1970)<br />*** https://www.stockholmstories.se/2014/08/09/karlbergs-bro-kungsholmens-enda-kolonitradgard/</p>Rainahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03436765499184988845noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2772821807884282561.post-13787594090632707332023-10-23T21:50:00.012+02:002023-10-31T21:26:49.026+01:00The Plan for my Island of Kungsholmen<div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg2JtiFxJoXluppU6vfZRMtBHPvqoumhiwYG6_y60DSUAndlZYBl9z_MYKibaAQT8xu6F-3X4bud_8gOX0Czq7znWf5brNJIIrWgxU8LwIvZQ9BFPJkurSbLyiVIstqZYCH7PO7_l7Cklc67Jg90kyJsVcKJN-xpPzlmYKIarVDP-wyyoSW9DjI7eIoAmXU/s2205/first%20comp.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="720" data-original-width="2205" height="208" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg2JtiFxJoXluppU6vfZRMtBHPvqoumhiwYG6_y60DSUAndlZYBl9z_MYKibaAQT8xu6F-3X4bud_8gOX0Czq7znWf5brNJIIrWgxU8LwIvZQ9BFPJkurSbLyiVIstqZYCH7PO7_l7Cklc67Jg90kyJsVcKJN-xpPzlmYKIarVDP-wyyoSW9DjI7eIoAmXU/w640-h208/first%20comp.jpg" width="640" /></a></div><p style="text-align: left;"></p><p style="text-align: justify;">I have a particular interest in this plan because I live on the island of Kungsholmen. I love the Kungsholmen life! There’s so much that is great about the island—all of the waterside promenades, the abundance of green space, the proximity to downtown, the hub of public transportation, the profusion of restaurants, the strollability, the waterside cafés and bars and gelato stands, the presence of a neighborhood bookstore <i>and</i> a library, the sense of living in a defined neighborhood but within a large city... I really could go on and on. Kungsholmen does have its fair share of planning mishaps (read below about the highways Essingeleden and Drottningholmsvägen), but its charms manage to far outweigh these barriers. <br /></p><p style="text-align: left;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjYfGwOVU6vLBLCdT3SBs_tqYSUWHG8jdFnVO36ys3kLEZtckhjhZkogG498DZZiE6WqrmSrOnU66sNilf5EmMbpi2eBWYfBbYnR5F-8gHjSTbnE2Rz2tPr4EUJKUfiySzDAfjBEtAq8vSjXiFHy7-o6Yw0ODA3dVFIW21QK2A0Wpf5xygIaqJ6nxbTKUm_/s731/Kungsholmen-Maps.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="731" data-original-width="724" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjYfGwOVU6vLBLCdT3SBs_tqYSUWHG8jdFnVO36ys3kLEZtckhjhZkogG498DZZiE6WqrmSrOnU66sNilf5EmMbpi2eBWYfBbYnR5F-8gHjSTbnE2Rz2tPr4EUJKUfiySzDAfjBEtAq8vSjXiFHy7-o6Yw0ODA3dVFIW21QK2A0Wpf5xygIaqJ6nxbTKUm_/w634-h640/Kungsholmen-Maps.jpg" width="634" /></a></div><p style="text-align: left;"></p><p style="text-align: justify;"> </p><p style="text-align: justify;">Even though I run and walk parts of Kungsholmen every day and know parts of the island inside and out, I had never systematically strolled every street of the island and had never studied the planning history of the island. I’ve seen and learned so much, and it has been tremendous fun to become even better acquainted with my island.<br /><br /><b>Proposals and Counter Proposals</b><br />1) Lindhagen’s original 1866 plan for Kungsholmen featured a somewhat regularly gridded area to the east and gigantic swaths of greenspace to the west. The orientation of the eastern <a href="https://walkingstockholm.blogspot.com/2011/11/stockholms-earliest-urban-plan.html" target="_blank">grid is original from the 1600’s</a> and points to the Royal Palace on Gamla Stan but the one strip of development to the west has an entirely different orientation, this time connecting from quay to quay—one of Lindhagen’s signature planning devices was to orient axes either toward the water or to parks, making park and water views a prominent and recurring theme for the city. These grids are cut with diagonal boulevards connecting the mainland and the suburb of Bromma (red), through a Baroque-inspired planted traffic circle (brown), to a new bridge and to downtown and the central train station. Several other boulevards would shoot off the same Baroque traffic circle including today’s Hantverkargatan (yellow) leading to another bridge toward downtown, today’s St. Eriksgatan (orange) leading to a bridge toward Vasastan, and another random diagonal shooting off into the parkland of western Kungsholmen on axis with Karlberg Palace (unlike most European cities, it is unusual that Stockholm’s axes lead to a manmade monument). Lindhagen’s rond-point was tangential to Kronoberg, a big bulb of granite that he set aside as a park (medium green). </p><p style="text-align: justify;"></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjrVEDxPhPqGBPzmDQUQw_R2fao-7lhsm70rZIKWNGWuVLtxAiSQK8SGL_N_CrdMdhev5IcfviuWStYFfk9MdqR1jGMpFNZ3-96oGrORcNlc2HL9_1lStc1cHIPLe9d-zF822dfRx6kqRVdrlYP-IO1_ifJLB6GA9kFn2i0ECBwte-i0tNINIO6BP8vsxSG/s3021/1%20Lindhagen.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="2010" data-original-width="3021" height="426" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjrVEDxPhPqGBPzmDQUQw_R2fao-7lhsm70rZIKWNGWuVLtxAiSQK8SGL_N_CrdMdhev5IcfviuWStYFfk9MdqR1jGMpFNZ3-96oGrORcNlc2HL9_1lStc1cHIPLe9d-zF822dfRx6kqRVdrlYP-IO1_ifJLB6GA9kFn2i0ECBwte-i0tNINIO6BP8vsxSG/w640-h426/1%20Lindhagen.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Lindhagen’s original 1866 plan for Kungsholmen (*)<br /></td></tr></tbody></table><br /><p></p><p style="text-align: justify;">While the eastern half of the island was to be more densely developed than the western half, there were still to be a large number of green spaces to the east. Two were existing green spaces around an existing church and military hospital while two others were located where the terrain was trickily steep. The boulevard from Bromma (today’s Drottningholmsvägen, red) was to be tree-planted, as was the proposed waterside boulevard (today’s Norr Mälarstrand, purple). Development on the western half of the island was to be set back from the streets with green gardens. The existing tree-planted extra-wide street at Kungsholmstorg (turquoise) was to be extended across the island and terminate at a park. <br /></p><p style="text-align: left;"></p><p style="text-align: justify;">One of the main critiques of the Lindhagen Plan was that he willfully ignored topographical reality when it suited the plan. The plan for Kungsholmen illustrates this where north-south streets crossing the island somehow mysteriously navigate the several-story height difference between the body of the island and the water along the north shore. </p><p style="text-align: justify;">In this plan, Lindhagen has evened out the shoreline creating smooth swoops of quayside. Only the southwest area of the island is left with its natural shoreline. </p><p style="text-align: justify;">2) After the Lindhagen Committee presented their plans for Stockholm, the city did nothing for a decade. But by 1876, the conversation turned back to the need for a comprehensive city plan, and Lindhagen dusted off and revised his plan for Kungsholmen. Because of strong critique against the original plan where large areas of already developed land would have be razed in order to realize the plan, Lindhagen’s revised plan left the already developed eastern tip of the island intact. These existing streets informed the new grid that marched across the island. </p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhkeXmeGJZs9yTy8PfyK2hSiM6UJuXuPMswFL8yVa7w0qRgLtOYRKE6M5KRsKiNzA9BPIczC79xYcOBMwx1MBH1pdEj0eEOdhF1Bu-09sCJNUlt5_MQ9pI7QbKlAM7bUG2B5WAsnwMMIuKl4qpdUhCE9HouiPhInF1ImV59Yf_mjW6o9H07DtE89Sd6C2zf/s3449/2%20PL%2011.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1861" data-original-width="3449" height="346" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhkeXmeGJZs9yTy8PfyK2hSiM6UJuXuPMswFL8yVa7w0qRgLtOYRKE6M5KRsKiNzA9BPIczC79xYcOBMwx1MBH1pdEj0eEOdhF1Bu-09sCJNUlt5_MQ9pI7QbKlAM7bUG2B5WAsnwMMIuKl4qpdUhCE9HouiPhInF1ImV59Yf_mjW6o9H07DtE89Sd6C2zf/w640-h346/2%20PL%2011.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Lindhagen's revised plan for Kungsholmen from 1876 (*)<br /></td></tr></tbody></table><br /><p></p><p style="text-align: justify;">This revised plan still has extremely large areas of open green space (light green), especially where the topography is steep and hard to build upon, but this revised plan called for more development on the western half of the island. Again, the grid on the western half of the island is shifted so that both ends of the axis point to water. </p><p style="text-align: justify;">In this plan, the boulevard leading from suburban Bromma to downtown (red) is arrow straight and meets another diagonal boulevard at a giant traffic circle (brown) that completely erases the high, steep terrain at Kronoberg (translates to “Crown Mountain”). Another boulevard leading to a bridge to Vasastan tangentially meets the traffic circle (orange). Strangely, a double-wide, crooked boulevard runs from one side of the island to the other, but it doesn’t connect any nodes and doesn’t seem to have much of a purpose. Hantverkargatan (yellow) does not connect to the traffic circle in this proposal. Except for the double-wide boulevard to nowhere, Lindhagen has given up his earlier ideas for tree-lined avenues and set backs creating gardens along the streets in the western part of the island. <br /></p><p style="text-align: justify;">Lindhagen’s earlier vision of an evened-out shoreline of built-up quaysides except for the southwest part of the island remains intact in this plan. </p><p style="text-align: justify;"></p><p style="text-align: justify;">3) In 1877, the city council drew up a counter-proposal where more of the island would be developed into city blocks, though there was still a lot of undeveloped land left over. However, large parts of the western part of the island are not designated as parks in this plan. I am not certain if they were too “wild” to need a “park” designation, or if the city was reserving these areas for possible future development.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgeHHzh3EnmU3CmDawoQRBMiSUY0crRdWgTbjhk9KTx2KSiC5B66mlQecTuIiO9FwVQl7KualbcWFU4lk71LiJpvOsAoaB2iOP8JqjnbDYe_nG-n61n3X1kYhTaM87is8Y8uiyTIMPXqbnfxDizw2BGI4WzuF75YgZe2btQswhfwpCHNnVJVuW4sJzN7kiY/s3469/3%20PL%2017.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="2126" data-original-width="3469" height="392" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgeHHzh3EnmU3CmDawoQRBMiSUY0crRdWgTbjhk9KTx2KSiC5B66mlQecTuIiO9FwVQl7KualbcWFU4lk71LiJpvOsAoaB2iOP8JqjnbDYe_nG-n61n3X1kYhTaM87is8Y8uiyTIMPXqbnfxDizw2BGI4WzuF75YgZe2btQswhfwpCHNnVJVuW4sJzN7kiY/w640-h392/3%20PL%2017.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">The city council's counter-proposal from 1877 (*)<br /></td></tr></tbody></table><br /><p></p><p style="text-align: justify;">In this plan, the direct route from Bromma, across the island, and then to downtown is gone; instead, the crooked route from Bromma (red) follows its existing path and leads to a traffic circle (brown) and then turns almost 90 degrees onto another boulevard. Strangely, this boulevard doesn’t match up with a bridge to the mainland and Vasastan; instead, the bridge is two blocks over (orange). This plan introduces another wide street, today’s Fleminggatan, but this street doesn’t match cleanly up to a bridge to the mainland, either. Only Hantverkargatan, a relatively small street, continues directly on a bridge to downtown (yellow). </p><p style="text-align: justify;">In this plan, the traffic circle (brown) does not coincide with the island’s steep high point at Kronoberg (dark green) but instead coincides with today’s<a href="https://walkingstockholm.blogspot.com/2014/05/stockholms-tollhouses.html" target="_blank"> Fridhemsplan where the tollbooth</a> had always stood. Kronoberg becomes a park but is buried within the grid structure; it does not provide an axis for the Drottningholmsvägen thoroughfare coming from Bromma.<br /></p><p style="text-align: justify;">Like Lindhagen’s plan, this plan leaves the existing development in the eastern part of the island more or less intact. It also adopts Lindhagen’s deviant grid on the western part of the island, but there is now a large square where the axis meets the water at Rålamshov. Additionally, this proposal calls for a widened square at Kungsholmstorg which was to become a food market (turquoise). Most of the streets are treeless, but there are two seemingly random tree-lined streets at the edges of the development on the western part of the island. Like Lindhagen, this plan provides for a very wide street along the southern shore (today’s Norr Mälarstrand, purple). However, Lindhagen’s trees are gone and the city had plans to use the quay as a harbor.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Interestingly, the city council adopted Lindhagen’s idea to smooth out the shoreline and to create built-up quays. While this would make the waterfront accessible to the public, it would be a hinder to the island’s industries which relied on the water’s proximity, it would require the expropriation of a great deal of land, and these quays were expensive to build. Given the council’s inclination to do as little as cheaply as possible, I am surprised but glad that Lindhagen’s quays survived the council’s “value-engineering” hatchet.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">4) Plans 2 and 3 went up for a vote in 1877 and Lindhagen’s plan won but with a couple of adjustments. First, Drottningholmsvägen from Bromma was to be less extravagantly wide and it would stop at the park at Kronoberg; there would be no thoroughfare cutting across the island directly to downtown. The city council thought that it was especially important to keep the western part of the island green as in Lindhagen’s plan, and that the greenspace should be connected across the island. </p><p style="text-align: justify;"></p><p style="text-align: justify;">5) In 1878, Lindhagen adjusted his plan from 1876 so that Drottningholmsvägen (red) doesn’t continue through the eastern part of the island but just randomly peters out. Instead, the giant two streets (orange) leading off the giant traffic circle (brown) around the Kronoberg bulb (dark green) would connect with bridges to Vasastan.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhvccpqjF1WcjDdUP_C4nr2WKtpxkCSzJjJ4BUJgF2T2tASd75CacqV0Kd9y_KxYLQveHmHhpYTjgt_4IDlB6ruiqrMr1eenooPxqU2MTXQXF3VMc77SkSzfE16DfBGAanpQye3Yf9K6iPK576jkaNCJj8TF-reOhpJlt7M3i8ydtiL2xZw86mPXmwZzu8H/s2226/5%20PL16.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="2226" data-original-width="1815" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhvccpqjF1WcjDdUP_C4nr2WKtpxkCSzJjJ4BUJgF2T2tASd75CacqV0Kd9y_KxYLQveHmHhpYTjgt_4IDlB6ruiqrMr1eenooPxqU2MTXQXF3VMc77SkSzfE16DfBGAanpQye3Yf9K6iPK576jkaNCJj8TF-reOhpJlt7M3i8ydtiL2xZw86mPXmwZzu8H/w326-h400/5%20PL16.jpg" width="326" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Lindhagen's adjusted plan from 1878 (*)</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><p></p><p style="text-align: justify;">6) In 1879, a city committee member who had just moved to Kungsholmen drew up his own plan. Poignant’s plan was similar to the city’s plan in that he thought that Drottningholmsvägen should terminate at Fridhemsplan (brown) a couple of blocks before the park at Kronoberg (dark green). From the traffic circle, the main boulevard should turn north, only to turn east again onto a widened Fleminggatan, which would widen again at the eastern tip of the island in order to connect to a bridge into downtown. He also thought that setbacks were appropriate west of Fridhemsplan. And to add a little flair to the plan, he drew in a rond-point at the bend in Drottningholmsvägen. Poignant didn’t seem to be very concerned with a direct connection norward to Vasastan. </p><p style="text-align: justify;"></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgG3ztHwwWau8foncGz0BXJ3idnw4cIqwvYQOSf4zMmSjPhR_Ecl7MkwrE77X1PVwjRS29FN6XUBjiaqp9pVXFgfArr5IIGfmX9JcTo8JBgyCmEW8StUdpS7kQKKvvNRXtR0ubJFpwL_FRtl0N7Mhte8QK4Ciili1GQ1DD50SN2P0dNPTp96gsrdO06kwHY/s2146/6%20pg%2031.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1149" data-original-width="2146" height="342" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgG3ztHwwWau8foncGz0BXJ3idnw4cIqwvYQOSf4zMmSjPhR_Ecl7MkwrE77X1PVwjRS29FN6XUBjiaqp9pVXFgfArr5IIGfmX9JcTo8JBgyCmEW8StUdpS7kQKKvvNRXtR0ubJFpwL_FRtl0N7Mhte8QK4Ciili1GQ1DD50SN2P0dNPTp96gsrdO06kwHY/w640-h342/6%20pg%2031.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Poignant’s 1879 plan for Kungsholmen (*)<br /></td></tr></tbody></table> <p></p><p style="text-align: justify;">Importantly, this is the first plan in Stockholm’s history that I am aware of that has contour lines overlaid on the street grid. The first early planners were aware of topography but didn’t seem to know how to handle it. Lindhagen, for example, shaded cliff faces on his plans and he designated many steep and bulby parts of Stockholm as parks because he knew that these areas would be hard to build upon. However, he also drew streets that crashed over the sides of cliffs. Poignant’s plan didn’t do any better with the unrealistic street grades toppling over cliff faces, but his awareness and inclusiveness of contour lines on his plan was an important step. It’s not clear that later planners gleaned the importance of topography and contour lines from Poignant, but he seems to be the first to scientifically show topography on his plan rather than shading in an approximation. </p><p style="text-align: justify;">7) Now it was time for the city to draw up a plan ostensibly based on the vote in 1877. However, this new plan from 1879 looks a lot like a formal version of committee member Poignant’s plan. The only difference is that the western traffic circle disappeared. </p><p style="text-align: justify;"></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj53nDHeMn5vMRy0MbSrKbFTji8Leh9SVl8y7gedR56OKNSDKJ6dWCS1qgj9CAm3zT_UQBxVABob5TKKZyjLpUE4ho6RiLqP8uq3ggBnQHUfc19M2nWvES57jOA0t8q2ddcm79jT1KVdTneHzBEvOQ0YGIUXcNOkqxoO_GBIEdbJM_Qidbo4RyNmrlWQuuQ/s3509/7%20PL18.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="2190" data-original-width="3509" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj53nDHeMn5vMRy0MbSrKbFTji8Leh9SVl8y7gedR56OKNSDKJ6dWCS1qgj9CAm3zT_UQBxVABob5TKKZyjLpUE4ho6RiLqP8uq3ggBnQHUfc19M2nWvES57jOA0t8q2ddcm79jT1KVdTneHzBEvOQ0YGIUXcNOkqxoO_GBIEdbJM_Qidbo4RyNmrlWQuuQ/w640-h400/7%20PL18.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">The city's 1879 plan for Kungsholmen (*)<br /></td></tr></tbody></table><br /> 8) Of course Lindhagen had to come with a counter-proposal later in 1879. This time, Lindhagen wasn’t content to go back to his plan that had won, with some adjustments, 1877’s vote. No, this time, Lindhagen more or less re-drew his original proposal from 1876 where Drottningsholmvägen (red) shoots straight across the island from the bridge to Bromma to the bridge to downtown. Lindhagen argued that diagonal streets are better for traffic flow than the many turns in Poignant’s plan, that everyone else in Europe was creating diagonal streets (i.e. Paris and Berlin), that they create variation and a more interesting cityscape, that they do not cost more, and that they create opportunities for striking architecture (like <a href="https://walkingstockholm.blogspot.com/2022/06/the-plan-for-norrmalms-north-south.html " target="_blank">Birger Jarlsgatan</a>). (Interestingly, these arguments are well-supported in a recent study of Haussmann’s Paris, <i>Koden för en bra stad</i>.)<p></p><p style="text-align: justify;"></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjeHZ3yS8ci8I8EQGPI0eBPgVH-8exHRvwMLXTs_J7SJ6Q-nUHjo5J6iZqzi49ZladR0WtrPA1uTZHLWPYvhtErz7JqiCGXzTsEGfA5jXxESeeyk3Tc3YNJkbGpnL9QcTCDpOCKAX07HH159jkvDhhB2q1x015YiEodB9e4fa-JsDSVSdwkSZGmyJL_ErAJ/s2131/8%20pg%2030.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1168" data-original-width="2131" height="350" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjeHZ3yS8ci8I8EQGPI0eBPgVH-8exHRvwMLXTs_J7SJ6Q-nUHjo5J6iZqzi49ZladR0WtrPA1uTZHLWPYvhtErz7JqiCGXzTsEGfA5jXxESeeyk3Tc3YNJkbGpnL9QcTCDpOCKAX07HH159jkvDhhB2q1x015YiEodB9e4fa-JsDSVSdwkSZGmyJL_ErAJ/w640-h350/8%20pg%2030.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Lindhagen's counter-proposal from 1879 (*)<br /></td></tr></tbody></table><br /><p></p><p style="text-align: justify;">Furthermore, Lindhagen argued that a monument atop Kronoberg (dark green), in the middle of his giant traffic circle (brown), would be visible from downtown and from the water of Riddarfjärden and simply must be built. A bit ironically, considering his grandiose monument, Lindhagen then goes on to explain that Kungsholmen would be home to dirty industries and to industrial workers. Therefore, setbacks and gardens along the streets are not appropriate for western Kungsholmen—setbacks and gardens along the streets are appropriate for neighborhoods of single-family houses, not for worker’s housing.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Although Lindhagen was generally very assertive that Kungsholmen should have a straightforward and direct connection to Vasastan, he did not show this connection in this plan. </p><p style="text-align: justify;">9) In 1879, the city council voted again. There was a lot of opposition to the public street and quay at Norr Mälarstrand because the water needed to be accessible for industrial use, but these voices eventually lost. The council voted for proposal #7, but of course with some reservations. In a nod to the opposition, both Norr Mälarstrand and Fleminggatan would be reduced in width to provide more area for industries. Drottningholmsvägen would be according to Lindhagen’s proposal #5—straight from Bromma to Kronoberg, but it would not continue to downtown. However, this thoroughfare would end at Fridhemsplan, not the park at Kronoberg. </p><p style="text-align: justify;">10) In 1880, the city drew up a new plan to reflect the 1879 vote. Here, the traffic circle at Fridhemsplan becomes merely a widened triangular intersection (brown). There’s a little extra flair where the Boulevard from Bromma (red) lands on Kungsholmen—the boulevard splits around an oval park. </p><p style="text-align: justify;"></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjW7FEZmn0VB017ozh8KqdWd8IvpQbQ2DttqX1DIGBxyw_5Htyd8e4IExQ-kwczWrQ1aNmb1coyM09t652v7ooHKtshBGZddXfWlioyS7izdHrskAZgWJYLxWOPstikgr1h14Wk_CFrnaXIAEupbFrFNJRQ5qt20mw5wvAZsjyL17Hpj0WE9MBNk9PNHE3G/s3509/10%20PL%2019.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="2030" data-original-width="3509" height="370" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjW7FEZmn0VB017ozh8KqdWd8IvpQbQ2DttqX1DIGBxyw_5Htyd8e4IExQ-kwczWrQ1aNmb1coyM09t652v7ooHKtshBGZddXfWlioyS7izdHrskAZgWJYLxWOPstikgr1h14Wk_CFrnaXIAEupbFrFNJRQ5qt20mw5wvAZsjyL17Hpj0WE9MBNk9PNHE3G/w640-h370/10%20PL%2019.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">The city's plan for Kungshomen from 1880 (*)<br /></td></tr></tbody></table><br /><p></p><p style="text-align: justify;">11) Again, Lindhagen was tireless in trying to push his ideas through and he came with another counter-proposal in 1880. This time he had given up just about all of his ideas except for the idea that the thoroughfare Drottningholmsvägen (red) should continue all the way to the park at Kronoberg (dark green), providing a green end to this important axis. Lindhagen’s straighforward connection north to Vasastan (orange) reappears in this plan. </p><p style="text-align: justify;"></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiCDCZRJX36E8DzQpSduRNYRMFqdlJ8PpC73J8SsnFXC5MrB6ZgghwtSWKo02pydVyp6JrLdNQDDUgawSS1HKqA9UESlFYBy0T4JwtrBvcvgFkGPY45ATPZdSJ35OATliRAymboFvfljxvY1ta846D6DuJ8lV8mWSz8O1NwW8ADak-OhndZ0RFJEAFHuuSs/s3492/11%20PL%2020.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="2046" data-original-width="3492" height="374" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiCDCZRJX36E8DzQpSduRNYRMFqdlJ8PpC73J8SsnFXC5MrB6ZgghwtSWKo02pydVyp6JrLdNQDDUgawSS1HKqA9UESlFYBy0T4JwtrBvcvgFkGPY45ATPZdSJ35OATliRAymboFvfljxvY1ta846D6DuJ8lV8mWSz8O1NwW8ADak-OhndZ0RFJEAFHuuSs/w640-h374/11%20PL%2020.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Lindhagen's counter-proposal from 1880(*)</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><p></p><p style="text-align: justify;"> 12) It’s hard to know if the city council finally understood the genius and importance of Lindhagen’s green axes or if they were just tired of fighting with Lindhagen, but in 1880 the city council adjusted its plan and accepted Lindhagen’s idea that Drottningsholmsvägen (red) should end at the park at Kronoberg (dark green). Also, they finally grasped that if the “thoroughfare” was going to be turning 90 degrees, it at least had to directly connect to a bridge to Vasastan (orange).</p><p style="text-align: justify;"></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj-hCZbLeNHOid2UEt7sORRl9BeHSjuUBaCOpHWhtfJC6FsYwmv0mwa0oRFnYIroFI9Hm5i1JczFgpT50K_XkmlfPT_UpzIy24z39elZrtfAOK79F2tN81LsXWBw7ebyAak6Me6ji4RYv2joAn36ja7b-9EFZ9t5IttLBGAThKPcwHKHZ0OhfLIW8dAufW7/s2076/12%20pg%2033.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="2076" data-original-width="1063" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj-hCZbLeNHOid2UEt7sORRl9BeHSjuUBaCOpHWhtfJC6FsYwmv0mwa0oRFnYIroFI9Hm5i1JczFgpT50K_XkmlfPT_UpzIy24z39elZrtfAOK79F2tN81LsXWBw7ebyAak6Me6ji4RYv2joAn36ja7b-9EFZ9t5IttLBGAThKPcwHKHZ0OhfLIW8dAufW7/w205-h400/12%20pg%2033.jpg" width="205" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">The city's 1880 adjustment to its plan for Kungsholmen <br /></td></tr></tbody></table><br /><p></p><p style="text-align: justify;">13) In a final vote in 1880, the city council approved this adjusted plan (#12). </p><p style="text-align: justify;">14) The King then approved the plan later in 1880, with the reservation that land owned by the Crown would not be officially included in the plan. Because of the army hospital and a number of army barracks along the southern shore of the island, Norr Mälarstrand (purple) and the neighborhood immediately to the north of this waterside boulevard wouldn’t be built until the 1920’s. While this plan has a lot of undeveloped land to the west, it is unclear on this black and white copy how much of this open space was officially designated as parks. I assume that the official parkland corresponds to map 10 above. </p><p style="text-align: justify;"></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg19xpzmuohzj9rrZGJFi8ejdNw0VdkXiyKYiLH05O0vBLj9T9JI4zmz8-hjf5HrnJ6NRIjVSYMO-Sq6lvpc9BgTpcAFtlUDAv_Oe4polzEkuG1pMzs5_xSDbap10D0-nqJirHiEvc5hm0Cs_92Sr-cEXkLsfPbMAvprKZaARBT_u69Nhh8j1Jn1XIeRzSS/s2714/14%20PL%2023.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1590" data-original-width="2714" height="374" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg19xpzmuohzj9rrZGJFi8ejdNw0VdkXiyKYiLH05O0vBLj9T9JI4zmz8-hjf5HrnJ6NRIjVSYMO-Sq6lvpc9BgTpcAFtlUDAv_Oe4polzEkuG1pMzs5_xSDbap10D0-nqJirHiEvc5hm0Cs_92Sr-cEXkLsfPbMAvprKZaARBT_u69Nhh8j1Jn1XIeRzSS/w640-h374/14%20PL%2023.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">The final, approved plan for Kungsholmen (*)<br /></td></tr></tbody></table><br /><p></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><b>Post-Plan Development </b> <br /></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhAKFs14vuCcvYBm5SlGECGNCh6lKXN-cFGUj0ehaBDY1sShnSscAci8vPQThzt2cm7ZdfYeethcYm0KkPVYVY-hdhAye9qxJXwiHNyzDbdR2QjsMkMCCZCJMCawRIcQoGtvkpvzbfecC7Gf4FSPDswCZQ58X5xEAcKOUTz7myefpMRAlfvzrWlLI3Fubjk/s6399/Stockholm%20Map%20result%20with%20colors.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="3920" data-original-width="6399" height="392" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhAKFs14vuCcvYBm5SlGECGNCh6lKXN-cFGUj0ehaBDY1sShnSscAci8vPQThzt2cm7ZdfYeethcYm0KkPVYVY-hdhAye9qxJXwiHNyzDbdR2QjsMkMCCZCJMCawRIcQoGtvkpvzbfecC7Gf4FSPDswCZQ58X5xEAcKOUTz7myefpMRAlfvzrWlLI3Fubjk/w640-h392/Stockholm%20Map%20result%20with%20colors.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Kungsholmen today with the same color code as above<br /></td></tr></tbody></table><p style="text-align: justify;"></p><p style="text-align: justify;">Stockholm was suffering from a housing crisis, so eastern Kungsholmen was intensely developed in the decades after the plan was ratified. There are a few smaller-scale buildings from before the plan ratification, but the majority of the original, older buildings were demolished to make way for larger apartment buildings.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiwLGr395-cPZH12TYkfQ3DrPGQflHHuqRzKzDhNAXiaNV2bz_1d_rIXETEd2Qi0hOuz8nUBtnm9DzT3RzTRsLCCDGAQTYQOoCdcEmvqBuqiM_Iz9mRWFeq4hB79VK4y7S7SHxB8Fb2hyphenhyphenfkiFTGU9GoCq_QoEZNaT0wQHwGASi6MNr4qvBYLdcZxcEEnPCF/s2205/1800s%20comp.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="720" data-original-width="2205" height="208" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiwLGr395-cPZH12TYkfQ3DrPGQflHHuqRzKzDhNAXiaNV2bz_1d_rIXETEd2Qi0hOuz8nUBtnm9DzT3RzTRsLCCDGAQTYQOoCdcEmvqBuqiM_Iz9mRWFeq4hB79VK4y7S7SHxB8Fb2hyphenhyphenfkiFTGU9GoCq_QoEZNaT0wQHwGASi6MNr4qvBYLdcZxcEEnPCF/w640-h208/1800s%20comp.jpg" width="640" /></a></div><p></p><p style="text-align: justify;"> </p><p style="text-align: justify;">There was another intense spurt of development in the 1920’s and 30’s as industries began to move out of town and as the Crown’s land was turned over to the city. This era of development is represented by a large number of infill projects as well as the entire Norr Mälarstrand area. </p><p style="text-align: justify;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgJnQd4Dkyk-mEn_oyrIb4q730pJYNNjohFBL5OtgJNigGF220jkoE0YBlNSTRYmewBBLKpY9xPg6ewnNbJQhNDeAJmhmhRlSG_ouyjTx7f5ldkrKJwSLChYDz97fluav-cSDyiKC8EZqA5xtRr4rKETmQjkJmGuhTch1I5RlwEF96tOZzx9uUre6ovKXjy/s2205/1930s%20comp.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="720" data-original-width="2205" height="208" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgJnQd4Dkyk-mEn_oyrIb4q730pJYNNjohFBL5OtgJNigGF220jkoE0YBlNSTRYmewBBLKpY9xPg6ewnNbJQhNDeAJmhmhRlSG_ouyjTx7f5ldkrKJwSLChYDz97fluav-cSDyiKC8EZqA5xtRr4rKETmQjkJmGuhTch1I5RlwEF96tOZzx9uUre6ovKXjy/w640-h208/1930s%20comp.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>Large blocks of the eastern half of the island were redeveloped in the 1950’s and 60’s after another wave of industry closings. <p></p><p style="text-align: justify;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhwS6dPeZ_f6sFgKITjeatoPZ9nila_jKfozn0VRI2nDHExGzCh4mKx23xRoPv69g9-sEON6JB5ePpR8EStTPt7dEtvvDHTJqSz7CfihNnVNrm__-bC44eXv9f3WpSAXFrw3TshbUpoh2mmYaKRpATOQCNadCIGFYRyMI1BceqnuHxws2ltW4SxZTPwYB_R/s2205/1950s%20comp.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="720" data-original-width="2205" height="208" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhwS6dPeZ_f6sFgKITjeatoPZ9nila_jKfozn0VRI2nDHExGzCh4mKx23xRoPv69g9-sEON6JB5ePpR8EStTPt7dEtvvDHTJqSz7CfihNnVNrm__-bC44eXv9f3WpSAXFrw3TshbUpoh2mmYaKRpATOQCNadCIGFYRyMI1BceqnuHxws2ltW4SxZTPwYB_R/w640-h208/1950s%20comp.jpg" width="640" /></a></div><p></p><p style="text-align: justify;">The western half of Kungsholmen was developed in different spurts including the 1930’s, the 50’s, and the 60’s--more on these areas below. The next large development was the St. Erik’s area in the 1990’s.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi3C0nO1TRLqZwsh-cP9MqklO3E62sLJ3n_zIXYyhsLZI6E15CpogLoxTj1Q9i-d-2S0-Xkdw155bf5-JbAjt81BtNjLqOd50xVJnt3MeQeoAKJMBEHQ5pVitMw3qGYS7NwU2w1piv4smQ3qVU3gdcFKfk2RedTh-F0qHC5n9tryh92X3FmSq2QIHZz7Dma/s2087/gubbensringen%20comp.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="720" data-original-width="2087" height="220" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi3C0nO1TRLqZwsh-cP9MqklO3E62sLJ3n_zIXYyhsLZI6E15CpogLoxTj1Q9i-d-2S0-Xkdw155bf5-JbAjt81BtNjLqOd50xVJnt3MeQeoAKJMBEHQ5pVitMw3qGYS7NwU2w1piv4smQ3qVU3gdcFKfk2RedTh-F0qHC5n9tryh92X3FmSq2QIHZz7Dma/w640-h220/gubbensringen%20comp.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>And now in the 2010’s and 20’s, the Hornsberg area is under redevelopment from an industrial area to housing and offices. <p></p><p style="text-align: justify;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg3azu-89frRdkcu1NCDsw6PqGgJ8aE8hzv6O17UBCUPGx46zeZGYdespZOfPMbVydSPAVskmpC-ELdyay4XShvICxCh1VI61vf3bK-KEakSul5lWpvTg2CrngvmTQbhU_a6kl0u7aeNQsZ9UeSj8qzOpKpE6lrCrIAS_9vXe3EZWq76KeUG54rsPTF9HZf/s2082/Hornsberg%20comp.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="720" data-original-width="2082" height="222" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg3azu-89frRdkcu1NCDsw6PqGgJ8aE8hzv6O17UBCUPGx46zeZGYdespZOfPMbVydSPAVskmpC-ELdyay4XShvICxCh1VI61vf3bK-KEakSul5lWpvTg2CrngvmTQbhU_a6kl0u7aeNQsZ9UeSj8qzOpKpE6lrCrIAS_9vXe3EZWq76KeUG54rsPTF9HZf/w640-h222/Hornsberg%20comp.jpg" width="640" /></a></div> <p></p><p style="text-align: justify;">There are still traces of the island’s industrial past, but there are no comprehensive industrial areas remaining on Kungsholmen. There is very little visible evidence that the island was once almost exclusively inhabited by the working class who worked in the bygone factories. Real estate prices certainly do not reflect a “working class” spirit! </p><p style="text-align: justify;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhsZHF40GKDXoarEOydOyp1cAdzpX_xwfZ-qkLQBG03_-DDTDHFF95o7Kxs5ipDspFNIvFxAiwlKV-7Tx79IxTs3QekpRhCjBdzI125EPeVIhymV2nNQb8WvKkDGCJT7bfpKJnDOcDzCUaAfcAlc-enWH2dQ8xvpLW-_EkvKVgwvDFJH6LSFpDPo-Y2KqAy/s2205/industry%20comp.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="720" data-original-width="2205" height="208" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhsZHF40GKDXoarEOydOyp1cAdzpX_xwfZ-qkLQBG03_-DDTDHFF95o7Kxs5ipDspFNIvFxAiwlKV-7Tx79IxTs3QekpRhCjBdzI125EPeVIhymV2nNQb8WvKkDGCJT7bfpKJnDOcDzCUaAfcAlc-enWH2dQ8xvpLW-_EkvKVgwvDFJH6LSFpDPo-Y2KqAy/w640-h208/industry%20comp.jpg" width="640" /></a></div><br /><b>Grids and Streets</b><br />The eastern half of the island (yellow) has a fairly consistent street grid, but the western half is broken up into several different grids. The streets in the Thorildsplan area from the 1920’s have Lindhagen’s original divergent street orientation that was meant to span the island from waterfront to waterfront (orange). The recent development in Hornsberg (brown) continues the Lindhagen/Thorildsplan orientation to the water’s edge to the north, but the street grid never did reach the water on the southern side of Lindhagen’s axis. Large parts of the more suburban areas have less of a “grid” and more of a street “network” (red) Each epoch of development in the western part of the island has its own type of street network according to the vogue of each era. <p></p><p style="text-align: justify;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh5WeCSdRcyN2C9vJr00qD0lbpYwSbIahCWtS8WZqBUAvpilgkpoEMeizfhZ8aGqPFCoFt0fo8VDSyvLwf6ZbeluHqzbLowaJ4q06tttwFJdYuIonxBM553-n_JEyamoBkXeKStEvrgEKAMQDU5Ruf1duJHsnenxFAsCnJckaI0q6tUTGmWcgbfRpD3wJA8/s6399/grids.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="3920" data-original-width="6399" height="392" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh5WeCSdRcyN2C9vJr00qD0lbpYwSbIahCWtS8WZqBUAvpilgkpoEMeizfhZ8aGqPFCoFt0fo8VDSyvLwf6ZbeluHqzbLowaJ4q06tttwFJdYuIonxBM553-n_JEyamoBkXeKStEvrgEKAMQDU5Ruf1duJHsnenxFAsCnJckaI0q6tUTGmWcgbfRpD3wJA8/w640-h392/grids.jpg" width="640" /></a></div> <br /><p></p><p style="text-align: justify;">Most streets on Kungsholmen are only a block or two long, even in the gridded and more consistent eastern half of the island. This is an unusual phenomenon for Stockholm and seems to be due to the island’s abrupt geology. With the abundance of steep cliffs, it is simply not possible for a street to continue in the same direction for very long. Only two streets manage to overcome the topography to bisect the island in the north-south direction. Even Kungsholmen’s main thoroughfares only continue across half the island in the east-west direction. This was a conscious decision on the city’s part in order to reduce disruption in the already built-out areas of the island.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">All of the plans from the 1800’s show streets stretching from the middle of the island all the way to the water’s edge. Much of the island’s shoreline consists of granite cliffs, so these plans were never very realistic. Today, several streets dead end atop the cliff and only a pedestrian stairway navigates the elevation difference. </p><p style="text-align: justify;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhgftF0f5mZbZF2g72jpTRHA1eOAuXeh03E4pvO4NhmWrzAiX1pXBb-zica46s8VD_8p_ivsyId9k5MqYB2EnOJTCOlVuUfEMwzLRRg1qFUkFeT9dNRH6kkm7tgqmW3SWlXNZK7SDEGpeaEK1K4gE9l5cXD_HxkyihBL_4JafukYl5MN3WC1HnG4NGCrzit/s2205/stair%20comp.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="720" data-original-width="2205" height="208" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhgftF0f5mZbZF2g72jpTRHA1eOAuXeh03E4pvO4NhmWrzAiX1pXBb-zica46s8VD_8p_ivsyId9k5MqYB2EnOJTCOlVuUfEMwzLRRg1qFUkFeT9dNRH6kkm7tgqmW3SWlXNZK7SDEGpeaEK1K4gE9l5cXD_HxkyihBL_4JafukYl5MN3WC1HnG4NGCrzit/w640-h208/stair%20comp.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>The streets that do navigate these dramatic elevation changes cut diagonally through the cliff side and are dynamited into the bedrock. <p></p><p style="text-align: justify;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEibZoY58bU-HslUVud_lrT6lYAtwChIu2uhy5Z4GnBrDnnCLdvdRN41DIKTC8blwGgVvo__Pu2mIOoCTIrgiUf6fYn50uFzBTmeIp5fDypSQPeDiRSSkWF3U4ZZeNCphcpwhHZ2eED7WhaF-jFmcZYEnW51C0glfEhZL9bMSU72jFAHb0UjmV2fDpihul0h/s2205/diagonal%20street%20comp.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="720" data-original-width="2205" height="208" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEibZoY58bU-HslUVud_lrT6lYAtwChIu2uhy5Z4GnBrDnnCLdvdRN41DIKTC8blwGgVvo__Pu2mIOoCTIrgiUf6fYn50uFzBTmeIp5fDypSQPeDiRSSkWF3U4ZZeNCphcpwhHZ2eED7WhaF-jFmcZYEnW51C0glfEhZL9bMSU72jFAHb0UjmV2fDpihul0h/w640-h208/diagonal%20street%20comp.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>Some streets that navigate somewhat less elevation change do plunge right down; these streets are far steeper than anything we’d build today.<p></p><p style="text-align: justify;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhZ5bOToo_po2IdhIND5N8AbbH1Vpd8xbW5ZSfACI6MKdEaQdvUT3EisyrLnWLxDri8dM0c0eY_h159RRxNC8MHbH9kcO1SNAywg34vkDMYSV7Q5YWmTUW61armwLiyGTCNDtHdG4CzmRELYVnoCdP0rwYK_8wpEUr7ZDpxXF9CStHRYMV1FyMGjV587t8v/s1080/sttep.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="720" data-original-width="1080" height="266" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhZ5bOToo_po2IdhIND5N8AbbH1Vpd8xbW5ZSfACI6MKdEaQdvUT3EisyrLnWLxDri8dM0c0eY_h159RRxNC8MHbH9kcO1SNAywg34vkDMYSV7Q5YWmTUW61armwLiyGTCNDtHdG4CzmRELYVnoCdP0rwYK_8wpEUr7ZDpxXF9CStHRYMV1FyMGjV587t8v/w400-h266/sttep.jpg" width="400" /></a></div><br /></div><p style="text-align: justify;"><b>From Bromma into town </b><br />Despite repeated efforts, Lindhagen never did get his arrow-straight boulevard from Bromma to downtown (red). Instead, the city council’s proposal won out, and the thoroughfare from Bromma is neither a straight shot across the island nor does it connect directly to downtown. Once it gets to Fridhemsplan (brown), the “thoroughfare” takes a 90 degree turn north. Continuing north, there’s a direct connection to Vasastan (orange), or after another 90 degree turn, there’s a connection to downtown near the central train station. More on this thoroughfare below.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgMX5RpIGI8AwgpECk_9ZshhdP0_UvZNWnAoqomYSbYmp2xvGeY6dVeTE7Et84sFpfg5ScGtMJoJmLGuk1DFrxcEzMcGwyzcSGJWePDrocjbP2MXoseTARWW3pCWoBoqSlNjXbvg9ig1ou_u1HMlB3Trjb07TwaRxQCzZSGXxVuA4CQzvsi89aGllZ7h2Tk/s6399/bromma.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="3920" data-original-width="6399" height="392" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgMX5RpIGI8AwgpECk_9ZshhdP0_UvZNWnAoqomYSbYmp2xvGeY6dVeTE7Et84sFpfg5ScGtMJoJmLGuk1DFrxcEzMcGwyzcSGJWePDrocjbP2MXoseTARWW3pCWoBoqSlNjXbvg9ig1ou_u1HMlB3Trjb07TwaRxQCzZSGXxVuA4CQzvsi89aGllZ7h2Tk/w640-h392/bromma.jpg" width="640" /></a></div> <br /><b>Fridhemsplan</b><br />Fridhemsplan, or “Peaceful Home Square,” was the location of the old toll booth from when Stockholm was surrounded by a toll fence and it marks the seam between “city” and “suburbia” on Kungsholmen. It was here that the thoroughfare from Bromma, Drottningholmsvägen, was to turn northward and head over a bridge to the mainland. This street junction was eventually moved one block eastward to St. Eriksgatan, making Fridhemsplan itself a leftover triangular space where the street grids shift slightly. This little green space is used for a fruit stand in the summer and a Christmas tree stand in December, but it is otherwise an unwelcoming and underused space—there aren’t even any benches. <p></p><p style="text-align: justify;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhmMGzqO3rSG5ONnD3CVdgwwqWsV8x8v45jebk5uXTyhkRbm3rnSoLwmDjwyAfJZIzt6pA13l555NbdInGaHAQMFtwXv3TIkSUwQqMuLDvsGsLOaYgj_9QI6gNfJs5L8KOLiup_w21Bal0yguf6M4dkPGyyOjaIm0qNE7JuaXuP8Ku5mrF8I9oRfppkcQWu/s2084/Fridhemsplan%20comp.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="720" data-original-width="2084" height="222" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhmMGzqO3rSG5ONnD3CVdgwwqWsV8x8v45jebk5uXTyhkRbm3rnSoLwmDjwyAfJZIzt6pA13l555NbdInGaHAQMFtwXv3TIkSUwQqMuLDvsGsLOaYgj_9QI6gNfJs5L8KOLiup_w21Bal0yguf6M4dkPGyyOjaIm0qNE7JuaXuP8Ku5mrF8I9oRfppkcQWu/w640-h222/Fridhemsplan%20comp.jpg" width="640" /></a></div> <p></p><p style="text-align: justify;">Additionally, Drottningholmsvägen’s axis toward Kronoberg Park that Lindhagen fought so hard for is a bit of an anticlimax today because the view into the greenspace is partially blocked by the ugly entrance to a parking garage blasted into the granite under the park. </p><p style="text-align: justify;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiIyigoQinhyuP_uAOYIDl25zKuL_SPr76XVnjijI6H7L2sN6LxtknolGtlfsxqdg0nlxEGB_NHjnNNWqgzilD0TWkWF4woVHSaMXzR0EYmGSGiiXwOiQtr9QrAwYBxH00PZCTf7hFSzccXevr5hQ7kcBUviZzUYiMuqicGj9bSztN0QfMYUXtS7YCGQ4sq/s1080/Drottning%20end.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="720" data-original-width="1080" height="266" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiIyigoQinhyuP_uAOYIDl25zKuL_SPr76XVnjijI6H7L2sN6LxtknolGtlfsxqdg0nlxEGB_NHjnNNWqgzilD0TWkWF4woVHSaMXzR0EYmGSGiiXwOiQtr9QrAwYBxH00PZCTf7hFSzccXevr5hQ7kcBUviZzUYiMuqicGj9bSztN0QfMYUXtS7YCGQ4sq/w400-h266/Drottning%20end.jpg" width="400" /></a></div><p><br /></p><p style="text-align: justify;">Like Karlaplan in Östermalm, Fridhemsplan could have been a beautiful oasis in addition to being an important traffic junction, but Lindhagen’s monumental traffic circle was “value engineered” away. Today, Fridhemsplan is just a junction of two major thoroughfares, not a “place” or “square” as the name would suggest. <br /><br /><b>Parks, Greenspace, and “Unplanned” Development</b><br />The final plan for Kungsholmen did not call for a lot of greenspace on the eastern half of the island apart from the park on the island’s highest point at Kronoberg. However, small parks are sprinkled throughout these neighborhoods today. The 1880 plan never did account for Kungsholmen’s sharp topography, and many of today’s greenspaces are “left over” areas that were difficult to build on. Also, eastern Kungsholmen is home to a number of large city institutions as well as a historic church, and each of these sits in its own green space. </p><p style="text-align: justify;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiqV4UTX1o3SAc_DxS1Ms-7TRazlt1T_m8JUkqpWYZFzXs9A2P-z7_ABCnsypSVnfy44pHUYw4TXZ4nLj_EI6hj8dc7PV_zuFOf3tH5Hk499DagLxD8h-LqMjxaTg1oIIyjwm0BAU4nXt6Oj7qmTbA6nO7eLeWA_OogKiCy49ulTb-L7p-9rXD_fFv0AKEh/s2085/Church%20polis%20comp.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="720" data-original-width="2085" height="222" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiqV4UTX1o3SAc_DxS1Ms-7TRazlt1T_m8JUkqpWYZFzXs9A2P-z7_ABCnsypSVnfy44pHUYw4TXZ4nLj_EI6hj8dc7PV_zuFOf3tH5Hk499DagLxD8h-LqMjxaTg1oIIyjwm0BAU4nXt6Oj7qmTbA6nO7eLeWA_OogKiCy49ulTb-L7p-9rXD_fFv0AKEh/w640-h222/Church%20polis%20comp.jpg" width="640" /></a></div><br /><p></p><p style="text-align: justify;">Additionally, two large areas of eastern Kungsholmen, Norr Mälarstrand and Gubbensringen, were not developed until much later (1920’s and 1990’s respectively) and by that time parks were considered an obligatory necessity. </p><p style="text-align: justify;">Ironically, while the eastern part of the island is greener than planned, the western half of the island is much more developed than originally planned. Fredhäll, Kristineberg, Stadshagen, Marieberg, and Hornsberg were all supposed to remain undeveloped parkland. However, from the 1930’s through today, these areas have been developed and each development reflects its epoch. </p><p style="text-align: justify;">A small area of Fredhäll was to be built as traditional city blocks according to the 1880 plan, but in the early 1930’s, the entirety of Fredhäll was developed in a more suburban pattern with free-standing buildings set apart from the street and from each other. Parts of the development were long, low-rise buildings set back from the street while other parts consisted of higher apartment towers. Fredhäll is a very verdant neighborhood, the streets are still relatively small-scale and very walkable, and many of the buildings, while restrained, have just enough detailing to make them interesting. Fredhäll manages to still feel like it’s a part of the city despite its suburban character. </p><p style="text-align: justify;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiBx8s2MqNwIefUGvBvHKxi9zQZO8_ENoSI2jdTUYORHSrhs30SUU1O2e_3TEjapreGEdazOLVNGguD51qWbwAkYxPo8giO8wCh8CK0VBWUhYkn015tHVNON8jgJMszUom7lOWCYv7psCv5Ggq-l8qKSIjNSyUPfd8CrBERw-ZIVL34tOI6Kfa5KA4d8HvT/s6399/Fredh%C3%A4ll.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="3920" data-original-width="6399" height="392" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiBx8s2MqNwIefUGvBvHKxi9zQZO8_ENoSI2jdTUYORHSrhs30SUU1O2e_3TEjapreGEdazOLVNGguD51qWbwAkYxPo8giO8wCh8CK0VBWUhYkn015tHVNON8jgJMszUom7lOWCYv7psCv5Ggq-l8qKSIjNSyUPfd8CrBERw-ZIVL34tOI6Kfa5KA4d8HvT/w640-h392/Fredh%C3%A4ll.jpg" width="640" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjU6rp-ov0WIgW-Y2WpNLrLht76NlhUwLHtHCKaO_00MxwSnDsOuzmBYdrUAGMRhnH6u7tEuupOfkMS2z8WJuO0lzzg_XNOhVfK4T7tu2mrPFziYkYj6jWBphyKbOe8oHm7BaknKVrtiNAutmSrKpJAVKmYP0a_Vd363MwgaxMjVwEZhsVRD2z85Xc6GtsO/s2108/Fredh%C3%A4ll%20comp.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="720" data-original-width="2108" height="218" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjU6rp-ov0WIgW-Y2WpNLrLht76NlhUwLHtHCKaO_00MxwSnDsOuzmBYdrUAGMRhnH6u7tEuupOfkMS2z8WJuO0lzzg_XNOhVfK4T7tu2mrPFziYkYj6jWBphyKbOe8oHm7BaknKVrtiNAutmSrKpJAVKmYP0a_Vd363MwgaxMjVwEZhsVRD2z85Xc6GtsO/w640-h218/Fredh%C3%A4ll%20comp.jpg" width="640" /></a></div> <p></p><p style="text-align: justify;">Kristineberg was also developed in the 1930’s, but being built in a pure, modernist spirit, this neighborhood has a much more severe atmosphere than Fredhäll. Here, freestanding buildings are set amidst green lawns without many trees. Because the buildings are quite austere and there is a total lack of cafés and restaurants, Kristineberg does not feel very urban despite its relatively high density. </p><p style="text-align: justify;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEja-1PD0s9Y9mB6bMEtLfFkd0qn4k1HabduAZNRPek5m_o4vNrfe6hAFKfeDiyanILgDcnEBP-tEWPDYi3-pyvDdsNqRLOeeZvt_ZGhaE8n52pfI4TJZGc0Bp9xosOWmzGNtEH6hKn4gZB88u9B20kgjXzYQsVO-sJNYBzNYxjnIW6aJnzDUWK-fSxzi7Sa/s6399/Kristineberg.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="3920" data-original-width="6399" height="392" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEja-1PD0s9Y9mB6bMEtLfFkd0qn4k1HabduAZNRPek5m_o4vNrfe6hAFKfeDiyanILgDcnEBP-tEWPDYi3-pyvDdsNqRLOeeZvt_ZGhaE8n52pfI4TJZGc0Bp9xosOWmzGNtEH6hKn4gZB88u9B20kgjXzYQsVO-sJNYBzNYxjnIW6aJnzDUWK-fSxzi7Sa/w640-h392/Kristineberg.jpg" width="640" /></a></div><p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgBs_8YmUJEnKPEor8PBiZPyilu4h2wJhKHWzTQS99FXyXn3ehiHF2PtoHqoqM5u20wXIvnD-3TTjx7KLG0sP45XE1r3TuREpmFTLXxGIGmdb84C1q_2R9-Ogm0Av8-KfVwkcYX1MDehP7LqXhWlmL52CVqpOk3nF6Nez2PjSebIxAuWvnzqdMR_CvqBcWQ/s2205/Kristineberg%20comp.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="720" data-original-width="2205" height="208" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgBs_8YmUJEnKPEor8PBiZPyilu4h2wJhKHWzTQS99FXyXn3ehiHF2PtoHqoqM5u20wXIvnD-3TTjx7KLG0sP45XE1r3TuREpmFTLXxGIGmdb84C1q_2R9-Ogm0Av8-KfVwkcYX1MDehP7LqXhWlmL52CVqpOk3nF6Nez2PjSebIxAuWvnzqdMR_CvqBcWQ/w640-h208/Kristineberg%20comp.jpg" width="640" /></a></div><p style="text-align: justify;"> <br />Both Stadshagen and Hornsberg were developed into a dense industrial areas starting in the 1930’s (more on Hornsberg’s fate in my next post). Much of Stadshagen was redeveloped into housing in the 1950’s and then additional large areas were redeveloped into apartments and offices in the early 2000’s, but both areas’s redevelopment into dense blocks of offices and apartment buildings is still ongoing. Stadshagen’s 1930’s-60’s apartments are freestanding “buildings in the park” a la Le Corbusier, but the overall impression is that the green areas are more leftovers than planned parks. Stadshagen’s buildings are much more cut-off from the street than in Fredhäll and Kristineberg, creating large vacuums of space around the streets. The area doesn’t feel very urban or walkable. </p><p style="text-align: justify;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjJazAQ1ITutzbIoNnIeZpzT3aoOhNP8qJFvpXEAL1TlwKGWDb0GNibM3rL7pTko3xtUaas0YxRaNzpcKBrjKMwfvarD_aR9U6Gf2yZw7R9fZ13NxdC-6_lGNNLuntX1uRllDsr3OsJDhIlIQGo86MRNyINRN8XmmZOFQv7EVxC0Dfrw-nF2m5ODBaPJewD/s6399/Stadshagrn.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="3920" data-original-width="6399" height="392" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjJazAQ1ITutzbIoNnIeZpzT3aoOhNP8qJFvpXEAL1TlwKGWDb0GNibM3rL7pTko3xtUaas0YxRaNzpcKBrjKMwfvarD_aR9U6Gf2yZw7R9fZ13NxdC-6_lGNNLuntX1uRllDsr3OsJDhIlIQGo86MRNyINRN8XmmZOFQv7EVxC0Dfrw-nF2m5ODBaPJewD/w640-h392/Stadshagrn.jpg" width="640" /></a></div><p></p><p style="text-align: justify;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiMvOumljbyGms1_pwICh_o38EC_m2B257MY3IeKbkcdazGGpU0JmoH8CelYQvxsBGcSm62PGL2IjrMrVYqwQddPxWcouCvg90WNHStCMf5xb-II0f3OTpWKp3lybp8dcIiMvobN4abepT9z3EOJ1K1oxa1mPTIhVpVAJeVko9MKHcJ4col7dpNsoCkS1Pi/s2205/Stadshagen%20comp.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="720" data-original-width="2205" height="208" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiMvOumljbyGms1_pwICh_o38EC_m2B257MY3IeKbkcdazGGpU0JmoH8CelYQvxsBGcSm62PGL2IjrMrVYqwQddPxWcouCvg90WNHStCMf5xb-II0f3OTpWKp3lybp8dcIiMvobN4abepT9z3EOJ1K1oxa1mPTIhVpVAJeVko9MKHcJ4col7dpNsoCkS1Pi/w640-h208/Stadshagen%20comp.jpg" width="640" /></a></div> <p></p><p style="text-align: justify;">Marieberg was developed in the 1960’s 1980’s and and here the car has taken over with wide streets and large surface parking lots. Marieberg is both a industrial/commercial area as the newspapers built giant towers here while the rest of the area was developed into housing with stand-alone apartment buildings surrounded by greenspace. Marieberg feels like less of a neighborhood than nearby Fredhäll because of the higher scale of the buildings, the less cohesive street fabric, and the large, segregated commercial district. </p><p style="text-align: justify;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEimF0u7Zo5nVgAiAss4Zd1WMSZPgRmNpKFhbV2VkgBWQylMS_hgL6oDEnoOIwrn-ZLRP5Brg_90sxw9XZMVBHTEKZt5dZbEJ58tEefTguuVIvySg9WI3OqAgKKgKoyOo5TO5Rp6jbiYMr7LUjSvwF5EnjsSfLiof0sSb5oDTaJpEvoTmKR2bwdLGNDD3X-A/s6399/Marieberg.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="3920" data-original-width="6399" height="392" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEimF0u7Zo5nVgAiAss4Zd1WMSZPgRmNpKFhbV2VkgBWQylMS_hgL6oDEnoOIwrn-ZLRP5Brg_90sxw9XZMVBHTEKZt5dZbEJ58tEefTguuVIvySg9WI3OqAgKKgKoyOo5TO5Rp6jbiYMr7LUjSvwF5EnjsSfLiof0sSb5oDTaJpEvoTmKR2bwdLGNDD3X-A/w640-h392/Marieberg.jpg" width="640" /></a></div><p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjn4ou4SxpzfMYPUVvZ3n3G9X_hlGQGhaDL_qZiXXiuQfxRp_6VbhcyhTy_QtQmwjvkiEyHeHKVyO46I2ncbDHt4ZHumoOUtTUGjBp8d1Zg_TeAKB76OKUJ7PLmcwZJMICo4lkBqaFzBfVbqslZYVhKO0QM27TF6ZRM37Myan7acQjSUPwk3Md7auA_ZKXy/s2205/Marieberg%20comp%202.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="810" data-original-width="2205" height="236" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjn4ou4SxpzfMYPUVvZ3n3G9X_hlGQGhaDL_qZiXXiuQfxRp_6VbhcyhTy_QtQmwjvkiEyHeHKVyO46I2ncbDHt4ZHumoOUtTUGjBp8d1Zg_TeAKB76OKUJ7PLmcwZJMICo4lkBqaFzBfVbqslZYVhKO0QM27TF6ZRM37Myan7acQjSUPwk3Md7auA_ZKXy/w640-h236/Marieberg%20comp%202.jpg" width="640" /></a></div><p></p><p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjsJn9lgW-U_hEj_lpBJNIE7smcrzJUm2LR6qmaQk3XNzGEkkm7scan38ZIUDkgjPDofukizBj9PbAKGtNV0hVtb-ceFNdIHtgAwckDEeRBL0p4pIli2CIqmG15i1HwawLzYv-tF8uS4Jyy8dIOmQVAJ4fOICkfs5wLucJ4d02vo6XNg3NvfXeZfp4iVVMY/s2205/Marieberg%20comp%201.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="810" data-original-width="2205" height="236" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjsJn9lgW-U_hEj_lpBJNIE7smcrzJUm2LR6qmaQk3XNzGEkkm7scan38ZIUDkgjPDofukizBj9PbAKGtNV0hVtb-ceFNdIHtgAwckDEeRBL0p4pIli2CIqmG15i1HwawLzYv-tF8uS4Jyy8dIOmQVAJ4fOICkfs5wLucJ4d02vo6XNg3NvfXeZfp4iVVMY/w640-h236/Marieberg%20comp%201.jpg" width="640" /></a></div><p><br /></p><p style="text-align: justify;"></p><p style="text-align: justify;">Despite the development of Fredhäll, Kristineberg, Stadshagen, Marieberg, and Hornsberg, there is still a concentration of greenspace on the western half of Kungsholmen with its interconnecting parks, especially along Drottningholmsvägen’s southern side. </p><p style="text-align: justify;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjrfRyHUxjpua4RVzHKmDrleHJWxwsXykF7gGz2nllciMYhsD2p0oygKbmoZKH60wpWx9Sewcsz-VayBz4HVWlLd3r2nbTsSQvVGj85iVB_E0PhWd9AFQamNcRccWRmPfQ2fAMS7eSbDIvl9duYIRceRoOQ5vzfERwpcbqXR0fhSX2Hmm8116eRqWpDHwNp/s1668/Interconnecting%20parks%20comp.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="720" data-original-width="1668" height="276" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjrfRyHUxjpua4RVzHKmDrleHJWxwsXykF7gGz2nllciMYhsD2p0oygKbmoZKH60wpWx9Sewcsz-VayBz4HVWlLd3r2nbTsSQvVGj85iVB_E0PhWd9AFQamNcRccWRmPfQ2fAMS7eSbDIvl9duYIRceRoOQ5vzfERwpcbqXR0fhSX2Hmm8116eRqWpDHwNp/w640-h276/Interconnecting%20parks%20comp.jpg" width="640" /></a></div><p>One terminus of this interconnected park system, Rålambshov Park, nicknamed Rålis, was not planned to be a greenspace from the beginning. It is a full-fledged city block in Lindhagen’s earliest plans (left below) and became a large, open square in the city’s proposal from 1877 (right below). This large square was included in all subsequent plans, but the square was never built, probably because the land belonged to the Rålambshov malmgård (suburban farm) (<a href="https://walkingstockholm.blogspot.com/2013/05/malmgardar-summer-housessuburban-farms.html " target="_blank">see #27 here</a>). The area was instead developed into a park in the 1930’s, connecting with the linear park through Fredhäll. Today, Rålambshov is one of Stockholm’s most popular and heavily used parks.</p><p></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgSXWkP5duAvJ6HJo4mt4PHikXbR0EyA4uKHI5il3qQupBSAo4XF22jTCWQY6I88SaF9LT9mMIg-JKYKCEh905dyVaxtRwC6VpAT3LdBjn9KFu74o5Rqsrg0QcNfXSR_QLG_Bj5O69KK5pUa9VF7-gWs_j2_anCN_h7vvQt4s8qpWQpUb4bxY8guAjIp0U4/s1989/1%203%20R%C3%A5lis%20comp.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="744" data-original-width="1989" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgSXWkP5duAvJ6HJo4mt4PHikXbR0EyA4uKHI5il3qQupBSAo4XF22jTCWQY6I88SaF9LT9mMIg-JKYKCEh905dyVaxtRwC6VpAT3LdBjn9KFu74o5Rqsrg0QcNfXSR_QLG_Bj5O69KK5pUa9VF7-gWs_j2_anCN_h7vvQt4s8qpWQpUb4bxY8guAjIp0U4/w640-h240/1%203%20R%C3%A5lis%20comp.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">(*) (*)<br /></td></tr></tbody></table><br /><b>Street Trees, Setbacks, and Squares</b><br />In the 1880 plan, several of Kungsholmen’s main thoroughfares were to be tree-lined. A couple of these streets (Lindhagensgatan and parts of Drottningholmsvägen and Fleminggatan) have only recently received their trees while the other streets remain treeless.<p></p><p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgZVK5EHlVC5wOABvgKsyxzFejvcuXf8uHMKvXPXhpceX0yVJmKlDl2qraOYEaOtsZCLoVWwG0irYqLNfZCUzxO4CkFj_o-YNU7WSTrW9-rRWgvQPvYqej9uT1l6f86sfo-GEz14KEnx41RbHIA4ffwpIno-5PPCEI125njBEemP8vijkmFMW5gmc19a04s/s2205/street%20trees%20comp.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="720" data-original-width="2205" height="208" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgZVK5EHlVC5wOABvgKsyxzFejvcuXf8uHMKvXPXhpceX0yVJmKlDl2qraOYEaOtsZCLoVWwG0irYqLNfZCUzxO4CkFj_o-YNU7WSTrW9-rRWgvQPvYqej9uT1l6f86sfo-GEz14KEnx41RbHIA4ffwpIno-5PPCEI125njBEemP8vijkmFMW5gmc19a04s/w640-h208/street%20trees%20comp.jpg" width="640" /></a></div> <p></p><p></p><p style="text-align: justify;">There was a good bit of back-and-forth as to whether the streets on the western half of the island should have setbacks with strips of greenery between street and building. The ratified plan for Kungsholmen did call for setbacks in the west, and Thorildsplan was built with green setbacks along one side of the street. There are setbacks in Kristineberg and Fredhäll, but these areas were not really included in the ratified plan and these setbacks are a result of the 1930’s era of planning. The only area on the eastern half of the island with setbacks is Norr Mälarstrand which was built at approximately the same time as Thorildsplan. Here there are setbacks along both sides of the street. Norr Mälarstrand was drawn as “regular” city blocks in the ratified plan but was eventually built according to an entirely new plan.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhF29xw0F5i-TbfclFEKyQRpxTj3MXrK6dMzhQ0VEtOCn7YZTK9-Tw8KOwADqVZoZlDB8m3o3Oq5VAsC2CvU_Wq0Gqr0JTDkglC1FcyFyF0CwNTN6h3z6TY-9VkfM2JQB6svOERLo9c_9PGkZSaM2QvWZQE-sXOJu0ihMQQA8yFGIbcyNbisbiJ5XUj1DrR/s2205/setback%20comp.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="720" data-original-width="2205" height="208" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhF29xw0F5i-TbfclFEKyQRpxTj3MXrK6dMzhQ0VEtOCn7YZTK9-Tw8KOwADqVZoZlDB8m3o3Oq5VAsC2CvU_Wq0Gqr0JTDkglC1FcyFyF0CwNTN6h3z6TY-9VkfM2JQB6svOERLo9c_9PGkZSaM2QvWZQE-sXOJu0ihMQQA8yFGIbcyNbisbiJ5XUj1DrR/w640-h208/setback%20comp.jpg" width="640" /></a></div> <p></p><p style="text-align: justify;">Aside from Fridhemsplan described above, the island’s only other “square” is Kungsholmstorg. This square was originally the island’s main food market. Lindhagen planned for a widened street which would continue across the island. In the ratified plan, the square was to be widened, and this is what was eventually built. I am unsure if the square was meant to continue as a food market (probably). There’s a small fruit and vegetable stand here today, but the rest of the square is a much-needed green space in the middle of a very dense area. </p><p style="text-align: justify;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgKI3ie6bzsSt13wrm2thDVIhJLbtyZ7vfVrogkfSitLBFUouIapIbLn3Gr9KfTqtA5-9OIaJEC8bbT3hHya8MywAjc23n3Lq13n8KW7Fwg7PCSdZg7e1QiYqavy9vpXUOMdcMegflch1a_v_N8xepWGBDQNb1Z2jRA0Ut67nP_ABPK1bSyzc_5haMRmJNQ/s1080/Kungsholmstorg.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="720" data-original-width="1080" height="266" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgKI3ie6bzsSt13wrm2thDVIhJLbtyZ7vfVrogkfSitLBFUouIapIbLn3Gr9KfTqtA5-9OIaJEC8bbT3hHya8MywAjc23n3Lq13n8KW7Fwg7PCSdZg7e1QiYqavy9vpXUOMdcMegflch1a_v_N8xepWGBDQNb1Z2jRA0Ut67nP_ABPK1bSyzc_5haMRmJNQ/w400-h266/Kungsholmstorg.jpg" width="400" /></a></div><br /><br /><b>Kungsklippan (“King’s Cliff”) </b><br />In Lindhagen’s original plan (left below), the high and steep Kungsklippan or “King’s Cliff” above the Kungsholm’s Church was to become a park, but in his revised plan from 1876 where the existing buildings on the eastern part of the island were to remain intact, Kungsklippan was left unplanned. I am intrigued that this cliff was so formally planned in the city’s proposal from 1877 (right below). A narrow, oblong park was to be ringed by streets and blocks of apartments. This was an unusually finely-tuned and small-scale planning move in this era of sweeping, generalized city plans, and I am guessing that one of the city-council members (a large portion of the city council seats were occupied by real-estate developers) had bought the land and wanted his proposed development included in the plan; I’ll research this more at a later time. <p></p><p style="text-align: justify;"></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiPcxsm05IyL83sw9RhGlA5jPHdffHeEOIrC8tNiISJYtf7iykej4UmoouTBPKcSUWJ326582bUCVe9GCch8R7bEF4UAP8Koi3CVZP75cu21rfDM9Bwe5EPJA-KF1kDD0t8MO8r50r8-Y9ocu4pL3JmfSW8Zc8kRkJU5LxStzcwucDBj4yaIMIbrfObscI6/s1275/Kungsklippan%201%202%20comp.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="627" data-original-width="1275" height="314" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiPcxsm05IyL83sw9RhGlA5jPHdffHeEOIrC8tNiISJYtf7iykej4UmoouTBPKcSUWJ326582bUCVe9GCch8R7bEF4UAP8Koi3CVZP75cu21rfDM9Bwe5EPJA-KF1kDD0t8MO8r50r8-Y9ocu4pL3JmfSW8Zc8kRkJU5LxStzcwucDBj4yaIMIbrfObscI6/w640-h314/Kungsklippan%201%202%20comp.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">(*) (*)</td></tr></tbody></table> <br /><p></p><p style="text-align: justify;">This design for Kungsklippan was included in all subsequent proposals (left below) and was part of the final, ratified plan (right below). </p><p style="text-align: justify;"></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjxoadjOvJ3d11hkE9ML9iO6yfvGqYPIACyo10mUvBWzOTd5z7CclOpoSOPL8Qzk5mxAvEgvIGsoNAHy1iaMzg0RdJMfDKPIBDBd69gu6tErdlIjqENy4iYCLI5YHvCNyvWAAcN0yPPM8-QlalOy_UKCE4so3akMSiA9FSNwG8D8JaOKE1N2Z_nlbFlwhTs/s1215/Kungsklippan%203%2014%20comp.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="482" data-original-width="1215" height="254" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjxoadjOvJ3d11hkE9ML9iO6yfvGqYPIACyo10mUvBWzOTd5z7CclOpoSOPL8Qzk5mxAvEgvIGsoNAHy1iaMzg0RdJMfDKPIBDBd69gu6tErdlIjqENy4iYCLI5YHvCNyvWAAcN0yPPM8-QlalOy_UKCE4so3akMSiA9FSNwG8D8JaOKE1N2Z_nlbFlwhTs/w640-h254/Kungsklippan%203%2014%20comp.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">(*) (*)</td></tr></tbody></table> <p></p><p style="text-align: justify;">Interestingly, most of Kungsklippan wouldn’t be developed until the 1930’s and while the separated apartment buildings which are classic examples of modernist planning and architecture and were definitely not what the planners of the 1870’s had in mind, the central oblong park ringed with streets was executed as originally planned. Kungsklippan is an interesting example where different planning eras collide, producing a richer environment than either era would have achieved on its own. </p><p style="text-align: justify;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiYiPiBUXwsoKzSCoTCUUh2uo6HtGqdQA1Wh6AZlNqgrYLgFtFzh5CsQgHEygrs7T0VVhXGUelThe163J9-kau_2hvMZkkc8Ci2czXsVB7xiKkmwHQUBFoyLulM70YAjj1iKwgIFvzvO0TzPFQjvq9WFcLwO-QynxxLOT0sKVxpoibdLnL_X0tkzgx21TNx/s2205/Kungsklippan%20comp.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="720" data-original-width="2205" height="208" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiYiPiBUXwsoKzSCoTCUUh2uo6HtGqdQA1Wh6AZlNqgrYLgFtFzh5CsQgHEygrs7T0VVhXGUelThe163J9-kau_2hvMZkkc8Ci2czXsVB7xiKkmwHQUBFoyLulM70YAjj1iKwgIFvzvO0TzPFQjvq9WFcLwO-QynxxLOT0sKVxpoibdLnL_X0tkzgx21TNx/w640-h208/Kungsklippan%20comp.jpg" width="640" /></a></div> <br /><b>Quays and Shoreline</b><br />I wrote above that Lindhagen’s original plan called for an evened-out shoreline and built-up quaysides along much of the island’s waterfront. Only the southwest area of the island was to be left with its natural shoreline. This was appropriate since the southwest area of the island was to be undeveloped parkland. I also wrote above that I am surprised that the city council adopted Lindhagen’s idea to smooth out the shoreline and to create built-up quays because it was an expensive and somewhat unpopular idea. <p></p><p style="text-align: justify;">Today, Kungsholmen’s shoreline is much as Lindhagen and the city council planned, even if there aren’t many stretches of built-up quaysides. First of all, much of the shoreline was smoothed out into swooping arcs by filling in the water to create new dry land just as Lindhagen proposed, but the southwest side of the island retains its natural shoreline. There are two long stretches of built-up quaysides on the island, one in
the southeast along Norr Mälarstrand and another on the northwest at
Hornsberg Strand. The quay along Norr Mälarstrand was meant for
strolling while the quay at Hornsberg was originally for industrial
purposes. </p><p style="text-align: justify;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgP7uQbBXehf32xDfEoowvQeDrilW2CfiP6ePnA4gouPZXKdZd7waAExfbgU3_ujswjo9KopXB1cSfkbwSnp0146LQO3hw1pkBro_k9CsKqFc5QApe0wPGqZ4MiuGt6IrH4n6xyyP8i4TVrqcexx28HU8N17wYGR_LtYJpkvWlvfIr91t1JU2gYgS-KwEYt/s2083/quay%20comp.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="720" data-original-width="2083" height="222" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgP7uQbBXehf32xDfEoowvQeDrilW2CfiP6ePnA4gouPZXKdZd7waAExfbgU3_ujswjo9KopXB1cSfkbwSnp0146LQO3hw1pkBro_k9CsKqFc5QApe0wPGqZ4MiuGt6IrH4n6xyyP8i4TVrqcexx28HU8N17wYGR_LtYJpkvWlvfIr91t1JU2gYgS-KwEYt/w640-h222/quay%20comp.jpg" width="640" /></a></div><p>The rest of the smoothed-out shoreline looks more natural
even if it is not actually a natural shoreline. These shorelines are
lined with rocks, bushes, reeds, trees, and patches of grass as well as
walking paths. </p><p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgucTyyj8Mtvc0w9kaoCmCx6KTw2M3ZjgzAl2JhjytG0n9dNr08ljkCD-H_Y02830JOEPAXjI_FMFKKA73hA4snWt5RAojbOUTV6ui5GfYHxfTWtsuUuC0njZON4YOJvEv80r4Rh_dwcW3-8LJDBeDF6Z0dT7HOmKphRYGf9HJPTHfb3LvPCSx9KuUGeI-n/s2205/smoothed%20out%20shore%20comp.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="720" data-original-width="2205" height="208" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgucTyyj8Mtvc0w9kaoCmCx6KTw2M3ZjgzAl2JhjytG0n9dNr08ljkCD-H_Y02830JOEPAXjI_FMFKKA73hA4snWt5RAojbOUTV6ui5GfYHxfTWtsuUuC0njZON4YOJvEv80r4Rh_dwcW3-8LJDBeDF6Z0dT7HOmKphRYGf9HJPTHfb3LvPCSx9KuUGeI-n/w640-h208/smoothed%20out%20shore%20comp.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>The only part of Kungsholmen’s shore that does not have a
man-made quay or walking path is the southwest area where the natural,
steep shoreline cliffs were left intact. <p></p><p style="text-align: justify;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgbK4hfSYfE4p-RJ0b95PF7pP_XtgO5eyEXJKHCgKE5Toiir8iXXUSeaYzs-vSN4CNxLHgphYjcjVxR75xw8F-CKLfnj54AjxWIEpNLdybQkNYMqao_ii_x5poGrPoY51QL_-3XZG_wgUZ8MwdcWbU-nR6T3CuZI5AMt3Brde-dXFNb4iTUVUiWeKyLPJVY/s1735/natural%20shore%20comp.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="810" data-original-width="1735" height="298" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgbK4hfSYfE4p-RJ0b95PF7pP_XtgO5eyEXJKHCgKE5Toiir8iXXUSeaYzs-vSN4CNxLHgphYjcjVxR75xw8F-CKLfnj54AjxWIEpNLdybQkNYMqao_ii_x5poGrPoY51QL_-3XZG_wgUZ8MwdcWbU-nR6T3CuZI5AMt3Brde-dXFNb4iTUVUiWeKyLPJVY/w640-h298/natural%20shore%20comp.jpg" width="640" /></a></div><p><br /><b><br />Bifurcation</b><br />Kungsholmen’s planning history was a long, tortuous process just as it was for <a href="https://walkingstockholm.blogspot.com/2021/04/the-plan-for-ostermalm-and-its-boundary.html" target="_blank">Östermalm</a> and for <a href="http://walkingstockholm.blogspot.com/2022/12/the-plan-for-norrmalm-and-its.html" target="_blank">Norrmalm</a>. But one thing that really stands out for me when comparing Kungsholmen’s plan to those for Östermalm and Norrmalm is that the plan for Kungsholmen includes a large area outside of the city’s traditional <a href="https://walkingstockholm.blogspot.com/2014/05/stockholms-tollhouses.html" target="_blank">toll-fence boundary</a>. </p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgUwNYobC22nNN7_DJYSCFTzyXbIKXBK-URA7oWKCTl7vvKYzT6rUq0E3du-DrAFucnBZwiEpCp5hyJ0S8Uw7N1RplQlak4ACDHtp2g2GK8Ck1aJTxMoyY-zvNrWBOHklzjlU0CFxtnSln4a-ICvfRHf836d6BC2WsqqtzjVFt4cpgwj7OnOwQtVzo07QOp/s6399/tolls2.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="3920" data-original-width="6399" height="392" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgUwNYobC22nNN7_DJYSCFTzyXbIKXBK-URA7oWKCTl7vvKYzT6rUq0E3du-DrAFucnBZwiEpCp5hyJ0S8Uw7N1RplQlak4ACDHtp2g2GK8Ck1aJTxMoyY-zvNrWBOHklzjlU0CFxtnSln4a-ICvfRHf836d6BC2WsqqtzjVFt4cpgwj7OnOwQtVzo07QOp/w640-h392/tolls2.jpg" width="640" /></a></div><p></p><p>Even though tolls into the city stopped being charged a couple of years before the plans were first sketched, the plans for Östermalm and Norrmalm stop at exactly the same boundary where the city had always abruptly stopped—at the toll fence—because the land outside of the toll belonged to the Crown, not to the city. <a href="https://walkingstockholm.blogspot.com/2019/09/wallstrom-and-rudbergs-1864-general.html " target="_blank">Wallström and Rudberg’s</a> first early plan for Kungsholmen stopped at the toll fence, but later plans, including the officially approved plan for Kungsholmen, all include the entire island and not just the eastern half that had been inside the toll fence. The reason for this is that the city of Stockholm has owned the entire island since the King donated it in the 1600’s. Expansion into the western half of the island had never been necessary, but now the city’s population was booming and it would have been short-sighted not to include as much surface area as possible in the plan. The plan, after all, was meant to encompass <i>all</i> of Stockholm. <br /></p><p></p><p style="text-align: justify;">With that in mind, however, the plan for the western half of the island has a completely different character than the plan for the eastern, inside-the-toll-fence half. The eastern half was planned as a traditional and rather dense city grid, but the western half is almost completely dedicated park space with one strip of dense city bisecting the green areas. It was as if the planners still couldn’t conceive of Stockholm ever growing <i>that</i> much.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiey6Gb6bfGp5ntwgxsxHuOGKznTIkor8T8LoMGHSHFtkH3X0eeF1-YPimsmCZHzIbsIXdY7VQf9KeBtvrhuTcy1RfCz4Az6sKqyIPukrVG7d85KEb9N3Gw4KD7_kDitof-BamXisGZJydY91b1rZxiWFIxc0_lGKuR8GGQEtbVJ_9a_rC3hS9G-lGXFbFf/s1733/fredhemsgatan%20comp.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="810" data-original-width="1733" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiey6Gb6bfGp5ntwgxsxHuOGKznTIkor8T8LoMGHSHFtkH3X0eeF1-YPimsmCZHzIbsIXdY7VQf9KeBtvrhuTcy1RfCz4Az6sKqyIPukrVG7d85KEb9N3Gw4KD7_kDitof-BamXisGZJydY91b1rZxiWFIxc0_lGKuR8GGQEtbVJ_9a_rC3hS9G-lGXFbFf/w640-h300/fredhemsgatan%20comp.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">The east and west sides of the street Fridhemsgatan. Left: traditional city blocks inside the toll boundary. Right: towers in a park outside of the toll boundary.<br /></td></tr></tbody></table><br /> <br />This bifurcation of Kungsholmen is still easily visible in the city fabric today. The eastern, “urban” part of the island has a traditional grid structure with closed city blocks (yellow), but the development of the western part of the island has a very “suburban” character where most of the buildings are set far apart from each other with a lot of greenspace in between (red). This bifurcation has only very recently been made somewhat less clear with the development of Hornsberg Strand into traditional blocks on a grid—this area has been mostly built in the 2010’s and is still being built out today (brown). Interestingly, this newly gridded area follows Lindhagen’s shifted axis even though this axis doesn’t relate to anything else in the city except for the nearby Thorildsplan area (orange). The main axial street is even named after Lindhagen; modern planers clearly aimed to realize this "forgotten"part of the Lindhagen Plan. <p></p><p style="text-align: justify;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiFH4vrtGyBwnuvbZ8G7yalYalVhj0Gt6tH6B4XEs23VnSTtJycvsy525ERdq-SMuXy-Q1JYzYZaI-lMlWN0d63-C7eXVp0Yd5v1VbxOBZ9EglJk_kAACX7xlJTNBggjbhWdbKRm4ZY5YYBS4_clyzLqRy__Ba4UDjZ5euEvwezkbmeGJmoTdzQMhhBR0G5/s6399/grids%202.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="3920" data-original-width="6399" height="392" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiFH4vrtGyBwnuvbZ8G7yalYalVhj0Gt6tH6B4XEs23VnSTtJycvsy525ERdq-SMuXy-Q1JYzYZaI-lMlWN0d63-C7eXVp0Yd5v1VbxOBZ9EglJk_kAACX7xlJTNBggjbhWdbKRm4ZY5YYBS4_clyzLqRy__Ba4UDjZ5euEvwezkbmeGJmoTdzQMhhBR0G5/w640-h392/grids%202.jpg" width="640" /></a></div> <p></p><p style="text-align: justify;">In more modern times, the original east-west bifurcation became even more pronounced when a highway (Essingeleden) was built across the island starting in 1960. In order to largely spare the already developed and very popular residential area of Fredhäll, the highway was dug into a tunnel through the south side of the island. But where the island was less developed and more industrial than residential, the highway was built high up on a series of bridges, creating a noisy, shadowy and unpleasant corridor cutting across the island. Unfortunately, the highway was allowed to remain a brutal barrier when the Stadshagen och Hornsberg Strand areas was planned and developed; this gaping wound through Kungsholmen’s fabric may never be healed. </p><p style="text-align: justify;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi1Gt70hqrf-333D6QAiMJIQhKa9_5aYY0oTMRLTn8dFDT1-DAc9Kz7uFq3LtLueKGga04_UFalqA6YltHQV6citXOALeLw5NuLODONpS1klYU1cjuVxXp9HN2Bemdo22HZhtlkm-ps0JNAN_cAuJv5SNfsu451LDdnA4VBGYNJaSuEK9OTj2OdSlK4Rf0X/s6399/Essingeleden%202.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="3920" data-original-width="6399" height="392" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi1Gt70hqrf-333D6QAiMJIQhKa9_5aYY0oTMRLTn8dFDT1-DAc9Kz7uFq3LtLueKGga04_UFalqA6YltHQV6citXOALeLw5NuLODONpS1klYU1cjuVxXp9HN2Bemdo22HZhtlkm-ps0JNAN_cAuJv5SNfsu451LDdnA4VBGYNJaSuEK9OTj2OdSlK4Rf0X/w640-h392/Essingeleden%202.jpg" width="640" /></a></div><p></p><p style="text-align: justify;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjhb5-FxnqmsuGNJWs3ZphK19x_KrFc6Lb9-FIhMF3PSzIpq0bW2Shx3HkCZD77lO5oAShcJ9xkeun7ta5nurR23n_umZTWTLgXKNFJi73wic1C7gokXPa1vke2HBVbXnKsyi8X80Zes1xrQeQE2dHYITWSMsf6kXNW_iTbOecY6PfK90HKKovHGq-mNDjh/s2205/Essingeleden%20comp.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="720" data-original-width="2205" height="208" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjhb5-FxnqmsuGNJWs3ZphK19x_KrFc6Lb9-FIhMF3PSzIpq0bW2Shx3HkCZD77lO5oAShcJ9xkeun7ta5nurR23n_umZTWTLgXKNFJi73wic1C7gokXPa1vke2HBVbXnKsyi8X80Zes1xrQeQE2dHYITWSMsf6kXNW_iTbOecY6PfK90HKKovHGq-mNDjh/w640-h208/Essingeleden%20comp.jpg" width="640" /></a></div> <p style="text-align: justify;">Kungsholmen is most obviously bifurcated on the north-south axis due to the toll-boundary described above, but the western half of the island is additionally bifurcated on the east-west axis by Drottningholmsvägen. This road is not quite a highway, but it is a higher-speed artery connecting from Kungsholmen to the mainland and the suburb of Bromma and beyond. </p><p style="text-align: justify;">The original bridges between Bromma and Kungsholmen were floating bridges, but these had to be removed during the winter. Bromma was disconnected from town during the in-between seasons when the ice was too thin to cross. A very high, permanent bridge was built in the 1930’s and this bridge lands on the island well above the natural grade. It takes a while for the thoroughfare to descend all the way to the ground, creating a very solid and long barrier between Fredhäll and Kristineberg. Furthermore, the subway pops out of its tunnels here, too, making more of a barrier even when the thoroughfare is at grade. </p><p style="text-align: justify;">The Thorildsplan development from the 1920’s fronts Drottningholmsvägen as if it were a regular city street and not an almost-highway plus the additional noisy barrier of the subway. Clearly this thoroughfare had an entirely different scale and feel until at least the 1930’s. </p><p style="text-align: justify;">Strangely, new development from the early 21st century “continues” Thorildplans development along Drottningholmsvägen as if it were a regular city street, and this meeting of residential city and highway feels misplaced and misguided today. Maybe the planners had a very long-term vision of redeveloping Drottningholmsvägen into an urban street despite the lack of any concrete plans to do so...? </p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhZbHCArb1v53bScbksVMH_9Y8cmxJvMMC22716CwebNi7OfXmnHm-XgaZ4fjuElZcUDwSw8m_JuhpUdzX0mPJ_qOM-vAKcy2NSzM5kcMP-kqaZ6JfBGGIDkYBdg_LuF8UEtwaUfNEps2WxMrvznNLmvyNWmM5hwbP9PhLa6j9bV_FNqi3WY5GN6qdQRq-U/s6399/drottningholmsv%C3%A4gen%202.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="3920" data-original-width="6399" height="392" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhZbHCArb1v53bScbksVMH_9Y8cmxJvMMC22716CwebNi7OfXmnHm-XgaZ4fjuElZcUDwSw8m_JuhpUdzX0mPJ_qOM-vAKcy2NSzM5kcMP-kqaZ6JfBGGIDkYBdg_LuF8UEtwaUfNEps2WxMrvznNLmvyNWmM5hwbP9PhLa6j9bV_FNqi3WY5GN6qdQRq-U/w640-h392/drottningholmsv%C3%A4gen%202.jpg" width="640" /></a></div><p style="text-align: justify;"></p><p style="text-align: justify;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEif_4S2JnsLzrojnUHBPrDl_loQ-dbcryh9t1hWmw2NLGG0jwIIA8BDT0HFXUdlNTTtImP5q05Kn3_1bz5j6CNpdOpmoia1IsVNILp13-yJ8ExLc3b2Jzdsy-Mk6VSxe_JIuMVh2DV3srba40hKpQGowMOzBdiEKdobut7XsAF9_BsKrnTIVqbQKqtS191H/s2205/Drottningholmsv%C3%A4gen%20comp.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="720" data-original-width="2205" height="208" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEif_4S2JnsLzrojnUHBPrDl_loQ-dbcryh9t1hWmw2NLGG0jwIIA8BDT0HFXUdlNTTtImP5q05Kn3_1bz5j6CNpdOpmoia1IsVNILp13-yJ8ExLc3b2Jzdsy-Mk6VSxe_JIuMVh2DV3srba40hKpQGowMOzBdiEKdobut7XsAF9_BsKrnTIVqbQKqtS191H/w640-h208/Drottningholmsv%C3%A4gen%20comp.jpg" width="640" /></a></div><p style="text-align: justify;"></p><p style="text-align: justify;"> </p><p style="text-align: justify;">Another highway-esqe barrier is the bridge Västerbron (“The Western Bridge”) and its continuation Lilla Västerbron (“Small Western Bridge”). Västerbron was finished in 1935 and connects Kungsholmen to the islands of Långholmen and Södermalm and beyond to the southern suburbs. This elevated almost-highway continues through the non-place of Västerbroplan (“Western Bridge Square”) over a low area and connects up to Drottningholmsvägen, the thoroughfare from Bromma into the city. These bridges create such a major barrier that no streets cross from one side to the other. However, the greenspaces do continue under the bridges. The greenspaces change character from one side of the bridge to the other, but it is a fairly seamless experience to walk or bike from one greenspace to the next. </p><p style="text-align: justify;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgJO5o5xO04gEcKOqF3GX_SvVdAVR5DnLKhB7rFi1NxvwW8eGGSVXsoA2WpOfryY2zuUYCEgsOP8LwTsHQkIH8QuSW9j1cbjyrLAOwyvZRrgWjYHVewe0USUKvMZ62agYWLkgdj5B1cHU21cF83Y0e9NHERVeFNfU1Tj5hqI12OevVx8ndyXoq8DtedXbf5/s6399/V%C3%A4sterbron.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="3920" data-original-width="6399" height="392" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgJO5o5xO04gEcKOqF3GX_SvVdAVR5DnLKhB7rFi1NxvwW8eGGSVXsoA2WpOfryY2zuUYCEgsOP8LwTsHQkIH8QuSW9j1cbjyrLAOwyvZRrgWjYHVewe0USUKvMZ62agYWLkgdj5B1cHU21cF83Y0e9NHERVeFNfU1Tj5hqI12OevVx8ndyXoq8DtedXbf5/w640-h392/V%C3%A4sterbron.jpg" width="640" /></a></div><p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgqPge4JzgLNCuFGf1_yTLMLaOhRE-LQnNw8wjGS5SmpKIhNaCFoZG_ILviW29idvlFvnzy7aqH_CJvH2j2DLZkJ8LbjpqZX6L5NHPIiV3DZpMA3F-rj6S_1jvCHhj14ZsEMQKHMm1itG77YH6BIpf7fUcAkK8Lug4aMvEiiSZJqVtlkvQ-wHv1xl0s235-/s2340/V%C3%A4sterbron%20comp.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="810" data-original-width="2340" height="222" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgqPge4JzgLNCuFGf1_yTLMLaOhRE-LQnNw8wjGS5SmpKIhNaCFoZG_ILviW29idvlFvnzy7aqH_CJvH2j2DLZkJ8LbjpqZX6L5NHPIiV3DZpMA3F-rj6S_1jvCHhj14ZsEMQKHMm1itG77YH6BIpf7fUcAkK8Lug4aMvEiiSZJqVtlkvQ-wHv1xl0s235-/w640-h222/V%C3%A4sterbron%20comp.jpg" width="640" /></a></div><p><br /></p><p style="text-align: justify;">Due to Essingeleden, Drottningholmsvägen, and Västerbron, the barrier-baggage of the car-dominated planning era of the 1950’s-1970’s is more visible and more felt on Kungsholmen than in most of the rest of central Stockholm. These barriers are easy to ignore and forget on the eastern, urban half of the island, but they only reinforce the suburban character of the western half of the island. <br /><br /><b>Conclusion</b><br />In retrospect, especially considering how dreadful Drottningholmsvägen turned out, it is a win for Kungsholmen that Lindhagen never got his way with the thoroughfare shooting directly from Bromma to downtown. Even if the thoroughfare had been treated more like Birger Jarlsgatan creating a rich canvas for architecture and street life, the thoroughfare would have completely changed Kungsholmen’s character from a relatively quiet but “happening” neighborhood to a more intense, connected cityscape. <br /></p><p style="text-align: justify;">And it is Kungsholmen’s apartness that is so appealing. It is so close to the center, but the waterways surrounding the island create just enough of a boundary to make Kungsholmen its own lovely world. Kungsholmen is well-connected to the rest of the city, and it truly feels like it is a part of central Stockholm, but it is its own entity with its own strong geographical and atmospheric identity.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Kungsholmen certainly has its weaknesses, especially the bifurcating almost-highways, but somehow, the positive aspects of Kungsholmen, especially its abundance of interconnected greenspaces and its constant contact with the water, manage to outweigh the negative aspects. While other areas of Stockholm also have an wealth of green areas, these green areas are often not as well connected to each other. Many of Kungsholmen’s green areas are linked together creating long bands of park weaving through the urban landscape. It is possible, for example, to completely circumnavigate the island on a 9 kilometer-long (5.5 miles) loop of parks in constant contact with the water and with only a single road crossing. Parts of this loop feel more urban while other parts feel more “wild,” creating a wide range of experiences. No other part of central Stockholm has so much contact with the water. </p><p style="text-align: justify;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgetECBsdeF4o37oVjKBXgi1AI1xG3yfEJyzJAaf4YUUj_BiuKI83kKXBmZ5Cn-IGS44Bw2O8_Br4qNfmKoJZM6awsQ1-TO0FKb5inXPR28hXETNgBDOYbWkwd0Zqgfw4EQ6y6RgjJ2bh2x1QeJb5CjMOBTKplRK4qudb4W2FQZERIrBmlfBLkQlq0XLOBo/s1733/trail%20comp.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="810" data-original-width="1733" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgetECBsdeF4o37oVjKBXgi1AI1xG3yfEJyzJAaf4YUUj_BiuKI83kKXBmZ5Cn-IGS44Bw2O8_Br4qNfmKoJZM6awsQ1-TO0FKb5inXPR28hXETNgBDOYbWkwd0Zqgfw4EQ6y6RgjJ2bh2x1QeJb5CjMOBTKplRK4qudb4W2FQZERIrBmlfBLkQlq0XLOBo/w640-h300/trail%20comp.jpg" width="640" /></a></div><br /> <br /><p></p><p style="text-align: justify;">Quality of life on the island is extremely high. This high quality of life was partly shaped by some of the original planning strategies such as the abundance of short streets which help to reinforce Kungsholmen’s atmospheric identity of small-world neighborhoods. Other aspects were introduced later such as the two subway lines (starting in the 1950’s) that give the island an unusually dense network of efficient public transportation as well as the interconnected necklace of park paths from the 1930’s. The ratified plan from 1880 laid a good foundation for the area, but much of what gives Kungsholmen its appealing character came later. </p><p style="text-align: justify;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhgpD4VScJhLngSuAGvXgNDorlVvya-NOBRhToXkGcIE9gCLEeIB_oYgpp0zZh1bsgv6_sDl5r9ct0q1dznDNuZ3Gr9fgebmsAhT_HMi6Q2WykMkJU_pnrkfk8oYtp7ikHoVUnsaU0w1fXGxrsi36tjUIGEOSLzrXedGu8ixA-StqTdAPgSKFK0MT_0gaIQ/s2343/last%20comp.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="810" data-original-width="2343" height="222" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhgpD4VScJhLngSuAGvXgNDorlVvya-NOBRhToXkGcIE9gCLEeIB_oYgpp0zZh1bsgv6_sDl5r9ct0q1dznDNuZ3Gr9fgebmsAhT_HMi6Q2WykMkJU_pnrkfk8oYtp7ikHoVUnsaU0w1fXGxrsi36tjUIGEOSLzrXedGu8ixA-StqTdAPgSKFK0MT_0gaIQ/w640-h222/last%20comp.jpg" width="640" /></a></div><br /> <br /><b>Sources</b><br />Gösta Selling, <i>Esplanadsystemet och Albert Lindhagen: Stadsplanering i Stockholm åren 1857-1887 </i>(1970)<br />Sussie Bjuvstedt, <i>Essingeleden</i> (1966)<br /><br /><b>Images</b><br />All images are my own except for <br />* Gösta Selling, <i>Esplanadsystemet och Albert Lindhagen: Stadsplanering i Stockholm åren 1857-1887 </i>(1970)<br /><p></p>Rainahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03436765499184988845noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2772821807884282561.post-84222664963508285642022-12-15T17:18:00.000+01:002022-12-15T17:18:10.916+01:00 The Plan for Norrmalm and its Boulevards, Parks, Setbacks, and Grid<div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjHGgxsQ7cFAaIUKiIyefkijxipcD8ynep-xcIWdUp8oEySPICgAo0VEDO0MT8VI5drBz-1H7OPwm-C08vlVx5E6qStYbJDeLemsUDtXuwIIAiQVcDu_eEhRTtboAdtHPa5B0TT2lbj2PQHwEm7Jz1Zz5JSVcwA1pi8JksBayN3PH0EEZjep9yqax48yg/s2205/first%20comp.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="810" data-original-width="2205" height="236" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjHGgxsQ7cFAaIUKiIyefkijxipcD8ynep-xcIWdUp8oEySPICgAo0VEDO0MT8VI5drBz-1H7OPwm-C08vlVx5E6qStYbJDeLemsUDtXuwIIAiQVcDu_eEhRTtboAdtHPa5B0TT2lbj2PQHwEm7Jz1Zz5JSVcwA1pi8JksBayN3PH0EEZjep9yqax48yg/w640-h236/first%20comp.jpg" width="640" /></a></div><p style="text-align: justify;">I have previously written about Stockholm’s insanely contentious and drawn-out process for drawing up and ratifying a comprehensive city plan. It proved too complex to ratify a plan for the entire city at one time—the <a href="https://walkingstockholm.blogspot.com/2021/04/the-plan-for-ostermalm-and-its-boundary.html " target="_blank">plan for Östermalm</a> was approved first, and <a href="http://walkingstockholm.blogspot.com/2022/06/the-plan-for-norrmalms-north-south.html" target="_blank">Norrmalm</a> followed a while later. Both of these processes were notable for all of the back-and-forth proposals and counter-proposals spanning over a decade. I have already covered Norrmalm’s North-South boulevards; in this post I will complete my coverage of the Plan for Norrmalm: its remaining boulevards as well as its parks, setbacks, and grids. </p><p></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEglf9IKvbAVZUNZneFmrfxzXSB2ugYFpAJLlK7SDzh7qwDKckiUeDwLSDSJQAvH3Gs1bgK3goTOjw0s-Ym9M4V0OrpQIB-m3AIpzuTY_tynxw5tj-KaeZCisBTaaDIBsKkqdawqx87k4aPMU2F-14Z4rmVcwaiopCXcWOSkgcGAN9aH6Dy0ZHl-C63TlA/s827/Norrmalm-Maps.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="827" data-original-width="630" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEglf9IKvbAVZUNZneFmrfxzXSB2ugYFpAJLlK7SDzh7qwDKckiUeDwLSDSJQAvH3Gs1bgK3goTOjw0s-Ym9M4V0OrpQIB-m3AIpzuTY_tynxw5tj-KaeZCisBTaaDIBsKkqdawqx87k4aPMU2F-14Z4rmVcwaiopCXcWOSkgcGAN9aH6Dy0ZHl-C63TlA/w488-h640/Norrmalm-Maps.jpg" width="488" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Reality today. Orange = St. Eriksgatan. Red = St. Eriksplan (St. Erik's Square). Green = Karlbergvägen. Brown = Vanadislunden. Pink = Vanadisplan (Vanadis Square). Yellow = Vasagatan to the south and Torsgatan to the north. Blue = Odengatan. Turquoise = Odenplan (Oden Square). Dark lilac = Kungsgatan. Purple = Hötorget (Hay Square). The two dark green parks are Tegnerlunden (the smaller one) and Vanadislunden (the larger one). <br /></td></tr></tbody></table> <br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">Before I get any farther, it would be helpful to know a few Swedish suffixes which appear in many of the place names I mention below:<br />-<i>gatan</i> = street<br />-<i>vägen</i> = road<br />-<i>lunden</i> = grove<br />-<i>plan</i> = square (as in a urban meeting place)<br /></div><div><br /><b>The Original Idea</b><br /></div><div><div style="text-align: justify;">The <a href="https://walkingstockholm.blogspot.com/2020/03/the-lindhagen-plan.html" target="_blank">Lindhagen Plan</a> from 1886 featured several East-West boulevards connecting Norrmalm to other parts of the city and beyond. On the northern side of the district, two boulevards radiated westward from a common start point at Observatorielunden, a green area where an 18th century astronomical observatory is perched on the extremely steep Brunkeberg Ridge. </div><div style="text-align: justify;"><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjg-pnDQELQUryD9so2JU5ezFFk3eEWrzhtfIpIaRIh8jDMag2J4ndj39amfuFYCid3lTOytsy7VyLQvS7AEQBnrtq6Lt7E1b-mUNjVV3dHOdA6fo4IFNIHOq8pf9BFpo2J0n5PHgcWjRVw0Y3-uoUnOdZE1PSbZJCNuV3XGkp_MleD1kCMxMW8ASmCPQ/s2205/Brunkeberg%20Observatorie%20comp.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="810" data-original-width="2205" height="236" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjg-pnDQELQUryD9so2JU5ezFFk3eEWrzhtfIpIaRIh8jDMag2J4ndj39amfuFYCid3lTOytsy7VyLQvS7AEQBnrtq6Lt7E1b-mUNjVV3dHOdA6fo4IFNIHOq8pf9BFpo2J0n5PHgcWjRVw0Y3-uoUnOdZE1PSbZJCNuV3XGkp_MleD1kCMxMW8ASmCPQ/w640-h236/Brunkeberg%20Observatorie%20comp.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Observatorielunden: the steep Brunkeberg Ridge and the 18th century astronomical observatory on top </td></tr></tbody></table>The northern boulevard was an extension of the already existing Karlberg Allé (today’s Karlbergsvägen) leading to the Karlberg Slott Palace just to the west of the city. The southern boulevard would eventually evolve into today’s street Odengatan; Lindhagen envisioned that it would connect to another boulevard leading up from the southern part of the Norrmalm district and the central train station (today’s Vasagatan and Torsgatan) at a Baroque-inspired <i>rond-pointe</i> (today’s St. Eriksplan or St. Erik’s Square) which then connected across a bridge to the island of Kungsholmen along what is today the street of St. Eriksgatan. The new part of Karlbergsvägen would be tree-lined like the original allé, but while Odengatan, Vasagatan/Torsgatan, and St. Eriksgatan were to be wide, they would not be particularly green.<br /><br />Farther south in the district, Lindhagen envisioned another important East-West link from Kungsholmen, over a bridge, across all of Norrmalm, through the Brunkeberg Ridge, and across all of Östermalm. This link would eventually evolve into today’s Kungsgatan. It is unclear how Lindhagen planned this boulevard to negotiate the obstacle of Brunkeberg Ridge, but his plan did call for the removal of large sections of the ridge so perhaps this part of the ridge was to disappear also. <br /><br />Lindhagen’s plan featured a grid of regular, perpendicular blocks stretching from the city center to the city’s boundary. Only the diagonal boulevards break the monotony of the grid. Another break from the monotony of the grid were the numerous green areas: basically all areas of Norrmalm that featured steep, hard-to-develop topography were to be parks in Lindhagen’s plan. Additionally, all of the blocks in the entire northern end of the district were to be set back from the street, providing a green zone between street and building. </div><p></p><p></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiJcesm_7WwqtVhtcctz4Ut4EBkQW1Bj_aliBkiPrBBbkU3dgLNgOjfTSojzok85dYupwNvpSRzx2_nVOYsWROJD3q8dOJ1o5i9rIXOCz_EGSePRePh-CF8Z3zJn364kjjzsmfMdbSKl0kiE6F1bq50SwXI93QKfrHeeMcX8UsVWYl8y0z9VFSe8TstsQ/s679/Lindhagen-1866.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="542" data-original-width="679" height="510" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiJcesm_7WwqtVhtcctz4Ut4EBkQW1Bj_aliBkiPrBBbkU3dgLNgOjfTSojzok85dYupwNvpSRzx2_nVOYsWROJD3q8dOJ1o5i9rIXOCz_EGSePRePh-CF8Z3zJn364kjjzsmfMdbSKl0kiE6F1bq50SwXI93QKfrHeeMcX8UsVWYl8y0z9VFSe8TstsQ/w640-h510/Lindhagen-1866.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">The Lindhagen Plan from 1866. Orange = St. Eriksgatan. Red = St. Eriksplan (St. Erik's Square).
Green = Karlbergvägen. Brown = Vanadislunden. Yellow = Vasagatan to the south and Torsgatan to the
north. Blue = Odengatan. Turquoise = Odenplan (Oden Square). Dark
lilac = Kungsgatan. The two dark green parks are Tegnerlunden (the smaller one) and Vanadislunden (the larger one). </td></tr></tbody></table><br /><b>Counter-Proposals</b><br /></div><div><div style="text-align: justify;">Lindhagen’s plan was criticized for many reasons including that it was too ambitious, too expensive, ignored topography, and that it affected too much of the already existing urban fabric. When the idea of a comprehensive city plan was reawakened a decade after Lindhagen’s first proposal, Lindhagen drew up a slightly compromised plan. In this plan from 1876, all of the above mentioned features are still shown with three modifications. First, the East-West boulevard of Odengatan has become extremely wide and features a tree-planted allé in the middle of the street. Secondly, St. Eriksgatan which ties Karlbergsvägen, Odengatan, and Vasagatan/Torsgatan together has also become very wide with a tree-planted allé in the middle, and this boulevard becomes a dividing line between two shifted grids at the western end of the district. Finally, Kungsgatan is extremely short and no longer cuts across the already developed areas of Norrmalm and Östermalm. </div><p></p><p></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEho1WklBFR6N7QQ5PBAznIZFWspVStA0ejgNiv24CDaoOyTCPTLjQGBkczVp11N-oPVv2wjtZlN7gEz07OH6xLDiCzcbsccKMt3pDM1rlXMcWcWB6Cfk2FBIhy8CJSulvwkBgJjPLMQ7LK3H_r1NXLvriGm1Sl2p1qNQRyR9GIU4Z52uTJWSBmxD7aEiQ/s739/Pl-11-Lindhagen-1876.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="708" data-original-width="739" height="614" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEho1WklBFR6N7QQ5PBAznIZFWspVStA0ejgNiv24CDaoOyTCPTLjQGBkczVp11N-oPVv2wjtZlN7gEz07OH6xLDiCzcbsccKMt3pDM1rlXMcWcWB6Cfk2FBIhy8CJSulvwkBgJjPLMQ7LK3H_r1NXLvriGm1Sl2p1qNQRyR9GIU4Z52uTJWSBmxD7aEiQ/w640-h614/Pl-11-Lindhagen-1876.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Lindhagen's revised plan from 1876. In this plan you can see which blocks were already developed and which blocks represented completely new development. Orange = St. Eriksgatan. Red = St. Eriksplan (St. Erik's Square).
Green = Karlbergvägen. Brown = Vanadislunden. Yellow = Vasagatan to the south and Torsgatan to the
north. Blue = Odengatan. Turquoise = Odenplan (Oden Square). Dark
lilac = Kungsgatan. Purple = Hötorget (Hay Square). The two dark green
parks are Tegnerlunden (the smaller one) and Vanadislunden (the larger
one).</td></tr></tbody></table> <br /></div><div><div style="text-align: justify;">A long string of counter-proposals, debates, and votes followed Lindhagen’s revised proposal. The city building authority and the City Engineer drew up a counter-proposal in 1876 where Odengatan would be moved farther north. At the eastern end of the district, an existing street would simply be widened. The boulevard would then jog a block southward to avoid some steep terrain. The jog would occur in what is today Odenplan, or Oden Square. Karlbergsvägen would then feed into the resulting square where Odengatan jogged. The boulevard Vasagatan/Torsgatan leading northward from the train station would continue wrapping around the north end of the district creating a ring road, but there would be no rond-pointe and the few blocks to the west of the ring road would hang awkwardly outside of the main mass of the city. Karlbergsvägen would be planted but Odengatan and Vasagatan/Torsgatan would not be given trees. Kungsgatan would be extended through the existing urban fabric to the square at Hötorget.<br /><br />This counter-proposal would result in a much less green city than Lindhagen’s plan as it allowed for only one block-sized park in all of Norrmalm: Tegnerlunden. Additionally, no blocks would be set back providing front gardens as in Lindhagen’s plan.</div><p></p><p></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgwJfcAusw4oa2-j_HRQAXU-FzkzT3v68GKvi31C1_Q7PBeky_9VH9MS4A_muvb1UjBcpCjZmL5ruSlj6sNIQ_bfmdFZnW8coq98IGoDh79KT_rrhp3vrbJwmN3ps1vgU0pXttp0vJgLIWs6lt2-a5qmPx7Vc-TcVsqhI2YQ2PboQSUvOfp6Pw0qkxJdw/s737/PL-10-1876--delegerades.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="666" data-original-width="737" height="578" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgwJfcAusw4oa2-j_HRQAXU-FzkzT3v68GKvi31C1_Q7PBeky_9VH9MS4A_muvb1UjBcpCjZmL5ruSlj6sNIQ_bfmdFZnW8coq98IGoDh79KT_rrhp3vrbJwmN3ps1vgU0pXttp0vJgLIWs6lt2-a5qmPx7Vc-TcVsqhI2YQ2PboQSUvOfp6Pw0qkxJdw/w640-h578/PL-10-1876--delegerades.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">The city's counter-proposal from 1876. New blocks are shaded in pink, already developed blocks are grey. Green = Karlbergvägen. Brown = Vanadislunden. Yellow = Vasagatan to the south and Torsgatan to the
north. Blue = Odengatan. Turquoise = Odenplan (Oden Square). Dark
lilac = Kungsgatan. Purple = Hötorget (Hay Square). The sole dark green
park is Tegnerlunden.</td></tr></tbody></table> <br /></div><div><div style="text-align: justify;">A vote in January of 1877 set a few parameters that were somewhat of a compromise between the two competing plans (although the debate would continue unabated for some time yet). According to the vote, Odengatan would jog, two streets (Karlbergsvägen and Vanadisvägen) in Norrmalm would have setbacks, Vasagatan/Torsgatan/St. Eriksgatan would act as a ring road and connect to Odengatan at a small green square (St. Eriksplan), the blocks to the west of St. Eriksgatan would be disjointed from the rest of the city, Kungsgatan would not cut through the densely developed city center, and Norrmalm would feature two parks—the small, block-sized Tegnerlunden as well as a large park at Vanadislunden. In this way, Norrmalm would be punctuated with green even if it wasn’t as green as Lindhagen had envisioned. A new plan was drawn up in 1877 showing the result of this vote. </div><p></p><p></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgozWToSyVfMM9EELGGWzYgsDEMC2ltrCAYNv2DIu9TUJaaL-yMdvulyQx0CahI0CxpMY94DqAk0Yb3fQmB51eqDit__QpHTzqO5vge_GSGgWrV5ifqOpWdsWVZwBZiHS7ClyYT5vljfSWOMl3K0RClBbKkEDyhmgCouAcVpYHlTp_JrVyBnediLLa7Vg/s738/PL-12-1877-Dr%C3%A4tsel.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="682" data-original-width="738" height="592" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgozWToSyVfMM9EELGGWzYgsDEMC2ltrCAYNv2DIu9TUJaaL-yMdvulyQx0CahI0CxpMY94DqAk0Yb3fQmB51eqDit__QpHTzqO5vge_GSGgWrV5ifqOpWdsWVZwBZiHS7ClyYT5vljfSWOMl3K0RClBbKkEDyhmgCouAcVpYHlTp_JrVyBnediLLa7Vg/w640-h592/PL-12-1877-Dr%C3%A4tsel.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">The plan after the January 1877 vote. Orange = St. Eriksgatan. Red = St. Eriksplan (St. Erik's Square).
Green = Karlbergvägen. Brown = Vanadislunden. Yellow = Vasagatan to the south and Torsgatan to the
north. Blue = Odengatan. Turquoise = Odenplan (Oden Square). Dark
lilac = Kungsgatan. Purple = Hötorget (Hay Square). The two dark green
parks are Tegnerlunden (the smaller one) and Vanadislunden (the larger
one). </td></tr></tbody></table> <br /></div><div><div style="text-align: justify;">Lindhagen accepted most of these compromises but in a counter-counter-proposal from 1877 he was adamant that Odengatan should provide a better connection to the island Kungsholmen, it should be straight, and it should be wide and parklike. Lindhagen drew a larger green square at St. Eriksplan where Odengatan and St. Eriksgatan would connect to Kungsholmen. St. Eriksgatan was once again drawn through the middle of the district instead of as a ring road, and while this boulevard would provide a boundary between two distinct areas with shifted rectilinear grids, the blocks to the west of the boulevard would still be an integral part of the city. He also insisted on one more green space at the western edge of the district bordering the Karlberg palace park. </div><p></p><p></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj0ttdvHuaT9OYLsmDKcovxNxh0C6E5A9y7oek6tCuUtVcIEauSk0O3l70AOB2Y0beToJ3t7fVKWBYe71CKcAEZtfJCQQvBaUyiH8L093z-RqjV2DJKx9zi2wr7uLSsc7RiiLYfkxyUpHAV9eF9IzOebILJ57Xo31bec1rbXdy_zIrFAErHmdPqSEScDQ/s737/PL-13-Lindhagen-1877.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="668" data-original-width="737" height="580" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj0ttdvHuaT9OYLsmDKcovxNxh0C6E5A9y7oek6tCuUtVcIEauSk0O3l70AOB2Y0beToJ3t7fVKWBYe71CKcAEZtfJCQQvBaUyiH8L093z-RqjV2DJKx9zi2wr7uLSsc7RiiLYfkxyUpHAV9eF9IzOebILJ57Xo31bec1rbXdy_zIrFAErHmdPqSEScDQ/w640-h580/PL-13-Lindhagen-1877.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Lindhagen's counter-counter proposal from 1877. Orange = St. Eriksgatan. Red = St. Eriksplan (St. Erik's Square).
Green = Karlbergvägen. Brown = Vanadislunden. Yellow = Vasagatan to the south and Torsgatan to the
north. Blue = Odengatan. Turquoise = Odenplan (Oden Square). Dark
lilac = Kungsgatan. Purple = Hötorget (Hay Square). The two dark green
parks are Tegnerlunden (the smaller one) and Vanadislunden (the larger
one). </td></tr></tbody></table><br /></div><div><div style="text-align: justify;">The city prepared another counter-counter-counter proposal in 1877 where Lindhagen’s pleas for Odengatan, a larger square at St. Eriksplan, a more integrated western part of the district, and a park at the western edge of the city were ignored. However, the city was now proposing that Kungsgatan should, much like Lindhagen’s plan from 1866, cut across the already-developed central part of the city to link Kungsholmen, Norrmalm, and Östermalm together. </div><p></p><p></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhU9xuHe2tsbT2zAnaffKHUawmyCCjpboUrHiC9pbgFviaWmJH-mEyFh_Fjnk6JdcD1igs3E3-LODIejD7HqxwJME1rveRItWO_Ax6Dz102UpVBDoWDY2W5AhcanpxezusqIG-6A9UQhbXiClcqh0hsmeLfCcKYt2H-Mawo65hc3SiWV88BVQHAwyjpPw/s735/Pl-14-1877-Beredning.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="668" data-original-width="735" height="582" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhU9xuHe2tsbT2zAnaffKHUawmyCCjpboUrHiC9pbgFviaWmJH-mEyFh_Fjnk6JdcD1igs3E3-LODIejD7HqxwJME1rveRItWO_Ax6Dz102UpVBDoWDY2W5AhcanpxezusqIG-6A9UQhbXiClcqh0hsmeLfCcKYt2H-Mawo65hc3SiWV88BVQHAwyjpPw/w640-h582/Pl-14-1877-Beredning.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">The city's counter-counter-counter proposal from 1877. In this map, new blocks and new streets through developed areas are outlined in pink. Red = St. Eriksplan (St. Erik's Square).
Green = Karlbergvägen. Brown = Vanadislunden. Yellow = Vasagatan to the south and Torsgatan to the
north. Blue = Odengatan. Turquoise = Odenplan (Oden Square). Dark
lilac = Kungsgatan. Purple = Hötorget (Hay Square). The two dark green
parks are Tegnerlunden (the smaller one) and Vanadislunden (the larger
one). </td></tr></tbody></table><br /></div><div><div style="text-align: justify;">This “new” idea for Kungsgatan was deemed too ambitious and expensive by others in the city administration, and after several hearings and votes, the city was back to the same proposal as before, although now Lindhagen’s idea of a straight (but not tree-lined) boulevard for Odengatan had won out by one vote. St. Eriksplan lost its greenery in this plan. In this proposal, Karlbergsvägen split off of Odengatan a bit west of where Lindhagen had shown the split; the split is at today’s Odenplan (Oden Square). </div><p></p><p></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi33P0-idtXDP5qcDhiAgv0w4YqrZNQHQ8Bc5feoz0jh-aX1aX-h38IqJYo0OXa6ZFuTf-EjGK4kIh9D2WebLBU_6rvKDuMRXDkPyL9k-MdG_KG7sreliaRwi8rhv3hxE__Z-GrTNiwI4NUdWiDjsEQTy-CwM7vQ5rZVD5RoSk_bPFSiuO1m_ErwgA6Vg/s740/PL-15-1878-Beredning.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="650" data-original-width="740" height="562" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi33P0-idtXDP5qcDhiAgv0w4YqrZNQHQ8Bc5feoz0jh-aX1aX-h38IqJYo0OXa6ZFuTf-EjGK4kIh9D2WebLBU_6rvKDuMRXDkPyL9k-MdG_KG7sreliaRwi8rhv3hxE__Z-GrTNiwI4NUdWiDjsEQTy-CwM7vQ5rZVD5RoSk_bPFSiuO1m_ErwgA6Vg/w640-h562/PL-15-1878-Beredning.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">The city's counter-counter-counter-counter-proposal from 1878. Red = St. Eriksplan (St. Erik's Square).
Green = Karlbergvägen. Brown = Vanadislunden. Yellow = Vasagatan to the south and Torsgatan to the
north. Blue = Odengatan. Turquoise = Odenplan (Oden Square). Dark
lilac = Kungsgatan. Purple = Hötorget (Hay Square). The two dark green
parks are Tegnerlunden (the smaller one) and Vanadislunden (the larger
one). </td></tr></tbody></table><br /></div><div><div style="text-align: justify;">In 1878, Lindhagen insisted once again that it was important to provide a good link between Norrmalm and Kungsholmen and he drew another plan where he accepted the new proposal for Odengatan but moved the proposed bridge. This alignment allows St. Eriksgatan and the blocks to the west of it to be more of an integral part of Norrmalm. </div><p></p><p></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjO_zP_FXYdO2qJrNdzdgaKzfo3RHfkPQM9K7Ph4i7cnx7k3TRoyf-CK-iyGH2P24KATuJXS_Jfs4V2AiSPM3QS1Eq57Gpe82KF9NPMJrUEcARh7pLjM2voVeVPDzwcKjRG80wp-p2KDCcjIsfLbIfk9OP57iDEUhtuDzff2W9ShyGpVJXmOPgVnw6Ekw/s586/PL-16-Lindhagen-1878.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="586" data-original-width="365" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjO_zP_FXYdO2qJrNdzdgaKzfo3RHfkPQM9K7Ph4i7cnx7k3TRoyf-CK-iyGH2P24KATuJXS_Jfs4V2AiSPM3QS1Eq57Gpe82KF9NPMJrUEcARh7pLjM2voVeVPDzwcKjRG80wp-p2KDCcjIsfLbIfk9OP57iDEUhtuDzff2W9ShyGpVJXmOPgVnw6Ekw/w249-h400/PL-16-Lindhagen-1878.jpg" width="249" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Lindhagen's counter-counter-counter-counter-counter-proposal from 1878. Orange = St. Eriksgatan. Red = St. Eriksplan (St. Erik's Square).
Green = Karlbergvägen. Brown = Vanadislunden. Yellow = Torsgatan. Blue = Odengatan. </td></tr></tbody></table> <br /><b>The Decision</b><br /></div><div><div style="text-align: justify;">When the city’s plan with the narrower Odengatan was sent to the King for ratification, the King sent it back saying that it did not adhere to the <a href="https://walkingstockholm.blogspot.com/2020/04/a-planning-code-disguised-as-building.html " target="_blank">Building Code of 1874</a> which required broad avenues throughout the city to stop the spread of fires. The king asked the city to widen Odengatan from 30 to 42 meters, but Lindhagen stepped in and said that the boulevard should either be wide enough to accommodate a green strip in the middle, or it should remain at 30 meters. According to Lindhagen, 42 meters would be an awkward width. The King accepted Lindhagen’s judgement and the plan was ratified in 1878. <br /><br /><br />While Lindhagen did eventually win out by one vote for the straight Odengatan, his ideas for Vasagatan/Torsgatan/St. Eriksgatan, a more natural link to Kungsholmen, a green square at St. Eriksplan, and the western shifted grid were not included in the ratified plan for Norrmalm. However, the plan would continue to evolve before the entirety of Norrmalm was built out and these Lindhagen ideas would eventually make their way into later iterations of the official city plan.</div><p></p><p></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiQ48_ggiUHzWS5IsbGq0mhQs0-EqBiZ3o9XC1KAON-ZobViDKvGGDnIMSsjjpwSevAw3kowFDVlN8rnSEeLcAIIjbpt3HsoLJhhU46r4g_rEHn0-8olWGOwainAzHTb3aOHSLwID3li7uEzeWUxI8lSRlLZrcCyuqgHpkU6GXbAdMRNuiLoh0EztogVA/s563/PL-23-1887-karta-with-plan-drawn-in.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="504" data-original-width="563" height="572" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiQ48_ggiUHzWS5IsbGq0mhQs0-EqBiZ3o9XC1KAON-ZobViDKvGGDnIMSsjjpwSevAw3kowFDVlN8rnSEeLcAIIjbpt3HsoLJhhU46r4g_rEHn0-8olWGOwainAzHTb3aOHSLwID3li7uEzeWUxI8lSRlLZrcCyuqgHpkU6GXbAdMRNuiLoh0EztogVA/w640-h572/PL-23-1887-karta-with-plan-drawn-in.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">A map from 1887 with the ratified plan drawn in. Red = St. Eriksplan (St. Erik's Square).
Green = Karlbergvägen. Brown = Vanadislunden. Yellow = Vasagatan to the south and Torsgatan to the
north. Blue = Odengatan. Turquoise = Odenplan (Oden Square). Dark
lilac = Kungsgatan. Purple = Hötorget (Hay Square). The two dark green
parks are Tegnerlunden (the smaller one) and Vanadislunden (the larger
one). </td></tr></tbody></table><br /><b>The Result</b><br />The much debated Odengatan <p></p><p></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjhkqPJWZBXzgXRJuz2n-gPQ4J4SpZ0Lv0L2gaGGyLFOxsyumjQcv3MAMDcV9BfRivYk_difBaPqx9WB2eouYMdOAnpnPgyXJDmkr0RRxLsACIPcnKUV2t5KCFG3atfLnw_hVHdftGstYi_DWZ9AlxIRj9aehu8u4YFfs4H67LTH_KdZxdKbjReWt42fw/s2205/Odengatan%20comp.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="810" data-original-width="2205" height="236" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjhkqPJWZBXzgXRJuz2n-gPQ4J4SpZ0Lv0L2gaGGyLFOxsyumjQcv3MAMDcV9BfRivYk_difBaPqx9WB2eouYMdOAnpnPgyXJDmkr0RRxLsACIPcnKUV2t5KCFG3atfLnw_hVHdftGstYi_DWZ9AlxIRj9aehu8u4YFfs4H67LTH_KdZxdKbjReWt42fw/w640-h236/Odengatan%20comp.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Odengatan</td></tr></tbody></table><div style="text-align: justify;">did end up straight but is now tree-lined, even if it is nothing like the parklike Karlavägen. Odenplan (Oden Square) is not green as first envisioned but is instead a very urban, busy square punctuated by the church rising at one end. </div><p></p><p></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgIYC6YvMRojYhUyZvZ_1ZR0JgqGPo0qP_TI460lagwxAkvHdhWsHqOpF2sAqwr7fAeTH1rnRz4o8WSp5xBSmfgWVnr6UheLcjnqDRb7IwOVbimm1T5npGWyExfGQl0mhLnVO5tXsnX_bTLrV_Ezv_yjDe-a4iqtgYSGERP3NMzAWNsCovCWA69IziC8A/s2205/Odenplan%20comp.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="810" data-original-width="2205" height="236" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgIYC6YvMRojYhUyZvZ_1ZR0JgqGPo0qP_TI460lagwxAkvHdhWsHqOpF2sAqwr7fAeTH1rnRz4o8WSp5xBSmfgWVnr6UheLcjnqDRb7IwOVbimm1T5npGWyExfGQl0mhLnVO5tXsnX_bTLrV_Ezv_yjDe-a4iqtgYSGERP3NMzAWNsCovCWA69IziC8A/w640-h236/Odenplan%20comp.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Odenplan (Oden's Square)<br /></td></tr></tbody></table><div style="text-align: justify;">Karlbergsvägen is also tree-lined and its wide setbacks have created a lusciously green oasis in the middle of the dense city structure which real estate prices reflect. </div><p></p><p></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi8USXoS1e3IILvG7EQpy4IxM3dbuG_9Kx44dMkcm_545vhE9z1KDgZec5hmQKEMdUNuLxDLoftvoMY3Hg_w-dlQHGEeNf4_5CDdzDcgQ-mVe8PcpRgDMmVyfIZBfASMGDSj1IvG2TdAQaXNETwcVukBNH5W9SlmVDSttoqJCHnDpKN7K5XNs-XnKjZBA/s1735/Karlbergv%C3%A4gen%20comp.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="810" data-original-width="1735" height="298" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi8USXoS1e3IILvG7EQpy4IxM3dbuG_9Kx44dMkcm_545vhE9z1KDgZec5hmQKEMdUNuLxDLoftvoMY3Hg_w-dlQHGEeNf4_5CDdzDcgQ-mVe8PcpRgDMmVyfIZBfASMGDSj1IvG2TdAQaXNETwcVukBNH5W9SlmVDSttoqJCHnDpKN7K5XNs-XnKjZBA/w640-h298/Karlbergv%C3%A4gen%20comp.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Karlbergsvägen</td></tr></tbody></table><p></p><p style="text-align: justify;">The eastern part of Vanadisvägen is tree-lined with setbacks, but further west, the setback is replaced by a planted strip toward one side of the street. </p><p></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjRxIgW4Ghx069HgJEoi1Nhqb5fG8CQrjCzwbzblH3XWajmyu_2VHnDDgtYte8Gvyp5sGJK6onLWUZnJaw2LWfYqSBjbmWD0wGMV5BDkoltLRRMsYQ2PwrpvNrWu4P8sj9zlctuwnCwT4XnrWvdKfeSt5JzAVkb0kDCpBbKoGGKhGHMnbdk5F1ZKDVtSw/s2205/Vanadisv%C3%A4gen%20east%20west%20comp.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="720" data-original-width="2205" height="208" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjRxIgW4Ghx069HgJEoi1Nhqb5fG8CQrjCzwbzblH3XWajmyu_2VHnDDgtYte8Gvyp5sGJK6onLWUZnJaw2LWfYqSBjbmWD0wGMV5BDkoltLRRMsYQ2PwrpvNrWu4P8sj9zlctuwnCwT4XnrWvdKfeSt5JzAVkb0kDCpBbKoGGKhGHMnbdk5F1ZKDVtSw/w640-h208/Vanadisv%C3%A4gen%20east%20west%20comp.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Vanadisvägen</td></tr></tbody></table><p></p><p style="text-align: justify;">Vanadisvägen’s trees do provide some much-needed greenery in the otherwise dense city structure, and they do provide a continuous green connection between the parks of Vanadislunden and Rödabergen, but the overarching impression is not nearly as verdant as Karlbergsvägen. <br /><br />In the end, the boulevard leading up from the train station to St. Eriksplan and beyond was built much as Lindhagen envisioned, complete with the awkward crook and hop at about the halfway point. Vasagatan is currently in the process of being planted today and will soon be a more pleasant place to stroll, </p><p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEihIuzDOZ7qib09o95Rv_BsIpt0_mrn_8UZKvtMFY83Ouui5ht2wt9GiF-xOAVsrOfYJgJ2bcRyN-83DQHha66gLZdEGUENBBeOMJ3dJUDx_xOFQ_wnkPnsijcZ3hhP1s29xVBqBoWgdt1NbYmc6twysteEX0iy_6Y6o7E7GlrKAKbuPAVTBJEmpfP01w/s1080/Vasagatan.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="810" data-original-width="1080" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEihIuzDOZ7qib09o95Rv_BsIpt0_mrn_8UZKvtMFY83Ouui5ht2wt9GiF-xOAVsrOfYJgJ2bcRyN-83DQHha66gLZdEGUENBBeOMJ3dJUDx_xOFQ_wnkPnsijcZ3hhP1s29xVBqBoWgdt1NbYmc6twysteEX0iy_6Y6o7E7GlrKAKbuPAVTBJEmpfP01w/w400-h300/Vasagatan.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Vasagatan</td></tr></tbody></table>but Torsgatan is very much a thoroughfare. Its southern end is quite dead and while it does get more lively north of St. Eriksplan, it is still very trafficked. </p><p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj79bllFRVeTBtU48OR1ZwJlHRm6fR87WbUDipbsEJWfC6T56eyxjHm8ibHxh4mgcDj9Z0tkyBoxvWr1w017H4P4sjr7ffO543sogijLQbs-bpzQkguqs0EhQncSSLzfRdTVvjTfutTK-3CF7l9JIObOa4jkAqXlveP1n7TwvntlmyHXZ5GvX7tFQozig/s2340/torsgatan%20south%20north%20comp.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="810" data-original-width="2340" height="222" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj79bllFRVeTBtU48OR1ZwJlHRm6fR87WbUDipbsEJWfC6T56eyxjHm8ibHxh4mgcDj9Z0tkyBoxvWr1w017H4P4sjr7ffO543sogijLQbs-bpzQkguqs0EhQncSSLzfRdTVvjTfutTK-3CF7l9JIObOa4jkAqXlveP1n7TwvntlmyHXZ5GvX7tFQozig/w640-h222/torsgatan%20south%20north%20comp.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Torsgatan's southern and northern sections<br /></td></tr></tbody></table>There is also a lot of traffic on St. Eriksgatan but being tree-lined makes it a more pleasant place to stroll and to lounge outside at cafés and bars. </p><p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj6773ydD3DmuOUE8CCtsBPKKvSydTDwVuL9e-H3aTuZqSDr8XOYlMGyJioYL5D-YHV-aE-TkzEm7Yn3LP7pUF4LF_9R4SiIDFQwW15_JhYiHXla1wM96W1-2ufrw-8gz44M6wqKnXz8IpDcLf_pCcERnDpzfqtzTxWHBJD8W0mGNV0c3qXhp8qiwg8kQ/s2205/St%20Eriksgatan%20comp.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="810" data-original-width="2205" height="236" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj6773ydD3DmuOUE8CCtsBPKKvSydTDwVuL9e-H3aTuZqSDr8XOYlMGyJioYL5D-YHV-aE-TkzEm7Yn3LP7pUF4LF_9R4SiIDFQwW15_JhYiHXla1wM96W1-2ufrw-8gz44M6wqKnXz8IpDcLf_pCcERnDpzfqtzTxWHBJD8W0mGNV0c3qXhp8qiwg8kQ/w640-h236/St%20Eriksgatan%20comp.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">St. Eriksgatan</td></tr></tbody></table>St. Eriksplan or St. Erik’s Square did end up being a bit of a green oasis though with the large and leafy Vasa Park just across the street, there’s generally not a lot of people hanging out in the square. </p><p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhqVjaJgcOD-VkqPtzDoXQXHSFdt56m4lMX0sbynWvGPrQjelzUReoEPfhEDsSP7FvcgVAed59NaZ6UiGgOccBetSSeg_HZ_m8vZT3DPei0gTcv_vAXGX6d556ggsBk_bu28NwTzzn8Bltytka1mBbz-vV0-DjArfFnq2oFs3Bd4B3VdmfgkguIrAFeVw/s2205/St%20eriksplan%20comp.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="810" data-original-width="2205" height="236" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhqVjaJgcOD-VkqPtzDoXQXHSFdt56m4lMX0sbynWvGPrQjelzUReoEPfhEDsSP7FvcgVAed59NaZ6UiGgOccBetSSeg_HZ_m8vZT3DPei0gTcv_vAXGX6d556ggsBk_bu28NwTzzn8Bltytka1mBbz-vV0-DjArfFnq2oFs3Bd4B3VdmfgkguIrAFeVw/w640-h236/St%20eriksplan%20comp.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">St. Eriksplan (St. Erik’s Square)</td></tr></tbody></table><br /></p><p style="text-align: justify;">The northern blocks of Torsgatan and St. Eriksgatan provide an interesting apples-to-apples comparison of how small tweaks in the urban environment can cause big effects and create entirely different qualities of life. Both of the streets are heavily trafficked thoroughfares leading out to the suburbs and they are both lined with apartment buildings of approximately the same height, style, and time period. St. Eriksgatan is slightly wider than Torsgatan and is planted with trees (sometimes only on one side, sometimes on both sides, depending on the block) while Torsgatan is barren of greenery. These trees between the sidewalk and the street make a world of difference: suddenly the trafficked thoroughfare becomes a pleasant place to stroll and to hang out at café and bar sidewalk tables. St. Eriksgatan is lined with restaurants, bars, cafés, shops, salons, and even a theater while Torsgatan is nearly devoid of commercial and cultural activity. </p><p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi6cO6bE10xqi_LwQRzyQW_Yh2sIM3a_2Zh_P-GS8B50LqObAH5me1jCno3qM_no-089jDzvkPGvw3jac1uKEL_Nc5ZLq-C8RN-g4Az-IRW_yd05IqIQhIvnhB3VrhQUgMJW-ErLgiaBy5jMbGHtpnv4kr1k89vp1yGnKSHdLfTuPLzUkhA1aUriEUlkA/s2205/Torsgatan%20St%20Eriksgatan%20comp.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="810" data-original-width="2205" height="236" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi6cO6bE10xqi_LwQRzyQW_Yh2sIM3a_2Zh_P-GS8B50LqObAH5me1jCno3qM_no-089jDzvkPGvw3jac1uKEL_Nc5ZLq-C8RN-g4Az-IRW_yd05IqIQhIvnhB3VrhQUgMJW-ErLgiaBy5jMbGHtpnv4kr1k89vp1yGnKSHdLfTuPLzUkhA1aUriEUlkA/w640-h236/Torsgatan%20St%20Eriksgatan%20comp.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Torsgatan on the left, St. Eriksgatan on the right<br /></td></tr></tbody></table> <br /></p><p style="text-align: justify;">Interestingly, the city ended up building a rond-pointe at Vanadisplan that doesn’t appear in even Lindhagen’s earliest, most extravagant proposal. Vandadisplan or Vanadis Square is a large, grass and rose-planted roundabout at the junction of the tree-lined St. Eriksgatan and the tree-lined, setback Vanadisvägen. Unfortunately, the current crosswalks at Vanadisplan are situated so that the green roundabout acts more like a barrier than as a conduit from one greenspace along Vanadisvägen to the next greenspace at the top of Rödabergen. The relatively easy act of moving the crosswalks would make it much more natural for pedestrians to move through the city from one greenspace to another. </p><p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjg4FeLQAgr58S0597ecUsffjUHJ4HqxafiJtU_AAwgVvcslcfW8P45_vRWmBJTeJrFLwwGCHz2FoN9bGGK5c3mUBuFmEPGGUrO08-FydNYUQwRhJiSizecCyIcggGC97XFa456OPkV-Nw06b5VTINAldQ4uMtHm9ZfQgLVYnb62ewroemDOn2D0TngPw/s2205/Vanadisplan%20comp.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="810" data-original-width="2205" height="236" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjg4FeLQAgr58S0597ecUsffjUHJ4HqxafiJtU_AAwgVvcslcfW8P45_vRWmBJTeJrFLwwGCHz2FoN9bGGK5c3mUBuFmEPGGUrO08-FydNYUQwRhJiSizecCyIcggGC97XFa456OPkV-Nw06b5VTINAldQ4uMtHm9ZfQgLVYnb62ewroemDOn2D0TngPw/w640-h236/Vanadisplan%20comp.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Vanadisplan</td></tr></tbody></table><br /></p><p style="text-align: justify;">In the ratified plan of 1878, Kungsgatan would be unchanged from its existing status. It would not be widened into a boulevard, and it would not cut across the Brunkeberg Ridge to connect to Östermalm. However, this part of the plan would be revised just a few months later and a more modern boulevard would eventually be built here in 1911. </p><p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgXHaDlRiYW1YTsC2JQ2NTr9JNCPdy0ZNxe9Q4vJJYLJxZ2_UfwTFp11JZQW8SJkxSbfXgWR0cRM5Ea48OWzbIzPMIA1GTY6dYzLqUq_gywIu95D6KSC90zkF8EB_qaLowxm9V8ad5PR-iLsceOOKTkBXqge1YPNafL3BawaPP1yYpZA_i8lwKWaQSCUw/s2205/Kungsgatan%20comp.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="810" data-original-width="2205" height="236" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgXHaDlRiYW1YTsC2JQ2NTr9JNCPdy0ZNxe9Q4vJJYLJxZ2_UfwTFp11JZQW8SJkxSbfXgWR0cRM5Ea48OWzbIzPMIA1GTY6dYzLqUq_gywIu95D6KSC90zkF8EB_qaLowxm9V8ad5PR-iLsceOOKTkBXqge1YPNafL3BawaPP1yYpZA_i8lwKWaQSCUw/w640-h236/Kungsgatan%20comp.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Kungsgatan</td></tr></tbody></table></p><p><br /></p><p style="text-align: justify;">All in all, Norrmalm would be built out much like this ratified plan from 1878, but some of Lindhagen’s original ideas would creep back in. For example, the only parks in the ratified plan are Tegnerlunden</p><p></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhtdTL_d7llv6HNRu16pQJXzthNBIwOL8cThfgiDvn94UC-w-y_lVGjg6psFmmX21Kk6XPe6bHDtAyU_rEOovpiTUDDhDGBtR1P8ChyC7WkKtxqkOHqo8pborvUg-4A-eLa9umlI7gGwcL1pkcjtaBWLmWI3yGjYIvEhanKZMnMQxxNhPjCBH2fTIgYqA/s2205/Tegnerlunden%20comp.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="810" data-original-width="2205" height="236" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhtdTL_d7llv6HNRu16pQJXzthNBIwOL8cThfgiDvn94UC-w-y_lVGjg6psFmmX21Kk6XPe6bHDtAyU_rEOovpiTUDDhDGBtR1P8ChyC7WkKtxqkOHqo8pborvUg-4A-eLa9umlI7gGwcL1pkcjtaBWLmWI3yGjYIvEhanKZMnMQxxNhPjCBH2fTIgYqA/w640-h236/Tegnerlunden%20comp.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Tegnerlunden</td></tr></tbody></table>and Vanadislunden, <table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgO4HGPoc_6h5g5sT33s1WykbwtvfOzrs8WJB64-HyVGtQYaXwnhvR-HZRu-j1WEotvCqSiFhYpPqGQWj5DqIMNo9qhEDJs39_sLOYpop1Gzx0mCEHdslMv8OTBxX91Tz6nuQZm_l7M79fBM1PMf_Kw-moMPfmcacgFp2h1sE9X2Y_KloKfMx9BVibKVQ/s2205/Vanadislunden%20comp.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="810" data-original-width="2205" height="236" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgO4HGPoc_6h5g5sT33s1WykbwtvfOzrs8WJB64-HyVGtQYaXwnhvR-HZRu-j1WEotvCqSiFhYpPqGQWj5DqIMNo9qhEDJs39_sLOYpop1Gzx0mCEHdslMv8OTBxX91Tz6nuQZm_l7M79fBM1PMf_Kw-moMPfmcacgFp2h1sE9X2Y_KloKfMx9BVibKVQ/w640-h236/Vanadislunden%20comp.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Vanadislunden</td></tr></tbody></table><p></p><p>but a several more areas with steep topography including Rödabergen, Hälsingehöjden and Vasaparken</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjdqmytXQFjSyTn4cMTiWG_XBerGg86XCJZVcVmoTrrn4dIDfjXnrPmBXVahEgZMN2Gw9-mihIqfCCcqMDrxipwg6FbnVFvjFMdpyxEpRwaxyYnKL6ztOIaHadKqU37Vi_DZ2NE1IfknmdU3gEkaHX6uSRfNijAidZp9sx3CW1AALQofYeF91BMffi5xQ/s1735/Vasaparken%20comp.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="810" data-original-width="1735" height="298" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjdqmytXQFjSyTn4cMTiWG_XBerGg86XCJZVcVmoTrrn4dIDfjXnrPmBXVahEgZMN2Gw9-mihIqfCCcqMDrxipwg6FbnVFvjFMdpyxEpRwaxyYnKL6ztOIaHadKqU37Vi_DZ2NE1IfknmdU3gEkaHX6uSRfNijAidZp9sx3CW1AALQofYeF91BMffi5xQ/w640-h298/Vasaparken%20comp.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Vasaparken</td></tr></tbody></table>would never be developed but would eventually be reserved as parks. The northern part of Norrmalm is now strewn with small pocket parks, making this area one of Stockholm’s greenest despite its density.<br /></p><p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgmfiLjyw80Elnl7zWo3gly54yFfkFp6dGcsTd1rulbZZ4rPOBMZuHchG4osCOuSbXbidnZc8VOk2W3V7owdXFju9Nz-7m0FxvQBSWxg1e1x-EL1pUwF4A-LNnRxmnrfG8yqazK9n6Np6ZS1rLQDmSmGi4EF1_PDN0wnVukV6vKvwWmzNViOrm2V01iVQ/s5212/Norrmalm%20Map%20extra%20parks.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="4560" data-original-width="5212" height="560" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgmfiLjyw80Elnl7zWo3gly54yFfkFp6dGcsTd1rulbZZ4rPOBMZuHchG4osCOuSbXbidnZc8VOk2W3V7owdXFju9Nz-7m0FxvQBSWxg1e1x-EL1pUwF4A-LNnRxmnrfG8yqazK9n6Np6ZS1rLQDmSmGi4EF1_PDN0wnVukV6vKvwWmzNViOrm2V01iVQ/w640-h560/Norrmalm%20Map%20extra%20parks.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Dark green = all of Normalm's parks today (I have not included churchyards as parks)<br /></td></tr></tbody></table> </p><p style="text-align: justify;">Torsgatan was built as a neighborhood boulevard instead of as a ring road, making the area west of the boulevard an integral part of the district. These blocks would be built on a shifted grid as Lindhagen had proposed so that bridge to Kungsholmen could lead directly from St. Eriksplan instead of being a jog from this node. </p><p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgwF_JMFmJhCMbccUjlfELhvZoj2ktohyFfh-C7S-cF3phbYwkC6m3_3BYse_btMXoE3bNMIgwIhVwBD8JaFFWl_O7jBzUb0XXZrrkaKE1Nd7HrM9NI0EHBLkOKHFj0wS0YP-4r9P86mFCb6-UlFoLVqpcioQ3GHTjlwJHDP6Nslf-zDSvGdX8phQhLEQ/s5212/Norrmalm-Map-grids.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="4567" data-original-width="5212" height="560" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgwF_JMFmJhCMbccUjlfELhvZoj2ktohyFfh-C7S-cF3phbYwkC6m3_3BYse_btMXoE3bNMIgwIhVwBD8JaFFWl_O7jBzUb0XXZrrkaKE1Nd7HrM9NI0EHBLkOKHFj0wS0YP-4r9P86mFCb6-UlFoLVqpcioQ3GHTjlwJHDP6Nslf-zDSvGdX8phQhLEQ/w640-h560/Norrmalm-Map-grids.jpg" width="640" /></a></div> <br /></div><div><div style="text-align: justify;">Furthermore, a few small neighborhoods deviate completely from the ratified plan. Because the steep areas were the hardest to build upon, they were the last areas to be developed. By that time, planning ideals had changed and the rectilinear grid system was no longer the ideal du jour. A more romantic view of planning coupled with the challenging topography resulted in a few small neighborhoods where the planning diverges drastically from the unwavering, rectilinear ratified plan from 1878.</div><p></p><p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh_0nOpBZVArncEbLDe6IJmCcWk9FTFmNbMku432rpZyu0I20DlqGPXH_6UTaxvXIf1YBFB4VqruDCSJhQPtCNNgJj9HmOf9O6iG2gzYHylAae2KKbLtjSj4Yq_9rbzfVOReOebtp84s40102ZgRw7Hye2Vi6npV8LF_gwAm_6mlXFqBkRyNBdmkK-N6w/s5212/Norrmalm%20Map%20diverging%20areas.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="4560" data-original-width="5212" height="560" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh_0nOpBZVArncEbLDe6IJmCcWk9FTFmNbMku432rpZyu0I20DlqGPXH_6UTaxvXIf1YBFB4VqruDCSJhQPtCNNgJj9HmOf9O6iG2gzYHylAae2KKbLtjSj4Yq_9rbzfVOReOebtp84s40102ZgRw7Hye2Vi6npV8LF_gwAm_6mlXFqBkRyNBdmkK-N6w/w640-h560/Norrmalm%20Map%20diverging%20areas.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Diverging neighborhoods are bordered in red.<br /></td></tr></tbody></table> <br /></p><p style="text-align: justify;">These divergent neighborhoods provide a welcome contrast to the dense city which was built according to the ratified plan from 1878, but without the ocean of rectilinear blocks, the deviating islands wouldn’t be special oases. It is my studied opinion that cities need both a background as well as occasional counter-points. This is just as true for individual buildings as for entire neighborhoods and districts. Without a calm “background,” cities become too disjointed and chaotic. And without the eye-catching “counterpoints,” they become too monotonous and dull. </p><p style="text-align: justify;"><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj66aLbF0Zdu9suHewHTV4tFIptX7PsfKVYCtorzmXeWDDFL-6f2ixT010HN7y9CAWUOODHI6n16cWZPtiFOlAMu53hA2BAYFQKbBrAjJ7vmVfMA1PLu7mEkvJ_Q8eVxLgpHWCBiTwgWujCS1Tmi2LJ7n7uDlYApgDawmwN20X6lh7VqCgqgd00YAMgWg/s1874/atlas%20comp.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="810" data-original-width="1874" height="276" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj66aLbF0Zdu9suHewHTV4tFIptX7PsfKVYCtorzmXeWDDFL-6f2ixT010HN7y9CAWUOODHI6n16cWZPtiFOlAMu53hA2BAYFQKbBrAjJ7vmVfMA1PLu7mEkvJ_Q8eVxLgpHWCBiTwgWujCS1Tmi2LJ7n7uDlYApgDawmwN20X6lh7VqCgqgd00YAMgWg/w640-h276/atlas%20comp.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">The Atlas Området or Atlas Area, one of the more romantic, divering neighborhoods in Norrmalm/Vasastan<br /></td></tr></tbody></table></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><br />Real estate prices show that the population prefers to live in the diverging neighborhoods over the more common areas with a rigid grid system. This isn’t just because these neighborhoods are a little different—I think it has much more to do with the lower scale, increased coziness, and the sense of living in a small, defined neighborhood amidst a big city.<br /><br />The diagonally thrusting boulevards create a sense of dynamism in the neighborhood and a contrast to the otherwise regularly marching street grid. This dynamism is not only because of the accompanying traffic and speed and commercial activity, but also because the diagonal thoroughfares leave non-rectilinear blocks which promoted a more prominent, dominant architecture than the general background architecture. </p><p style="text-align: justify;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgYgFDfKXz8dnGlRy6iYyKKpZnGZpUeOCplSrpKPC8WlDF96_mj_9he8IXYBOTevyBHeeHHV7Eb1EgULqR2B-7h8KCEpH4gWDtIwFyrAa7FlOp5rTLcgDwAqBRV4IjLgTo0_4y-Nl7dKr-A4_ilPBRfXNA1P_ej1eVRGfTNz17Zk1lHI2kgtlbtZMdOCw/s2340/triangle%20buildings%20comp.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="810" data-original-width="2340" height="222" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgYgFDfKXz8dnGlRy6iYyKKpZnGZpUeOCplSrpKPC8WlDF96_mj_9he8IXYBOTevyBHeeHHV7Eb1EgULqR2B-7h8KCEpH4gWDtIwFyrAa7FlOp5rTLcgDwAqBRV4IjLgTo0_4y-Nl7dKr-A4_ilPBRfXNA1P_ej1eVRGfTNz17Zk1lHI2kgtlbtZMdOCw/w640-h222/triangle%20buildings%20comp.jpg" width="640" /></a></div><br />Norrmalm/Vasastan has been much criticized for its high density and especially for the large courtyard buildings which cause the inner courtyards to be cramped and dark. I can agree with this criticism—we briefly considered buying one of these courtyard apartments at one point in time but ultimately decided that the long, linear, dark courtyard was too impersonal and that the apartment was also too dark and furthermore we didn’t like that our windows would look directly into the apartment across the courtyard creating a complete lack of privacy while in the apartment or on the balcony. The later diverging neighborhoods with their lower scale and absence of courtyard buildings are a pointed reaction against the crowded turn-of-the-century blocks.<p></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiPDfclgcq4TEh01fwGmHRTQXvMtIk2vT9TzKFMhoGM_hfS8x76noz3UnVHFNmqqYMQIzD4bYom-Z3BQ8uThTavwHXVzwFsKGiRAtSBlIthFs10Yisc6kHBOl9sXnjlHBDG9Fmjaa0aHZLk1gq78in6YhGFir7mC8Pvl6HUNFfijHEeLE9IdMRi7-CzwQ/s1194/turn%20of%20century%20block%20and%20new%20block%20comp.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="606" data-original-width="1194" height="324" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiPDfclgcq4TEh01fwGmHRTQXvMtIk2vT9TzKFMhoGM_hfS8x76noz3UnVHFNmqqYMQIzD4bYom-Z3BQ8uThTavwHXVzwFsKGiRAtSBlIthFs10Yisc6kHBOl9sXnjlHBDG9Fmjaa0aHZLk1gq78in6YhGFir7mC8Pvl6HUNFfijHEeLE9IdMRi7-CzwQ/w640-h324/turn%20of%20century%20block%20and%20new%20block%20comp.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Left: A turn of the century block where the center of the block is filled with courtyard building. Right: A slightly more recent block where the courtyards are not filled in with buildings.<br /></td></tr></tbody></table><br />The ratified plan of 1878 is a much watered-down version of Lindhagen’s vision, for better and for worse. However, enough of the essential ideas of the Lindhagen Plan survived and still other of his ideas crept back into later revised city plans to make Stockholm one of the world’s most beautiful cities and Norrmalm/Vasastan a very desirable, livable neighborhood. <br /></p><p><br /><b>Sources:</b><br />Gösta Selling, <i>Esplanadsystemet och Albert Lindhagen: Stadsplanering i Stockholm åren 1857-1887</i> (1970)<br />Thomas Hall, <i>Stockholm: The Making of a Metropolis </i>(2009)<br />Thomas Hall, <i>Huvudstad i Omvandling</i> (2002)<br /><i>Alla Tiders Stockholm</i> (2014)<br /><br /><b>Images:</b><br />All of the images are my own except for the maps which come from<br />Gösta Selling, <i>Esplanadsystemet och Albert Lindhagen: Stadsplanering i Stockholm åren 1857-1887</i> (1970)<br /><br /><br /><br /></p></div>Rainahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03436765499184988845noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2772821807884282561.post-18212633755630222842022-11-30T18:36:00.000+01:002022-11-30T18:36:26.472+01:00 Brunkebergstunneln – The Brunkeberg Ridge Tunnel<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiEnb3PN39VewM222No1sVpUTLNNWHDSUp5cghUQUAHLO2iXYQPEskBEXjKdC8EXO0l3P-PXCrpoR5zOT42_6siVoE4KUmDdLnvFMiJNpP3_fqjLE3Z9OXbIBlpiiSuzKsHmN0cc4AcxS94ox6fyaaZcTxtNVRcdaz9Psx74ZAvK_RNGXlkusrSIEvGGg/s1735/first%20comp.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="810" data-original-width="1735" height="298" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiEnb3PN39VewM222No1sVpUTLNNWHDSUp5cghUQUAHLO2iXYQPEskBEXjKdC8EXO0l3P-PXCrpoR5zOT42_6siVoE4KUmDdLnvFMiJNpP3_fqjLE3Z9OXbIBlpiiSuzKsHmN0cc4AcxS94ox6fyaaZcTxtNVRcdaz9Psx74ZAvK_RNGXlkusrSIEvGGg/w640-h298/first%20comp.jpg" width="640" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiAN0f_i745aAazPIpzZO27GtWFvrMgPWf_kgZ4OI3RAyuUu4DPKy6qIct7gkxO5mEFetMMpSiWn2bIVQLpO8724Tgzf-Y9plOh__hJpgO5yCdJMFh-8cm7VfNAyPX4e7hBdkj_Oy_9KH3B1O1BQ9Irl2k3KKbyO3C7lg0dLDmWSXPPyWnazYxzpMSKJQ/s820/Brunkebergstunneln-Maps.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="820" data-original-width="598" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiAN0f_i745aAazPIpzZO27GtWFvrMgPWf_kgZ4OI3RAyuUu4DPKy6qIct7gkxO5mEFetMMpSiWn2bIVQLpO8724Tgzf-Y9plOh__hJpgO5yCdJMFh-8cm7VfNAyPX4e7hBdkj_Oy_9KH3B1O1BQ9Irl2k3KKbyO3C7lg0dLDmWSXPPyWnazYxzpMSKJQ/w466-h640/Brunkebergstunneln-Maps.jpg" width="466" /></a></div><p> </p><p>The Brunkeberg Ridge (Brunkebergsåsen) has been a major barrier between the Norrmalm and Östermalm neighborhoods since the beginning of Stockholm’s history. </p><p></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjR9-VmzuzOZHXkNJKrXrJvKWVcXkUpb5m7VCcswOuRHTo_N04bmfA7Ht1ObtlguK8Vt4BvSZRLprz0wNXZG3Lon20HWvqCC4w0R5jfJyLEqkhAyBqxu-oaAO43wfIEScCVNdOtsC6x6cQSlysHW0MS6F96uCZALjIJACFy4m0v5obMRQGcPCfEuHmMaw/s1080/Brunkeberg.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="810" data-original-width="1080" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjR9-VmzuzOZHXkNJKrXrJvKWVcXkUpb5m7VCcswOuRHTo_N04bmfA7Ht1ObtlguK8Vt4BvSZRLprz0wNXZG3Lon20HWvqCC4w0R5jfJyLEqkhAyBqxu-oaAO43wfIEScCVNdOtsC6x6cQSlysHW0MS6F96uCZALjIJACFy4m0v5obMRQGcPCfEuHmMaw/w400-h300/Brunkeberg.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Brunkeberg Ridge<br /></td></tr></tbody></table></p><p style="text-align: justify;">The southern end of the ridge was slowly hacked away over time because it was a good source of building material, and as the ridge disappeared, it became possible to follow a mostly level path from Norrmalm to Östermalm along the water’s edge. The ridge never disappeared entirely, however, and it continues to be a barrier between the neighborhoods to this day. As the city expanded northward, this barrier became more and more troublesome—to get from one side to the other, one either had to make a long detour to the water’s edge or one had to climb up and over the ridge, not an easy task when heavily burdened.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEig0GpocuDUkFEgcj9DD2fjVa-Jve0i615DMDR28WQ2_eyw1F8dLUDBv8_FWWTzQYjXrGGeeBqtOFPuUyK_t9icIWnbWf8CtqcMrItWawxO3SPVqT6uUhniwp7lN6AX8QfOI8NBBi7OF8T7HAmqFZ-wW6VB-ZgLiWcFsptQG4elV6fzHyW_rY2tYf3hvw/s1920/Brunkebergs%C3%A5sen%201637%20with%20red.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1247" data-original-width="1920" height="416" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEig0GpocuDUkFEgcj9DD2fjVa-Jve0i615DMDR28WQ2_eyw1F8dLUDBv8_FWWTzQYjXrGGeeBqtOFPuUyK_t9icIWnbWf8CtqcMrItWawxO3SPVqT6uUhniwp7lN6AX8QfOI8NBBi7OF8T7HAmqFZ-wW6VB-ZgLiWcFsptQG4elV6fzHyW_rY2tYf3hvw/w640-h416/Brunkebergs%C3%A5sen%201637%20with%20red.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">A not terribly accurate map from 1637 with Brunkeberg Ridge marked in red ***<br /></td></tr></tbody></table> </p><p style="text-align: justify;">I’ve found very little documentation about planning discussions about the tunnel. Because it would have made transportation of goods and people between the two adjacent neighborhoods so much more convenient, the idea for the tunnel must have been born early in Stockholm’s history, but a lack of technology and funding would have made the tunnel a pipe dream until the mid 1800’s. <br /></p><p style="text-align: justify;">The first evidence I’ve found of the tunnel is in <a href="https://walkingstockholm.blogspot.com/2019/09/wallstrom-and-rudbergs-1864-general.html" target="_blank">Wallström and Rudberg's General Plan for Stockholm from 1863</a>. This was Stockholm’s first attempt at a comprehensive city plan and while W&R’s plan generally ignores issues of terrain, it was very focused on traffic issues. A tunnel through the Brunkeberg Ridge would definitely have facilitated transportation between the two districts. </p><p style="text-align: justify;"></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiare3uR9mgheqbKgdZeRz1jxp-s2dbHXjMXG1vhg3408bDAplxSXB5Eb8nthv6J-C63SijOixi_oEOGaQDZ3y2J8Ix4YcL0XyeB89lmR2BWLCRzea-V2UrmHWgguQU8xlH8JYPur3dJWdIXAKcUl5ytQciqiLb8aDIp50C_uzD4_EkZpaE_CoVmWD4jg/s1124/WR%20detail%20%C3%96stermalm%201863.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1101" data-original-width="1124" height="626" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiare3uR9mgheqbKgdZeRz1jxp-s2dbHXjMXG1vhg3408bDAplxSXB5Eb8nthv6J-C63SijOixi_oEOGaQDZ3y2J8Ix4YcL0XyeB89lmR2BWLCRzea-V2UrmHWgguQU8xlH8JYPur3dJWdIXAKcUl5ytQciqiLb8aDIp50C_uzD4_EkZpaE_CoVmWD4jg/w640-h626/WR%20detail%20%C3%96stermalm%201863.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Wallström and Rudberg's General Plan for Stockholm 1863 included a tunnel *</td></tr></tbody></table><p></p><div style="text-align: left;"> </div><div style="text-align: left;">I’ve found no evidence that <a href="https://walkingstockholm.blogspot.com/2020/03/the-lindhagen-plan.html" target="_blank">Lindhagen’s plan</a> takes Brunkeberg Ridge into account at all. Lindhagen drew a major boulevard straight through the ridge, and it is unclear how this boulevard was supposed to negotiate the terrain. Other parts of his plan involved removing sections of the ridge completely, so perhaps Lindhagen’s plan for the through-ridge boulevard also involved removing the ridge. </div><p style="text-align: justify;"></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjn_fHDvU9g6cmGdAVHgIgYaqWQrGs87e9e9ZoV3VFMQPkzqBcQhCEJ0XxKvucuwlvnXLF3i4jtUqOT-tDNrdsj6y6j9waAxvdwXGikQOdY1yT-xepm92rHrTqOiyk8mTL7PnV-KnQAFdAYbWo2cHB2vOXJxPGUprn_5BzoUEuWtCuE3q72ro7Edsq9cg/s730/Lindhagen%20Norrmalm%20Kungsholmen%20S%C3%B6dermalm.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="658" data-original-width="730" height="576" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjn_fHDvU9g6cmGdAVHgIgYaqWQrGs87e9e9ZoV3VFMQPkzqBcQhCEJ0XxKvucuwlvnXLF3i4jtUqOT-tDNrdsj6y6j9waAxvdwXGikQOdY1yT-xepm92rHrTqOiyk8mTL7PnV-KnQAFdAYbWo2cHB2vOXJxPGUprn_5BzoUEuWtCuE3q72ro7Edsq9cg/w640-h576/Lindhagen%20Norrmalm%20Kungsholmen%20S%C3%B6dermalm.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Lindhagen's Plan from 1866 did not include a tunnel *<br /></td></tr></tbody></table><div style="text-align: left;"> <br /></div><div style="text-align: left;">In all of the <a href="https://walkingstockholm.blogspot.com/2022/06/the-plan-for-norrmalms-north-south.html" target="_blank">aftermath</a> of Lindhagen’s proposal with all of the counter and counter-counter proposals and back-room negotiations, the tunnel appears in one lone scheme that part of the city council drew up in 1877. Here, the tunnel is part of a conscious effort create efficient transportation between Norrmalm and Östermalm. However, the idea was not popular with other city entities because a tunnel would need constant surveillance and lighting, both costly. Also, it was understood that the tunnel would be hard to build due to the fact that the ridge is mostly made up of gravel. </div><p style="text-align: justify;"></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj-qK7YzKhQRsesbro_CZbwvyJiyg5eJCr2KxjV6-rtVCeTf3_nT1Q7_XaOssDav_HIKs_tNsy9-1r6d4frQkKCHPy6IpLYhDY1VFcJvhv-Zm2-juWTxWdlFHqWoIjaApWVjByT59bS05dhE5tKVmnappu0lyFqRtl69ZngHKN5FQm5Y1OxttFZ1g6fuw/s1112/5%20S%20Norrmalm%20Beredningsutskott%20proposal%201877.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1112" data-original-width="1083" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj-qK7YzKhQRsesbro_CZbwvyJiyg5eJCr2KxjV6-rtVCeTf3_nT1Q7_XaOssDav_HIKs_tNsy9-1r6d4frQkKCHPy6IpLYhDY1VFcJvhv-Zm2-juWTxWdlFHqWoIjaApWVjByT59bS05dhE5tKVmnappu0lyFqRtl69ZngHKN5FQm5Y1OxttFZ1g6fuw/w624-h640/5%20S%20Norrmalm%20Beredningsutskott%20proposal%201877.jpg" width="624" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">A city council proposal from 1877 where the tunnel reappears *<br /></td></tr></tbody></table><div style="text-align: left;"> <br /></div><div style="text-align: left;">Eventually, Captain Knut Lindmark lobbied the city to build a toll tunnel through Brunkeberg Ridge. Considering that the city had already considered building such a tunnel and voted it down due to excavation and operating costs, the city was probably more than happy to give Lindmark the right to build the tunnel and charge a toll. He won the concession in 1884 and set immediately to work attacking the ridge from both sides simultaneously. The tunnel proved to be much harder to excavate than Lindmark was prepared for—while the first parts of the tunnel were successfully (if slowly) dug through granite, the ridge soon proved to be mostly made up of gravel (as the city had already surmised), causing large sections to constantly cave in. Lindmark didn’t give up, however, and he ingeniously solved the problem with an English freezing machine which had been invented to freeze lamb meat on voyages between Australia and England. Because there was a lot of water in the gravel, large sections of gravel could be deeply frozen over night. The next day, the frozen gravel could be removed in large chunks without the ridge collapsing into the tunnel. The newly excavated section was then immediately shored up with scaffolding and a meter-thick concrete valve was poured to ensure that no gravel would collapse into the tunnel after the gravel thawed. </div><p style="text-align: justify;"><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhynBaxd4_3PSEhvMzx3UBvJ5_Xwa8EhIyl-kltyg5NGCqt8RLRIlYtG6I2VCvOPe6SdCP7cFh7mWhh-a9h6V7bngJFgsUvev6oHfpyeeXqlgzPP5jwNrtEXjrzKlg525ATwMauubQXD1DEUKOOFF8CZnI6cZ0RxOO7L-HUvVrvffYOZ-C0ao89koovRA/s1542/Brunkebergstunneln_1886,%20Axel%20Ekblom%20teckning,%20stockholms%20gatunamn.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1092" data-original-width="1542" height="454" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhynBaxd4_3PSEhvMzx3UBvJ5_Xwa8EhIyl-kltyg5NGCqt8RLRIlYtG6I2VCvOPe6SdCP7cFh7mWhh-a9h6V7bngJFgsUvev6oHfpyeeXqlgzPP5jwNrtEXjrzKlg525ATwMauubQXD1DEUKOOFF8CZnI6cZ0RxOO7L-HUvVrvffYOZ-C0ao89koovRA/w640-h454/Brunkebergstunneln_1886,%20Axel%20Ekblom%20teckning,%20stockholms%20gatunamn.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Axel Ekbloms drawing of the tunnel construction from 1886 **<br /></td></tr></tbody></table> </p><div style="text-align: justify;">It took two years to build the tunnel and it opened with great fanfare in 1886. The tunnel is 230 meters (755 ft) long, 3.9 meters high, and 4 meters (13 ft) wide—just big enough for heavily laden horse-drawn carts to pass. At its deepest point, the tunnel is about 20m (65 ft) under the surface of the ridge. </div><p style="text-align: justify;">Oddly, the already built-and-in-operation tunnel was not included on the 1887 map of Norrmalm when the newly ratified city plan was drawn in. </p><p style="text-align: justify;"></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEggAf6-k11w-dSkWtUDT2e2jP5xLng_Ebai0DVhv-13Oc69AqWaoLfoV-Yjg1glEVmP-HcVCZxcN17PrdKcT8yupwlvjqcrwWkTDH_s16QQa5a4EkS8yqjGiK18hDKJ30nEO3DbEOvu_DB4QgYyw9v2rHe5fhyawGUDj91tTs623B1uox9RGvqFRrmPeA/s810/1887%20karta.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="810" data-original-width="747" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEggAf6-k11w-dSkWtUDT2e2jP5xLng_Ebai0DVhv-13Oc69AqWaoLfoV-Yjg1glEVmP-HcVCZxcN17PrdKcT8yupwlvjqcrwWkTDH_s16QQa5a4EkS8yqjGiK18hDKJ30nEO3DbEOvu_DB4QgYyw9v2rHe5fhyawGUDj91tTs623B1uox9RGvqFRrmPeA/w590-h640/1887%20karta.jpg" width="590" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">The 1887 map of Norrmalm with the newly ratified city plan drawn in is missing the tunnel *</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><p></p><p style="text-align: justify;">Unfortunately for Lindmark and his stock company, the unexpected construction expenses meant that the toll through the tunnel had to be raised higher than was comfortable for most people. People had been crossing the ridge for centuries, so they could just as well continue to climb the ridge to avoid paying the hefty toll. The tunnel company quickly went bankrupt and the city bought the tunnel, keeping it open and toll-free. The city has renovated the tunnel every few decades since then.</p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjsvQQYPvrfk9JMQJAFwPjEjijFyG09KBXpH11bScsvfEQftm2q9DgTL-uNeS-rIro6uwtipTfNo91UNyL5A9zIAngbHW1vZHpC2KrWtUjemimixXoQPcujeil1dwtf09on_8rYfLZxUkbQIe1aXIi3a-9lftubY-btoPjIX2rfWI1g9JtgDU4HU2Y7UA/s2205/Brunkeberg%20tunnel%20comp.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="810" data-original-width="2205" height="236" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjsvQQYPvrfk9JMQJAFwPjEjijFyG09KBXpH11bScsvfEQftm2q9DgTL-uNeS-rIro6uwtipTfNo91UNyL5A9zIAngbHW1vZHpC2KrWtUjemimixXoQPcujeil1dwtf09on_8rYfLZxUkbQIe1aXIi3a-9lftubY-btoPjIX2rfWI1g9JtgDU4HU2Y7UA/w640-h236/Brunkeberg%20tunnel%20comp.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">the tunnel today<br /></td></tr></tbody></table><p style="text-align: justify;"><br />The Brunkeberg Tunnel was dimensioned for horse traffic and because it was not ventilated, it was inappropriate for car traffic. The tunnel was quickly outdated for any other use than pedestrian and bike traffic, and when the Kungsgatan boulevard was built through the Brunkeberg Ridge just two blocks south of the tunnel in 1911, it rendered the narrow tunnel obsolete. </p><p style="text-align: justify;"><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiB0cJHUonNF9OQcInrHSktkoCxkENm-IcrNiQxi8B5mCMc5w78QsOiXslt7reRJEuXPO8Lbx43m1qVGb4JFJskx0YCGTfmdY_5ssVzykcFkrrI0_TGp6fYc6rhcRFu_Hn5DVazkZVs7vwUoDqeMxHc5FJFOzQY3EjA5R86c5DL-NPGEFyrmgTlKSnKpw/s810/Brunkeberg%20stair.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="810" data-original-width="608" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiB0cJHUonNF9OQcInrHSktkoCxkENm-IcrNiQxi8B5mCMc5w78QsOiXslt7reRJEuXPO8Lbx43m1qVGb4JFJskx0YCGTfmdY_5ssVzykcFkrrI0_TGp6fYc6rhcRFu_Hn5DVazkZVs7vwUoDqeMxHc5FJFOzQY3EjA5R86c5DL-NPGEFyrmgTlKSnKpw/w300-h400/Brunkeberg%20stair.jpg" width="300" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">One of the tunnel entries--definitely not dimensioned for cars!<br /></td></tr></tbody></table> <br /></p><p style="text-align: justify;">However, the tunnel is still a useful pedestrian and bicycle connection today. There is a steady stream of both pedestrians and cyclists in the tunnel these days, and there is often a busker or two playing music in the tunnel. In most cities, a tunnel like this would quickly become a sketchy place to walk, but in Stockholm, it feels perfectly safe (I’ve never been in the tunnel alone late at night, it might not feel so benign then). In recent years, the tunnel has even been the site of various art, sound, and light installations. I love that the city keeps the tunnel open and that it is a half-secret yet very secure-feeling part of the pedestrian and bicycle network.</p><div style="text-align: left;"> </div><div style="text-align: left;"><b>Sources:</b> </div><div style="text-align: left;">Gösta Selling, <i>Esplanadsystemet och Albert Lindhagen: Stadsplanering i Stockholm åren 1857-1887</i> (1970)</div><div style="text-align: left;">Stahre, Fogelström, Ferenius and Lundqvist, <i>Stockholms gatunamn</i> (2005)</div><div style="text-align: left;"> <br /></div><div style="text-align: left;"><b>Images:</b> </div><div style="text-align: left;"> All images are my own except<br /><b>*</b> Gösta Selling, <i>Esplanadsystemet och Albert Lindhagen: Stadsplanering i Stockholm åren 1857-1887</i> (1970)</div><div style="text-align: left;"><b>** </b>Stahre, Fogelström, Ferenius and Lundqvist, <i>Stockholms gatunamn</i> (2005)</div><div style="text-align: left;"><b>***</b> Nils-Erik Landell, <i>Stockholms kartor</i> (2000)</div><p style="text-align: left;"><br /><br /></p>Rainahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03436765499184988845noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2772821807884282561.post-5687125443828947792022-06-11T19:17:00.000+02:002022-06-11T19:17:54.632+02:00 The Plan for Norrmalm’s North-South Boulevards: Birger Jarlsgatan and Sveavägen <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhRQPOffKXIvOUVY8-9754tUDoqZI1EPQFPxBqcIouQ7g6cqLUXW1T79cKH9fxVKudskFu5MNCrzwsmN0NfqHbYlXLCdtP1lGEatc2EXt_xhR14E1G2U1-4Ig0Al4J5ikho6cDUuE770-WyfsaVhurSLq1zuojWuWH0rmUW-taUcYU_HBT01nf9L4HpCw/s1735/first%20comp.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="810" data-original-width="1735" height="298" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhRQPOffKXIvOUVY8-9754tUDoqZI1EPQFPxBqcIouQ7g6cqLUXW1T79cKH9fxVKudskFu5MNCrzwsmN0NfqHbYlXLCdtP1lGEatc2EXt_xhR14E1G2U1-4Ig0Al4J5ikho6cDUuE770-WyfsaVhurSLq1zuojWuWH0rmUW-taUcYU_HBT01nf9L4HpCw/w640-h298/first%20comp.jpg" width="640" /></a></div><p style="text-align: justify;">A quick recap on the planning saga of Stockholm through the later half of the nineteenth century: <a href="http://walkingstockholm.blogspot.com/2019/06/to-plan-or-not-to-plan-stockholms-big.html" target="_blank">First</a>, the city dithered for several decades about the need to plan at all. Finally, the King stepped in and mandated that Stockholm needed a plan, and while he was at it, he had a few suggestions.<br /></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><br />The first comprehensive plan was drawn up by <a href="http://walkingstockholm.blogspot.com/2019/09/wallstrom-and-rudbergs-1864-general.html" target="_blank">Wallström and Rudberg</a> in 1864, but just about everyone found it unrealistic and lacking, even if there were a few ideas that would be incorporated into later plans and eventually even built.<br /></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><br />The <a href="http://walkingstockholm.blogspot.com/2020/03/the-lindhagen-plan.html " target="_blank">Lindhagen Plan</a> was published in 1866 and was a vast improvement over the previous plan. The plan featured a hierarchy of streets with a number of wide, tree-lined esplanades and boulevards whisking across the city. Parks and water views were the most common sight line from the boulevard system, and Lindhagen’s plan designated sites for a number of new parks in addition to designating the entire waterfront as public quaysides. <br /></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><br />The city then dillydallied about making a decision on the plan for eight more years. In the meantime, the King’s frustration with Stockholm evidently continued as the <a href="http://walkingstockholm.blogspot.com/2020/04/a-planning-code-disguised-as-building.html" target="_blank">National Building Code of 1874</a> required all Swedish cities to draw up comprehensive plans. No development was allowed to occur without a comprehensive plan.<br /></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><br />In the mean time, while the city council remained deadlocked about a plan for the city’s future growth, Stockholm was in the middle of its most intense period of population growth, ever. In the 1880’s alone, the city’s population grew by 46%. The population boom of course resulted in a severe housing shortage—the city was literally surrounded by vast tent encampments and ramshackle slums and inside the city, workers crowded into tiny apartments. Living conditions in Stockholm were nearly the worst in Europe, second only to Finland which at that point in time was Russia’s fiefdom. It was critical that Stockholm get its act together and make a plan so that development could restart, alleviating the housing shortage.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><br />Eventually, the plan was broken down into four geographical areas (Östermalm, Norrmalm, Kungsholmen, and Södermalm) in order to make the process a bit more manageable. However, the city was unable to come to a consensus even upon the four smaller geographic areas and debates and counter arguments raged for years. In the end, the city began voting on the plans street for street, sometimes even block by block. In doing so, many of Lindhagen’s big-picture concepts were lost. In 1884, <a href="http://walkingstockholm.blogspot.com/2021/04/the-plan-for-ostermalm-and-its-boundary.html" target="_blank">Östermalm</a> was the first plan to be ratified, but only after eighteen years of proposals, counter-proposals, debates, and politicking. <br /></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><br />The next plan was Norrmalm. The subject of this post is not about the entire Norrmalm plan—like the nineteenth-century planers, I’ve been a little overwhelmed trying to understand the entire area in one fell swoop. This time my focus is on two north-south thoroughfares: first, the boundary boulevard between the Östermalm and Norrmalm neighborhoods which is today known as Birger Jarlsgatan (Birger Jarl was the almost mythic founder of Stockholm in the 1200’s, and <i>gata</i> = street ) and second, a boulevard that is only a few blocks west which is today known as Sveavägen (Svea ≈ Mother Sweden and <i>vägen</i> = road).</p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgwGcGruKxtsp2Bpt_vb81cc78ifF1nhuIUTz01NhXvyRbKiZ9Uj0jx1Obx-Yubr-suEqZsMhOpGWlG6LG4D0j3yJJljit1fRUfs1hGoWeYsqCcmOEHdfGCRhdwLMijQ1g37z_vPCNGVN4PJSTn1zTtfT0PuUjGNutgRPqxgFfEsHqcR2iudOdjd4bqeg/s1004/Norrmalm-Maps.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1004" data-original-width="503" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgwGcGruKxtsp2Bpt_vb81cc78ifF1nhuIUTz01NhXvyRbKiZ9Uj0jx1Obx-Yubr-suEqZsMhOpGWlG6LG4D0j3yJJljit1fRUfs1hGoWeYsqCcmOEHdfGCRhdwLMijQ1g37z_vPCNGVN4PJSTn1zTtfT0PuUjGNutgRPqxgFfEsHqcR2iudOdjd4bqeg/w320-h640/Norrmalm-Maps.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><p style="text-align: justify;"></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><br />Birger Jarlsgatan is located at the junction between the differently angled street grids of Östermalm and Norrmalm. Before development, a filthy creek called Träskrännilen ran through this low area. Replacing this stinking, disease-spreading creek with a new thoroughfare was one of the King’s ten original requirements for Stockholm’s comprehensive plan. Even so, the location of this boulevard was the single most contentious issue in the Norrmalm plan.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><br />While not as explicitly described as Birger Jarlsgatan, Sveavägen as a “sufficient and appropriate traffic route from the periphery to the center of the city” was also one of the King’s ten original requirements for Stockholm’s comprehensive plan. Being in the middle of Norrmalm and thus entirely within one street grid, Sveavägen is not as dynamic as Birger Jarlsgatan. While the boulevard’s location was not contentious, its width and symbolic grandeur were issues that were debated for years.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><br />Today, the two streets are somewhat similar in scale, but they have completely different vibes. While they had slightly different journeys through the protracted planning process, I do not believe that it was the varying heat of the planning crucible that formed their differing characters. Instead, my observation is that geography plays a much larger role. <br /> <br /><b>Birger Jarlsgatan: The Debate</b><br />Just as it took years of counter-proposals and debates for the plan for Östermalm to be ratified, a similarly drawn-out debate raged all through the 1870’s regarding the fates of Sturegatan and Birger Jarlsgatan. Sturegatan was a relatively new street developed on the east side of Humlegården park, and Östermalm’s real estate developers felt that there was money to be won if Sturegatan was extended to the city center and to the Norrmalmstorg Square. The city-engineer faction, hoping to save money, wanted to instead broaden the existing Roslagsgatan. The planning faction, including Lindhagen, advocated that an entirely new and arrow-straight “main street” be built from the bay at Brunnsviken to the bay at Nybroviken. In the end, a new thoroughfare was built, but it was far from the arrow-straight boulevard that Lindhagen had envisioned. </p><p style="text-align: justify;"></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiG5kKvU4ijiyWxfjmW9w7EmWkzbZlhwsnAIPWI2BFvFJ3GLcBw9PTjI6Vq_B6hMbIe6H8N_q6NsOg9G2bY8o4Y1eW6NolEg0GLIESC98Y3abwGfM1O-jS2QOI_6ETaDwVttWfoSds6aJBPbMpu-K6FSU0KXdhVI60Z4b0VWTMSzveyaCuc5qscWY_PVw/s2618/Lindhagen%20BJ.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="2618" data-original-width="2101" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiG5kKvU4ijiyWxfjmW9w7EmWkzbZlhwsnAIPWI2BFvFJ3GLcBw9PTjI6Vq_B6hMbIe6H8N_q6NsOg9G2bY8o4Y1eW6NolEg0GLIESC98Y3abwGfM1O-jS2QOI_6ETaDwVttWfoSds6aJBPbMpu-K6FSU0KXdhVI60Z4b0VWTMSzveyaCuc5qscWY_PVw/w514-h640/Lindhagen%20BJ.jpg" width="514" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Birger Jarlsgatan in Lindhagen's original proposal from 1866 (1)<br /></td></tr></tbody></table><br /> <br />The developer’s proposal where Sturegatan would become the new thoroughfare involved six different links with two 90-degree changes of direction, and the six links all had different street widths. It was in no way an efficient or direct thoroughfare, and it did not fulfill the King’s express wishes to fill the polluted creek with a new boulevard. Even so, the developers, many of whom sat in the city council, were a strong faction and in the end, their absurd proposal lost by only one vote.<p></p><p style="text-align: justify;"></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhM3A5xNjWA5LcaFyEb2Ye9_kTSVzggedqeCbH9HILVyInvAyDVDbmKGJEFOawroKp9OY2u1-Wfla5ENT29YmbiDmrXtXHhdXZ2raKLNGVvEUFHNKHNyBbj6Oj1gWJ7A7yrCLMho0IdVVlKSoaorTALgZFApc6Xmw1WcnlNpLRj3dwEwI16ZwOOzAxKIw/s2925/1%20BJ%20Norrmalm%201876%20proposal%20developers%20-%20Selling.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="2925" data-original-width="2444" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhM3A5xNjWA5LcaFyEb2Ye9_kTSVzggedqeCbH9HILVyInvAyDVDbmKGJEFOawroKp9OY2u1-Wfla5ENT29YmbiDmrXtXHhdXZ2raKLNGVvEUFHNKHNyBbj6Oj1gWJ7A7yrCLMho0IdVVlKSoaorTALgZFApc6Xmw1WcnlNpLRj3dwEwI16ZwOOzAxKIw/w534-h640/1%20BJ%20Norrmalm%201876%20proposal%20developers%20-%20Selling.jpg" width="534" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">The developers' proposal from 1876. Red = "thoroughfare." Yellow = Sturegatan. Orange = Norrmalmstorg. (1) <br /></td></tr></tbody></table><br /> <br />No one other than the city engineer or the budget office seemed to like the proposal to widen an already existing street instead of building a new thoroughfare—this proposal doesn’t seem to have even made it to the city council’s votes. <p></p><p style="text-align: justify;"></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><br />In contrast to the developer’s proposal, Lindhagen’s proposal consisted of one straight, continuous thoroughfare. Lindhagen envisioned the street as part of the city’s lungs, allowing polluted air to swiftly sweep up the thoroughfare and out of the city. He also considered the boulevard to be part of the city’s continuous park system, and his planned route was important to connect various green areas—this is one aspect of Lindhagen’s overarching plan that was lost in breaking up the comprehensive city plan into separate neighborhoods and indeed into separate streets or even blocks. The developers hated Lindhagen’s proposal because in knitting together two different street grids, a lot of lots would have obtuse or even worse, sharp angles. Such lots are not as efficient and they are a bit more difficult to build than a normal, right-angled lot. In all of the debates, Lindhagen never seems to have pressed the point that his proposal was most like the straight, ditch-filling street called for by the King. I wonder why this trump card was never used? </p><p style="text-align: justify;"></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEizTk1qaYhNn0RplVFwnneXrHEe1qk7owcuqfXvOAVac5-mjfW6L57f0TkJLnSwII2YQdR5Z0OknayxqOcmD3Rrh5mbIPD043tUpo2vMN0cyJ7KqHySZx9miKSHv4Fl1G-d0Ewcs2p79OxT4_QXjq-GoKZiyHLmbgoJpk2EwO2x-iHqsybeNJCgVye27A/s3062/2%20BJ%20Norrmalm%20Lindhagen%20proposal%201876%20-%20Selling.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="3062" data-original-width="2275" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEizTk1qaYhNn0RplVFwnneXrHEe1qk7owcuqfXvOAVac5-mjfW6L57f0TkJLnSwII2YQdR5Z0OknayxqOcmD3Rrh5mbIPD043tUpo2vMN0cyJ7KqHySZx9miKSHv4Fl1G-d0Ewcs2p79OxT4_QXjq-GoKZiyHLmbgoJpk2EwO2x-iHqsybeNJCgVye27A/w476-h640/2%20BJ%20Norrmalm%20Lindhagen%20proposal%201876%20-%20Selling.jpg" width="476" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Lindhagen's counter proposal from 1876 (1)<br /></td></tr></tbody></table> <p></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhzcEPS9HbwfKH9cPF1Qm_MTmBEaHwQKkAJPGe8EGfm8xkkOVuyQjgERCTZGWBUAf_ln_0KSahpYUYf1UCAEPJ2M-Mii4aY6Iqq6kBfd97MBzmG2ySKp4G6Hn-sczhRq7WoQhMx9NKfAmfkeXNOFuS8-yIT9yj6_3YAtJ8v2k3FsxHRXjAOGig81Vda5A/s2926/3%20BJ%20Norrmalm%20Dr%C3%A4tseln%C3%A4mnden%20proposal%201877.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="2926" data-original-width="2528" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhzcEPS9HbwfKH9cPF1Qm_MTmBEaHwQKkAJPGe8EGfm8xkkOVuyQjgERCTZGWBUAf_ln_0KSahpYUYf1UCAEPJ2M-Mii4aY6Iqq6kBfd97MBzmG2ySKp4G6Hn-sczhRq7WoQhMx9NKfAmfkeXNOFuS8-yIT9yj6_3YAtJ8v2k3FsxHRXjAOGig81Vda5A/w552-h640/3%20BJ%20Norrmalm%20Dr%C3%A4tseln%C3%A4mnden%20proposal%201877.jpg" width="552" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">The city's counter counter proposal from 1877 (1)<br /></td></tr></tbody></table><br /><p></p><p style="text-align: justify;"></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgky8JQfThWjXpuCdXRUU3CIGohD5bXyNGX-x9gUz7CMHoJk3n1NAYXJcOSHubB1lGrIIydD-H8owaeuPcJGxIyNAYTTVj2GkdB5pLSvAHQJOK1Cvqz6goq1_gjMZn3U8Sb9V3q0PZ5lKpb-yLIgplM6Y5rV2PJyNt8EfiIJ3RRpldmx2i9J6bFMR65nQ/s3063/4%20BJ%20Norrmalm%20Lindhagen%20proposal%201877.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="3063" data-original-width="2575" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgky8JQfThWjXpuCdXRUU3CIGohD5bXyNGX-x9gUz7CMHoJk3n1NAYXJcOSHubB1lGrIIydD-H8owaeuPcJGxIyNAYTTVj2GkdB5pLSvAHQJOK1Cvqz6goq1_gjMZn3U8Sb9V3q0PZ5lKpb-yLIgplM6Y5rV2PJyNt8EfiIJ3RRpldmx2i9J6bFMR65nQ/w538-h640/4%20BJ%20Norrmalm%20Lindhagen%20proposal%201877.jpg" width="538" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Lindhagen's counter counter counter proposal from 1877 (1)</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjtUsZtJs5dJLAAEVXh1z35aBen5KaonI4MdqD2TmFrOt7Bv5U7oJuGG8hasNuqM-IJV_uTsIPJuuccpy5Ew-qyzJCYJXrEsOk-ZaR86bL_Fa0_0lj8Maiea_g3BvzQb8XvS1V-TMccQlBYgLkK4MkkYISBsT2-thgVH_jc0r7WlqWTP-3jSuFf4K-Tjw/s2896/5%20BJ%20Norrmalm%20Beredningsutskott%20proposal%201877.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="2896" data-original-width="2496" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjtUsZtJs5dJLAAEVXh1z35aBen5KaonI4MdqD2TmFrOt7Bv5U7oJuGG8hasNuqM-IJV_uTsIPJuuccpy5Ew-qyzJCYJXrEsOk-ZaR86bL_Fa0_0lj8Maiea_g3BvzQb8XvS1V-TMccQlBYgLkK4MkkYISBsT2-thgVH_jc0r7WlqWTP-3jSuFf4K-Tjw/w552-h640/5%20BJ%20Norrmalm%20Beredningsutskott%20proposal%201877.jpg" width="552" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">The developers' counter counter counter counter proposal from 1877. Red = "thoroughfare." Yellow = Sturegatan. Orange = Norrmalmstorg. (1) </td></tr></tbody></table><p style="text-align: justify;"> </p><p style="text-align: justify;">There was no consensus on the boulevard, and the debate raged back and forth between the developer’s Sturegatan plan and Lindhagen’s arrow-straight plan for years. As the decision moved up the various layers of city bureaucracy, the “winner” was sometimes the Sturegatan plan, sometimes Lindhagen’s plan. After a few years of debate, the street was broken up into three separate decisions put up to vote in 1877: the northern end, the middle, and the southern end. </p><p style="text-align: justify;"><br />First on the agenda seems to have been the middle section of the street from Rådmansgatan to Engelbrektsplan. Here, Lindhagen’s proposal won out with a large majority of the vote. The same was true for the northern end of the boulevard. But the southern end, which was the last to be decided, was a very close call and Lindhagen’s proposal won out by only one vote. A change of only one vote would have resulted in a completely different downtown Stockholm than what exists today. </p><p style="text-align: justify;"><br />While Lindhagen’s proposal more-or-less won out, breaking up the street into three different decisions resulted in a crooked path. The winning variation is certainly not as complicated as the developer’s proposal, but it is far from the symbolic, arrow-straight boulevard that Lindhagen had first envisioned. Additionally, Lindhagen’s boulevard was reduced in width and is considerably less green than the original proposal. While Birger Jarlsgatan is tree lined today, it can be hardly considered to be part of Stockholm’s park system. </p><p style="text-align: justify;"></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg_5kqvgFSdBSrpwLRi_DKLLxMIHEfZvB5JD3GMbuxgbZEQHUMKToKYfCnswiNnehkHpDjabsska4GeIgTxfe6UIGburOcRtvc12Bf5E1jxHnMQkUwYKH4gGCyxy0Qih62k-hYJ3Uxiq-pCuC-dQIvwF7mUdC7q-LypjQWRIkb5kHyTITd8o3HIUjU2rw/s2887/6%20BJ%20Norrmalm%20Beredningsutskott%20proposal%201878%20-%20Selling.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="2887" data-original-width="2479" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg_5kqvgFSdBSrpwLRi_DKLLxMIHEfZvB5JD3GMbuxgbZEQHUMKToKYfCnswiNnehkHpDjabsska4GeIgTxfe6UIGburOcRtvc12Bf5E1jxHnMQkUwYKH4gGCyxy0Qih62k-hYJ3Uxiq-pCuC-dQIvwF7mUdC7q-LypjQWRIkb5kHyTITd8o3HIUjU2rw/w550-h640/6%20BJ%20Norrmalm%20Beredningsutskott%20proposal%201878%20-%20Selling.jpg" width="550" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">The city's final proposal from 1878. Today's Birger Jarlsgatan is pretty close to this proposal. (1)<br /></td></tr></tbody></table><br /> <br />As a bit of a consolation prize for the developers, it was then decided that Sturegatan would be extended down to meet the new Birger Jarlsgatan at an open square. The developers got their connection to downtown after all, albeit not in the way they had proposed.<p></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><br />The King ratified these decisions in 1879, but actual construction of the boulevard wouldn’t begin until 1898.<br /><br /><b>Birger Jarlsgatan: Result</b><br />Birger Jarlsgatan was developed at a time when Sweden’s economic growth was unparalleled and Stockholm became a modern and international city. The boulevard became a symbol for all of Sweden for this newfound wealth and modernity. Even today, the street name Birger Jarlsgatan is known throughout Sweden and is associated with the big city, big business, and shopping. The street is home to many company headquarters and banking offices, and it is also the only place in Stockholm (and probably all of Sweden?) where the likes of Chanel, Gucci, and Burberry can be procured in flagship stores. </p><p style="text-align: justify;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiJWBYCZGmXG7DftrDJFywFh_5nsJczsYFqMPcyq_xoUEYomRFv2LJtIeVct2NX5s9opmK1eDymFfXXWEnNkxOTZtTDsvI6cUwmZ1ZjsAyqY6i1kslxUAZlohoCkfM0TaijrMi2QPX0BP5eSi3rrlwAnI7xraqSmlRj0crR7yfEIiLpPkMfK-hJp6aX4Q/s2205/brand%20names%20comp.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="810" data-original-width="2205" height="236" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiJWBYCZGmXG7DftrDJFywFh_5nsJczsYFqMPcyq_xoUEYomRFv2LJtIeVct2NX5s9opmK1eDymFfXXWEnNkxOTZtTDsvI6cUwmZ1ZjsAyqY6i1kslxUAZlohoCkfM0TaijrMi2QPX0BP5eSi3rrlwAnI7xraqSmlRj0crR7yfEIiLpPkMfK-hJp6aX4Q/w640-h236/brand%20names%20comp.jpg" width="640" /></a></div><br /> <br />Birger Jarlsgatan’s development as a shopping mecca and base for corporate headquarters had a big impact on the boulevard’s architecture. Sweden’s first large display windows and its first solely commercial building are to be found along the boulevard. <p></p><p style="text-align: justify;"></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjJUC5GIrQB0Ru180qoIWjqkyI5YU_FKbVGxfD1ozfPDd_XvL2w5m6veUvau5woP7HH3AbYq2JBh3Z5wBfb6GtN6kHV-iU1EFOsnGfFA72-jdE7XII9Vn9emH9J9KM7GBfhCA0ZmFb1v25SbjmSW_Xs8U9OdvgRiYXb-gEZKlOZ5wzy-cQeSxHWOuyVdQ/s2205/display%20windows%20and%20commercial%20building%20comp.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="810" data-original-width="2205" height="236" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjJUC5GIrQB0Ru180qoIWjqkyI5YU_FKbVGxfD1ozfPDd_XvL2w5m6veUvau5woP7HH3AbYq2JBh3Z5wBfb6GtN6kHV-iU1EFOsnGfFA72-jdE7XII9Vn9emH9J9KM7GBfhCA0ZmFb1v25SbjmSW_Xs8U9OdvgRiYXb-gEZKlOZ5wzy-cQeSxHWOuyVdQ/w640-h236/display%20windows%20and%20commercial%20building%20comp.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Right: Sweden's first all-commercial building<br /></td></tr></tbody></table><br /><p></p><p style="text-align: justify;">From the beginning, the Birger Jarlsgatan address was so important and coveted that developers paid extra attention to the architecture along the street. Soon, the boulevard was lined with Classical temples, Venetian palaces, and Loire Valley castles. <br /></p><p style="text-align: justify;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhpXC4Oh25FSIyKo_UThrYuV46RH8xfAHrwYB3xjZliRXE0efQMB5gbkaPBA39-OuLK0EfO_u0-GMniUJn4e1zMxL5wmmjUNld9a1z6x4OjcXUNTC_pZuW6IkOvU1lQ9nrnUOs6Z8kndCcxUhFq3CStmGs5hdRc_Wwf67DFXEg3CEr8wuFvTyF8Rdy5wg/s2205/architecture%20comp.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="810" data-original-width="2205" height="236" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhpXC4Oh25FSIyKo_UThrYuV46RH8xfAHrwYB3xjZliRXE0efQMB5gbkaPBA39-OuLK0EfO_u0-GMniUJn4e1zMxL5wmmjUNld9a1z6x4OjcXUNTC_pZuW6IkOvU1lQ9nrnUOs6Z8kndCcxUhFq3CStmGs5hdRc_Wwf67DFXEg3CEr8wuFvTyF8Rdy5wg/w640-h236/architecture%20comp.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>The castle theme is especially amplified by all of the towers rising
from the sharp angles resulting from the clash of the two street grids.
These corner towers are Birger jarlsgatan’s iconic feature and what
most people think of when they think about the street.<p></p><p style="text-align: justify;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhUY7ltgIcK4zxFmUJc1h9J86UdRlKcy4zjHTyMR_JiPGrJWTH92REK_bPSIasKTBas-WVAhqXr8RqrIQ0M9z8Y6qh97QpFdsR7qHaZkGSKxYHAiTtZ29XEhn9ZFjqImkIzIxrRwzy5uZcRkI9KwyTdgoG9INVhiovlyWiaAVIPmw-TCwkVnmuuJVjh-g/s1665/tower%20comp.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1080" data-original-width="1665" height="416" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhUY7ltgIcK4zxFmUJc1h9J86UdRlKcy4zjHTyMR_JiPGrJWTH92REK_bPSIasKTBas-WVAhqXr8RqrIQ0M9z8Y6qh97QpFdsR7qHaZkGSKxYHAiTtZ29XEhn9ZFjqImkIzIxrRwzy5uZcRkI9KwyTdgoG9INVhiovlyWiaAVIPmw-TCwkVnmuuJVjh-g/w640-h416/tower%20comp.jpg" width="640" /></a></div> <p></p><p style="text-align: justify;">Birger Jarlsgatan’s path knitting together two differing street grids resulted not only in towers but also in many “left over” spots. Many of these have become squares and pocket parks, giving the boulevard an even more dignified aura. Some of these “left overs” are under-designed and under-utilized, but the airy, grand environment remains. </p><p style="text-align: justify;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiK_miJu55NWeAbKz5sFlUarkZ2iJXQOEih_dvc2Co_BGXHgMZg-cCkXVOxEnVH5KTxiNTgx6ldnKPIVoEiGJ5VfPd5Wmwt97jGGlotwP1NIIFHWG4ZfKzOYxIDCCl1DtgPSwcgELKlDTWsB5I-effr0UfIT2lmHxa_lqu2i4Gfe8JElfi42LU3TADgxQ/s2205/left%20over%20comp.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1665" data-original-width="2205" height="484" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiK_miJu55NWeAbKz5sFlUarkZ2iJXQOEih_dvc2Co_BGXHgMZg-cCkXVOxEnVH5KTxiNTgx6ldnKPIVoEiGJ5VfPd5Wmwt97jGGlotwP1NIIFHWG4ZfKzOYxIDCCl1DtgPSwcgELKlDTWsB5I-effr0UfIT2lmHxa_lqu2i4Gfe8JElfi42LU3TADgxQ/w640-h484/left%20over%20comp.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>Others are busy and prominent: Stureplan, where Sturegatan connects to Birger Jarlsgatan as a consolation prize to the developer faction’s proposal, was a bustling meeting place for people and trams since the beginning, and it is still lively today. <p></p><p style="text-align: justify;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhwkB7adZjTEAIHWP_fUUJ3abPrA-Yljr3ZHG4E82At9_2faCU-D_H4YTO8DY8CCS9iDIWY75M6pK7k-PkqjXQoR_xux0zmKBCGjNSyaTf0cejLKJ4qMqmcr4H9_UlqyHui9dWk4Zcj4uL6yh6tRQpKYi02-zO8VGmCzrP2b1AGU9G4AWi_SA_x1H8e9w/s2205/Stureplan%20comp.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="810" data-original-width="2205" height="236" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhwkB7adZjTEAIHWP_fUUJ3abPrA-Yljr3ZHG4E82At9_2faCU-D_H4YTO8DY8CCS9iDIWY75M6pK7k-PkqjXQoR_xux0zmKBCGjNSyaTf0cejLKJ4qMqmcr4H9_UlqyHui9dWk4Zcj4uL6yh6tRQpKYi02-zO8VGmCzrP2b1AGU9G4AWi_SA_x1H8e9w/w640-h236/Stureplan%20comp.jpg" width="640" /></a></div><br /><p></p><p style="text-align: justify;">The southern end of the boulevard is much fancier that the northern end. The southern end is in the city center and features the important headquarters and designer shopping. The northern end is much more residential in nature, but even the geography here results in a less grand impression because to the north, the street is lined by regular city blocks and has right-angled street junctions. The lack of sharply angled lots and left-over spaces makes the northern end of the boulevard much more ordinary than the stimulating southern end. </p><p style="text-align: justify;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi5bJUhpSjEi4evAF6YYbwgC_Ic91p0sJN99Vt0LbdrVaETy55exrrYH8bcc-0wQozxPA2WuAH5Iz9nx0UpYeHilx0NOOfAqntAWzvF9cVZmS6Y0bDZ24ow894Ud30Fe0cl1ldKPP18C_mMfUJ0bf9SbZrN4-al-8SrhlU5LRD8s8OH1FS18_NKTM3VZQ/s2205/north%20comp.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="810" data-original-width="2205" height="236" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi5bJUhpSjEi4evAF6YYbwgC_Ic91p0sJN99Vt0LbdrVaETy55exrrYH8bcc-0wQozxPA2WuAH5Iz9nx0UpYeHilx0NOOfAqntAWzvF9cVZmS6Y0bDZ24ow894Ud30Fe0cl1ldKPP18C_mMfUJ0bf9SbZrN4-al-8SrhlU5LRD8s8OH1FS18_NKTM3VZQ/w640-h236/north%20comp.jpg" width="640" /></a></div><p></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><br />Birger Jarlsgatan begins at the southern end at the water at Nybroviken Bay, but it does not extend to the bay at Brunnsviken as originally envisioned by Lindhagen. Instead, it peters out at a lackluster, could-be-anywhere roundabout known as Roslagstull (originally the site of one of the city’s <a href="https://walkingstockholm.blogspot.com/2014/05/stockholms-tollhouses.html" target="_blank">Toll Houses</a>) where an expressway leads out into the burbs. Looking at older maps, one can see that Brunnsviken Bay used to extend farther south and was originally within sight of the end of Birger Jarlsgatan, but it has since been filled in to provide space for the suburban motorway. </p><p style="text-align: justify;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiCdZFNqjq2xaoiZiEAFEFyRbLVprQ6zbTxT0TXzFYolrJmpCfrXVTdd2_vaOMasF8U7n7u7rAiLSa0fhVrDR_-V9sUVUhH1egLKTN0goA4mbI_e1eOmY-Y4VCd-Gg2FLjWwqs7LAoV2TL9TragOOqeEiNDVG4KqOo-gzfEMfu8Mai7SX17OlGV3tjiOQ/s2205/Roslagstull%20comp.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="810" data-original-width="2205" height="236" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiCdZFNqjq2xaoiZiEAFEFyRbLVprQ6zbTxT0TXzFYolrJmpCfrXVTdd2_vaOMasF8U7n7u7rAiLSa0fhVrDR_-V9sUVUhH1egLKTN0goA4mbI_e1eOmY-Y4VCd-Gg2FLjWwqs7LAoV2TL9TragOOqeEiNDVG4KqOo-gzfEMfu8Mai7SX17OlGV3tjiOQ/w640-h236/Roslagstull%20comp.jpg" width="640" /></a></div><p style="text-align: justify;"><br /><b>Sveavägen: The Debate</b><br />In 1654, architect Jean de la Vallée presented a plan which called for an <a href="https://walkingstockholm.blogspot.com/2015/12/gustav-adolfs-torg-and-norrbro.html" target="_blank">axial parade avenue</a> from the Royal Palace Slottet, over the water, through Gustav Adolf’s Torg, and through Norrmalm all the way to the water at Brunnsviken. </p><p style="text-align: justify;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjcNUtK29_dxmy0mk6dpyIewzyJ2CPW6h3zy53wEwTkOzLNUNmDOGOz7xsPeojANOHnp9L7-S4mh-ctwM_7qzDY5P3C8yGDZ06xIJmVtf5-d__9_I-t0KNmXi9UCyr3t5v0pPYtv188nlEDxnPjvlmxxd3UDTSrsjiA4EeJQLCBT7uBvnYXjmE3LJRTQA/s2850/Slott.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1848" data-original-width="2850" height="259" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjcNUtK29_dxmy0mk6dpyIewzyJ2CPW6h3zy53wEwTkOzLNUNmDOGOz7xsPeojANOHnp9L7-S4mh-ctwM_7qzDY5P3C8yGDZ06xIJmVtf5-d__9_I-t0KNmXi9UCyr3t5v0pPYtv188nlEDxnPjvlmxxd3UDTSrsjiA4EeJQLCBT7uBvnYXjmE3LJRTQA/w400-h259/Slott.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>Vallée's big idea was to make Stockholm’s Castle visible from Brunnsviken. This plan was never executed, but the idea would pop up over and over again throughout the next 300 years.<p></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj_twgg7E-J0C_Wv_PqzfkMGhiVuqoscucJFoMxzTQkFAf1kJlcffjPdWxqAPc_pYTqZ0K93WiWLH2vYbJYH4UQAqdu3WM323W1ZRsSUFTDRKwD2AK33ItqeUCguxUMuZW6fI-KmilT0l1d-3v3xbJ5c8fh9NJN-yIWwZ6LvGJLamc-d5_OAilZoqsU3A/s1389/Jean%20de%20Vallee%20Sveav%C3%A4gen%20Hall%20Huvudstad%20Omvandling.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1057" data-original-width="1389" height="488" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj_twgg7E-J0C_Wv_PqzfkMGhiVuqoscucJFoMxzTQkFAf1kJlcffjPdWxqAPc_pYTqZ0K93WiWLH2vYbJYH4UQAqdu3WM323W1ZRsSUFTDRKwD2AK33ItqeUCguxUMuZW6fI-KmilT0l1d-3v3xbJ5c8fh9NJN-yIWwZ6LvGJLamc-d5_OAilZoqsU3A/w640-h488/Jean%20de%20Vallee%20Sveav%C3%A4gen%20Hall%20Huvudstad%20Omvandling.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Jean de la Vallées vision in a modern rendering (2)<br /></td></tr></tbody></table><p style="text-align: justify;"></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><br />Jean de la Vallée’s idea of a formal, axial avenue stretching from the palace to the water’s edge at Brunnsviken was reimagined in the Lindhagen Plan of 1866. Heavily influenced by Haussmann’s Parisian boulevards, this new Sveavägen was monumental in scale at 240 feet (70m) wide, and it dominated the entire cityscape. The avenue was to have lanes of traffic on either side of two planted allées of trees which were to be separated by a carriageway for leisurely strolls and rides. Sveavägen was to be as wide as Champs-Élysées in Paris, and it would have been one of the 19th century’s most ambitious projects in all of Europe. While the northern end was on low-lying and mostly undeveloped land, the southern end would demolish the high Brunkeberg Ridge </p><p style="text-align: justify;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEihiBmDtf9nc9L_EjAErjBaN3XGFSeAl_eWdzY8Zl84O-ElLsa73IjyNyHZ9rRxi1Ai2MSdS_T7kPnQe2CPkmKZMxMsvH4tJc0q5Rx_BcmAawg2Ga5Fxmfp3so-2Y2pELWkNpJKzn6Cb4AQltW7XL2aaarcheTsqkVfpbR3cm58P_aSJCn8qounbnCusw/s1080/Brunkeberg.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="810" data-original-width="1080" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEihiBmDtf9nc9L_EjAErjBaN3XGFSeAl_eWdzY8Zl84O-ElLsa73IjyNyHZ9rRxi1Ai2MSdS_T7kPnQe2CPkmKZMxMsvH4tJc0q5Rx_BcmAawg2Ga5Fxmfp3so-2Y2pELWkNpJKzn6Cb4AQltW7XL2aaarcheTsqkVfpbR3cm58P_aSJCn8qounbnCusw/w400-h300/Brunkeberg.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>and would cut through densely developed areas. Adolf Fredrik’s Church would be demolished <p></p><p style="text-align: justify;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEglwHGqtSn38Q05H_zPhFaJFCIXjiK4UMmVWzKJMHHJO0G0Iwc0Tuk7fk9Zkk2mPknthxrKs-MHIEiqXlO5s1K108QlSxbDr0KnJesbw9gjuEU_tjrQd65CvxQqjIZ6UfNgr2VJ4iV7Ehf-7gn9sZRn1Vtps0kBNOwhnXz-8cB-v3QEKRwAjfRmeXCFWg/s1735/Church%20comp.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="810" data-original-width="1735" height="298" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEglwHGqtSn38Q05H_zPhFaJFCIXjiK4UMmVWzKJMHHJO0G0Iwc0Tuk7fk9Zkk2mPknthxrKs-MHIEiqXlO5s1K108QlSxbDr0KnJesbw9gjuEU_tjrQd65CvxQqjIZ6UfNgr2VJ4iV7Ehf-7gn9sZRn1Vtps0kBNOwhnXz-8cB-v3QEKRwAjfRmeXCFWg/w640-h298/Church%20comp.jpg" width="640" /></a></div><p></p><p style="text-align: justify;">and the market square Hötorget </p><p style="text-align: justify;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhmFmqfZmdWIzNhtN-8KVMl3UDABqvLFA_El8YFxDYCNds8t0B6UCmmXCBrMOk5VeiJiwCZtcITmRpMoj3Ruy9WNCngq-RGoiqT0J9p1rk7JKyUvXVWUjwkEvXczSnW0gudlsqgBP4agZANNjwvz_3w6ykXG1ROR7lXQumm4tQK-8jEk990lAKCGnpeBA/s1080/H%C3%B6torget.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="810" data-original-width="1080" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhmFmqfZmdWIzNhtN-8KVMl3UDABqvLFA_El8YFxDYCNds8t0B6UCmmXCBrMOk5VeiJiwCZtcITmRpMoj3Ruy9WNCngq-RGoiqT0J9p1rk7JKyUvXVWUjwkEvXczSnW0gudlsqgBP4agZANNjwvz_3w6ykXG1ROR7lXQumm4tQK-8jEk990lAKCGnpeBA/w400-h300/H%C3%B6torget.jpg" width="400" /></a></div> would be completely swallowed up by the avenue. <p></p><p style="text-align: justify;"></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjx2WKKFvrG0DUUaaX6w1ZBolNpDuCUnbzRoX163XRPPGMFTfqSkKpjKlZz73ia9Pia4xiMjD4dk3irzd0Ure7N-PGlf9UDhXc9KKBRIK0VvWcb_JaAH_GMlEUmqZmdHtJIMLKaytns7_alJQ112jkwITqYlp4Fj7pT8Mkdntau0dZJJexmMZYC0-erTw/s2618/Lindhagen%20S.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="2618" data-original-width="2101" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjx2WKKFvrG0DUUaaX6w1ZBolNpDuCUnbzRoX163XRPPGMFTfqSkKpjKlZz73ia9Pia4xiMjD4dk3irzd0Ure7N-PGlf9UDhXc9KKBRIK0VvWcb_JaAH_GMlEUmqZmdHtJIMLKaytns7_alJQ112jkwITqYlp4Fj7pT8Mkdntau0dZJJexmMZYC0-erTw/w514-h640/Lindhagen%20S.jpg" width="514" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Sveavägen in Lindhagen's original proposal from 1866. Red = Sveavägen. Yellow = Adolf Fredrik’s Church. Blue = Hötorget. Orange = Stockholm's Castle Slottet (1)</td></tr></tbody></table> <p></p><p style="text-align: justify;">This boulevard was never built as envisioned—while Sveavägen does cut through much of Stockholm today, it doesn’t reach all the way to Gustav Adolf’s Torg or to the Royal Palace and the boulevard is definitely not as wide as originally designed. Like Birger Jarlsgatan, much of the original intention was lost in the political planning process. </p><p style="text-align: justify;"></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiuO7u7nHAKYHGK_DJekzuxPHcalaNJ8dayXX6XZLkJ8lRfCJKEKwi_pyTQD1E4CvzzuqWiRLsosVphbsI5UNAiTo5ROiGJlfdxWKGnjAl3oUMMSgVagmM931U3VqcEiExBoRJyDU0dCVAeNV8HkALOSJrhcX6eMQSlnLSU3SXoxLDVPIesheYLAGVZZQ/s2925/1%20S%20Norrmalm%201876%20proposal%20developers%20-%20Selling.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="2925" data-original-width="2444" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiuO7u7nHAKYHGK_DJekzuxPHcalaNJ8dayXX6XZLkJ8lRfCJKEKwi_pyTQD1E4CvzzuqWiRLsosVphbsI5UNAiTo5ROiGJlfdxWKGnjAl3oUMMSgVagmM931U3VqcEiExBoRJyDU0dCVAeNV8HkALOSJrhcX6eMQSlnLSU3SXoxLDVPIesheYLAGVZZQ/w534-h640/1%20S%20Norrmalm%201876%20proposal%20developers%20-%20Selling.jpg" width="534" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">The city's proposal from1876. Red = Sveavägen. Yellow = Adolf Fredrik’s Church. Orange = Stockholm's Castle Slottet (1)</td></tr></tbody></table><p></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><br />Given the massive critique that his original Sveavägen plan had generated, when the planning process was again underway, Lindhagen drew up a much less ambitious plan in 1876. In this new proposal, Sveavägen would now end at a new east-west boulevard (today Odengatan) and would not continue into built-up areas further south. This 1876 plan does retain, however, Lindhagen’s ambitious street with of 70m. </p><p style="text-align: justify;"></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjDtHO4RnR98yGBzIpV1rASTf6pfuW7rJ3I8xsFcp_qmCikKN9EwqKNrJShrR3t1Nvl5WK_IzVapVvSXio0mFbYwypS7-n2z8qFXLGd64UgVHzkTp7YjmuVBuJqcYTJ1aKiWcsAAeREfZGnN6EK9UD3x-LzeNTmMMKSwReynUwH1CbwrBwcp1TxBBAGSA/s3062/2%20S%20Norrmalm%20Lindhagen%20proposal%201876%20-%20Selling.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="3062" data-original-width="2275" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjDtHO4RnR98yGBzIpV1rASTf6pfuW7rJ3I8xsFcp_qmCikKN9EwqKNrJShrR3t1Nvl5WK_IzVapVvSXio0mFbYwypS7-n2z8qFXLGd64UgVHzkTp7YjmuVBuJqcYTJ1aKiWcsAAeREfZGnN6EK9UD3x-LzeNTmMMKSwReynUwH1CbwrBwcp1TxBBAGSA/w476-h640/2%20S%20Norrmalm%20Lindhagen%20proposal%201876%20-%20Selling.jpg" width="476" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Lindhagen's counter proposal from 1876. Red = Sveavägen. Yellow = Adolf Fredrik’s Church. Orange = Stockholm's Castle Slottet (1)</td></tr></tbody></table><p></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><br />In 1877, the city council countered with a plan that was simultaneously more and less ambitious than Lindhagen’s 1876 proposal. This proposal continues Sveavägen a few blocks further south than Lindhagen’s plan, cutting through several built-up blocks. Sveavägen would end at Adolf Fredrik’s Church. Because this proposal was much reduced in width and was only 48m wide, the church would not be demolished, but the churchyard would be diminished. </p><p style="text-align: justify;"></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiXs64g8VBctzS1_QrQoBP-dj4Q4JKZ0WNzNswpnOAMukU1a0HWTSf7vrp0lBbEnISZKDWaqlnbuBpmTkql-hDDUeAXyhFz-O8SnLzFKXCIte-krad3jO9935WKKbKfW3J3wVvs-SWFoFG7aUIOjbwHIZ2fsVS0YBMsCIl1QTv2yYKtKPhOeCxaKNrIew/s2926/3%20S%20Norrmalm%20Dr%C3%A4tseln%C3%A4mnden%20proposal%201877.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="2926" data-original-width="2528" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiXs64g8VBctzS1_QrQoBP-dj4Q4JKZ0WNzNswpnOAMukU1a0HWTSf7vrp0lBbEnISZKDWaqlnbuBpmTkql-hDDUeAXyhFz-O8SnLzFKXCIte-krad3jO9935WKKbKfW3J3wVvs-SWFoFG7aUIOjbwHIZ2fsVS0YBMsCIl1QTv2yYKtKPhOeCxaKNrIew/w552-h640/3%20S%20Norrmalm%20Dr%C3%A4tseln%C3%A4mnden%20proposal%201877.jpg" width="552" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">The city's counter counter proposal from 1877. Red = Sveavägen. Yellow = Adolf Fredrik’s Church. Orange = Stockholm's Castle Slottet (1)</td></tr></tbody></table><br />That same year, Lindhagen countered again. If the avenue was going to continue through developed blocks and then stop at the church, it should stop just <i>short</i> of the church so that the greenery of the churchyard could serve as the avenue’s focal point. Lindhagen continued to show a 70m wide avenue with two planted allées and three roadbeds. He bemoaned the city council’s stingy street width writing that the city ordinance called for esplanades with at least one allée in the middle, and 48m was not wide enough for an allée. Furthermore, because Sveavägen was going to become Stockholm’s most important thoroughfare connecting the heart of the city with the green areas and suburbs beyond, it should be even wider and grander than the “average” esplanade. He pointed out that his proposed avenue was less wide than the new boulevard in provincial Gävle to the north as well as new boulevards in three provincial cities in Finland. It is clear that Lindhagen considered Sveavägen to be part of his park system and that he considered this boulevard to be even more important than Birger Jarlsgatan. <p></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEicNh0gZyoV6rOfkdfvyit978V_G_9S2-02yxoNRBosARNre2eQAvWo_Qqf1Gtc_ffSHMsOs_JHOpZ8sAZtkt4X8qmc2SNUyHbGOSFIQXCYI38cc4ZqOsvSzJ3DpuPZdqgDmktdDPgG9NVwZ69DbR2jCLBAfNkYKops1cVH0_rgJS4zWfYVgHDr9R7Jlg/s3063/4%20S%20Norrmalm%20Lindhagen%20proposal%201877.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="3063" data-original-width="2575" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEicNh0gZyoV6rOfkdfvyit978V_G_9S2-02yxoNRBosARNre2eQAvWo_Qqf1Gtc_ffSHMsOs_JHOpZ8sAZtkt4X8qmc2SNUyHbGOSFIQXCYI38cc4ZqOsvSzJ3DpuPZdqgDmktdDPgG9NVwZ69DbR2jCLBAfNkYKops1cVH0_rgJS4zWfYVgHDr9R7Jlg/w538-h640/4%20S%20Norrmalm%20Lindhagen%20proposal%201877.jpg" width="538" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Lindhagen's counter counter counter proposal from 1877. Red = Sveavägen. Yellow = Adolf Fredrik’s Church. (1)</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><p style="text-align: justify;">The city council was not moved by Lindhagen’s arguments. Instead, they produced a new counter-proposal which was much like their previous proposal except that it now extended even farther south into the city center. They argued that a few more blocks of existing development would have to be sacrificed in order to connect the new areas to the older areas of the city, and to achieve a functional traffic flow. For once the suburban commuters arrived in the city, where would they go? In this proposal, Sveavägen would connect to a new east-west thoroughfare which would connect the market at Hötorget through a tunnel to through the Brunkeberg Ridge with the Engelbreksplan Square on Birger Jarlsgatan and the park at Humlegården.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh9SU_OWVt0jgRC8m2CAt5XbBERlDFMS4pajCfYuqbytLU3B8sIsCUPuwUGZbgWzSr3ypQA4-hev3uC-mqRwJHR533C5nx0p-XxBx7KB5C5iz8KZXMF4UAJw8onGz5IkAO2GbIc0YTrGahXReueQgC5TSEsAgXpYyG3em49Y4cjPTJRzDoWw3QJjYBsWA/s2896/5%20S%20Norrmalm%20Beredningsutskott%20proposal%201877.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="2896" data-original-width="2496" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh9SU_OWVt0jgRC8m2CAt5XbBERlDFMS4pajCfYuqbytLU3B8sIsCUPuwUGZbgWzSr3ypQA4-hev3uC-mqRwJHR533C5nx0p-XxBx7KB5C5iz8KZXMF4UAJw8onGz5IkAO2GbIc0YTrGahXReueQgC5TSEsAgXpYyG3em49Y4cjPTJRzDoWw3QJjYBsWA/w552-h640/5%20S%20Norrmalm%20Beredningsutskott%20proposal%201877.jpg" width="552" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">The city's counter counter counter counter proposal from 1877. Red = Sveavägen. Brown = new street and tunnel between Hötorget (blue) and Humlegården park (green) (1)</td></tr></tbody></table><p></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><br />Later that same year, the city council reversed itself and came to the conclusion that the existing network of streets could handle the additional traffic that would be coming into the city via Sveavägen. Their new counter-proposal was to stop the new boulevard at the church, not cutting through the church yard as Lindhagen had proposed. However, the city council remained firm that the boulevard shouldn’t be any wider than 48m.</p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjYdfC4hniJg-z9j0bNUvSASNCDrLhrgawmpINAXUctcSmsazl0PV87JrxpKH3T1abtCy3W_H9GhrhfRiQ8J4F7xdvxnPqEVyvDd3z_nl01VsiABoWH0HTjabuuQMwG6qK8JHbcoGgzkXNAQffhiRv4NFFfucO0rh8s2_JguF3JnYp9Ky4dbZ4auJWVOQ/s2887/6%20S%20Norrmalm%20Beredningsutskott%20proposal%201878%20-%20Selling.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="2887" data-original-width="2479" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjYdfC4hniJg-z9j0bNUvSASNCDrLhrgawmpINAXUctcSmsazl0PV87JrxpKH3T1abtCy3W_H9GhrhfRiQ8J4F7xdvxnPqEVyvDd3z_nl01VsiABoWH0HTjabuuQMwG6qK8JHbcoGgzkXNAQffhiRv4NFFfucO0rh8s2_JguF3JnYp9Ky4dbZ4auJWVOQ/w550-h640/6%20S%20Norrmalm%20Beredningsutskott%20proposal%201878%20-%20Selling.jpg" width="550" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">The city's counter counter counter counter proposal from 1877. Red = Sveavägen. Yellow = Adolf Fredrik’s Church. (1)</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><p style="text-align: justify;">While there was some back-and-forth, Sveavägen was not as contentious as Birger Jarlsgatan. Everyone was reasonably in agreement about the street placement and route, but not about the width. The street placement and route was voted on first and the majority voted for the most recent proposal (where the council and Lindhagen had been unified that Sveavägen would stop just short of the churchyard). There was a separate vote about Sveavägen’s width, and only two votes were cast for Lindhagen’s ambitious avenue. It was decided that the boulevard would be 48m wide, meaning that while there would be trees planted along the street edges, there would be no planted allées in the middle.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><br />In 1896, the city council voted to extend Sveavägen to the east-west thoroughfare Kungsgatan at the market square Hötorget. It wasn’t until the 20th century that planners would consider extending the boulevard farther south.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjw6qWK1bm4AT4wjLY63WAmaK-xIpa0B7kqPVFJ_Anbyzsmlecg0J5ZDFC1lON2hAd4bcdXs9Y0_13m4zJTrzyE6795USTnVZ6q3m8wGpxuXS0IUauACypz9SUSRwog_QLrYhD6PrnGeLn9FQC9SvJ8y-omguVVfOIa60pUDDUW3ExmCh-pgtuCxGgDCw/s2887/6%20S%20Extension%20-%20Selling.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="2887" data-original-width="2479" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjw6qWK1bm4AT4wjLY63WAmaK-xIpa0B7kqPVFJ_Anbyzsmlecg0J5ZDFC1lON2hAd4bcdXs9Y0_13m4zJTrzyE6795USTnVZ6q3m8wGpxuXS0IUauACypz9SUSRwog_QLrYhD6PrnGeLn9FQC9SvJ8y-omguVVfOIa60pUDDUW3ExmCh-pgtuCxGgDCw/w550-h640/6%20S%20Extension%20-%20Selling.jpg" width="550" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">1896 Extension of Sveavägen. Light red = existing part of Sveavägen. Red = extension of Sveavägen. Yellow = Adolf Fredrik’s Church. Blue = Hötorget. Brown = Kungsgatan<br /></td></tr></tbody></table><br /> <br /><b>Sveavägen: Result and Comparison to Birger Jarlsgatan</b><br />Sveavägen is today a very important thoroughfare in Stockholm, and several of Stockholm’s most important institutions were built alongside it in the era of Swedish Grace or Nordic Classicism: the concert hall, the school of business, and the city library. <p></p><p style="text-align: justify;"></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhCkPu7XU1KZaLqjI0syRaNsXwkmd7_Qwrvv9H2VzRrnQjhTMFcrNhl5VDdOpGBzfBjwZOift8FKQjJOnHL5M6Utz-q5jCYTiKgxgLT-byQJKFXIkKi9WjzdGClLDLVKq8JdcvXHRqVArq9sOZOP1eddIJd5QMY9h1F-U4De9nMi9JGBVQnTuhwnN80Cg/s2205/Handels%20Library%20comp.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="810" data-original-width="2205" height="236" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhCkPu7XU1KZaLqjI0syRaNsXwkmd7_Qwrvv9H2VzRrnQjhTMFcrNhl5VDdOpGBzfBjwZOift8FKQjJOnHL5M6Utz-q5jCYTiKgxgLT-byQJKFXIkKi9WjzdGClLDLVKq8JdcvXHRqVArq9sOZOP1eddIJd5QMY9h1F-U4De9nMi9JGBVQnTuhwnN80Cg/w640-h236/Handels%20Library%20comp.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">The School of Business (Handelshögskolan) and Stockholm City Library<br /></td></tr></tbody></table><p>Strangely, the Concert Hall would be oriented toward Hötorget and had only a backside toward Sveavägen, giving the boulevard a feeling of disregard.</p><p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEilCspXUh7HIlapcm0Z5PAQpWqKz9y5J7c-rff5ElPL1_JiLXFwvcylvqv37Nkm5LdVRKuDhVmCRT-mp1J6hqRBfR47UL_gH_Z-Ba1UmzRqK-qWsh6Qgxi8TBlA3reu6m6gDJjG3fmRYLix50P1Uo8AtRV464GN1A7cMVGCMYfTQhazZ8_OhMsyuMtgtg/s2205/konserthuset%20comp.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="810" data-original-width="2205" height="236" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEilCspXUh7HIlapcm0Z5PAQpWqKz9y5J7c-rff5ElPL1_JiLXFwvcylvqv37Nkm5LdVRKuDhVmCRT-mp1J6hqRBfR47UL_gH_Z-Ba1UmzRqK-qWsh6Qgxi8TBlA3reu6m6gDJjG3fmRYLix50P1Uo8AtRV464GN1A7cMVGCMYfTQhazZ8_OhMsyuMtgtg/w640-h236/konserthuset%20comp.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">The Concert Hall. Left: the front facing the Hötorget Square. Right: the back facing Sveavägen<br /></td></tr></tbody></table></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><br />In addition to the cultural institutions mentioned above, Sveavägen does feature a few of Stockholm’s earliest and most important Modern buildings. </p><p style="text-align: justify;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhFOxnmkD5lwlbnjZIY-uZ_OqKl2eG5XepEJNjGrYZP9rNxdjBMPfBKmRrp_PQbmDmuyTkuf8ZvGaD3WFtt6YEgA0bQ4PPJSdtfOvjBgQWlIbPOhsHyDfln30LfrijPng4ev724MKx6L2yNID5lI3HVMylTzljb116opU1j8U2f96jV-aJBA53VrRAhRg/s1735/modern%20comp.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="810" data-original-width="1735" height="298" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhFOxnmkD5lwlbnjZIY-uZ_OqKl2eG5XepEJNjGrYZP9rNxdjBMPfBKmRrp_PQbmDmuyTkuf8ZvGaD3WFtt6YEgA0bQ4PPJSdtfOvjBgQWlIbPOhsHyDfln30LfrijPng4ev724MKx6L2yNID5lI3HVMylTzljb116opU1j8U2f96jV-aJBA53VrRAhRg/w640-h298/modern%20comp.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>But while there is nothing ho-hum about most of Sveavägen’s architecture, most of the building stock lining Sveavägen is much more sedate than the Renaissance castles of Birger Jarlsgatan. <p></p><p style="text-align: justify;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhMW1X0mdXvPkMnJPeRPhBNwhHN8FqEqLGKbfJE-oypzNmockBD_yfdwSuSU1crkxCDZvJW861-Qoja6rSeGtEbaYDyf5R1hZgKMxsYQtwEpysMTqy_4c92lwEue0o9VuRyahF96PJaZSCAqBqog3G0Ne29iDmI5yLX5o8SQij0jlxAM4K0tP9-CZnDDA/s1837/regular%20arch%20comp.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="810" data-original-width="1837" height="282" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhMW1X0mdXvPkMnJPeRPhBNwhHN8FqEqLGKbfJE-oypzNmockBD_yfdwSuSU1crkxCDZvJW861-Qoja6rSeGtEbaYDyf5R1hZgKMxsYQtwEpysMTqy_4c92lwEue0o9VuRyahF96PJaZSCAqBqog3G0Ne29iDmI5yLX5o8SQij0jlxAM4K0tP9-CZnDDA/w640-h282/regular%20arch%20comp.jpg" width="640" /></a></div><p></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><br />Like Birger Jarlsgatan, the southern end of Sveavägen in the city center is very commercial with offices, stores, and restaurants, but the stores and restaurants are much more local in character than on Birger Jarlsgatan. While Birger Jarlsgatan features Michelin-rated bistros, you’re more likely to find a neighborhood Chinese buffet on Sveavägen. After the Pandemic, Sveavägen even has a couple of empty storefronts which is almost unheard of in Stockholm today. </p><p style="text-align: justify;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhhsPm3ZgWMab7cV6jUB3Z0wMV9ZYU3SqOruBZ6uXBInfIIb4yx4F_mxs-B-JtDkLil8H-Trkge47x3KE2jPAMRnt4W94hdI01BMHoOZZpRymFmleMZD7K8L4zMbGBXD20EfYkiYQR6DQXK1TAD66K7iyfSKfGPidtpojg2_clLlw_Ku2UEP0ST0pCE3g/s2205/office%20comp.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="810" data-original-width="2205" height="236" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhhsPm3ZgWMab7cV6jUB3Z0wMV9ZYU3SqOruBZ6uXBInfIIb4yx4F_mxs-B-JtDkLil8H-Trkge47x3KE2jPAMRnt4W94hdI01BMHoOZZpRymFmleMZD7K8L4zMbGBXD20EfYkiYQR6DQXK1TAD66K7iyfSKfGPidtpojg2_clLlw_Ku2UEP0ST0pCE3g/w640-h236/office%20comp.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>Further north, Sveavägen becomes much more residential in character and the shops at street level become more and more neighborhood-oriented. <p></p><p style="text-align: justify;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg_NUQRNW7uxMYVZZ6OzncCMzn8HrbCB46p0NdH9Y0uCbdqh46iRlpKCBaYQQi5i16uHOqYObbEC-n5UH4rvYUqGCled5cviTJlAJoj1HQwV7fuIfVjKNUAGYOdb9KmZYh40uUWAEOeSKnLJSXYR0Iw1PBhrCOcY2LOjdL5ZtlX0jGfcXB2Pd12zVtecg/s1735/residential%20comp.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="810" data-original-width="1735" height="298" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg_NUQRNW7uxMYVZZ6OzncCMzn8HrbCB46p0NdH9Y0uCbdqh46iRlpKCBaYQQi5i16uHOqYObbEC-n5UH4rvYUqGCled5cviTJlAJoj1HQwV7fuIfVjKNUAGYOdb9KmZYh40uUWAEOeSKnLJSXYR0Iw1PBhrCOcY2LOjdL5ZtlX0jGfcXB2Pd12zVtecg/w640-h298/residential%20comp.jpg" width="640" /></a></div><br /> <br />Lacking angled intersections and the resulting left over spaces, Sveavägen is not dotted by parks and squares in the same way as Birger Jarlsgatan. However, Sveavägen’s overall impession is still relatively green and airy. The street is lined with trees, and there are several gaps in the urban fabric at Adolf Fredrik’s Church, the park at Observatorielunden, and the park at Vanadislunden. <p></p><p style="text-align: justify;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhuTg_b3EkeUybRRG_1bsYcAU8C2TYPjxnxvFjpfO8r3SXznyec9GYty5vbiWlYGeZ9kSZ70p-xkFqH_T27T_752GPWEQe9LLjH4I4U6T6i3qA2q2BueUSzfw1OJsQbWwFrdp3hhEPQRWVjugzeS9o_rp3D8cG1ERZkWseuB2zoTms0RRT6BL_AJj8xmw/s2205/Sveav%C3%A4gen%20trees%20park%20comp.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="810" data-original-width="2205" height="236" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhuTg_b3EkeUybRRG_1bsYcAU8C2TYPjxnxvFjpfO8r3SXznyec9GYty5vbiWlYGeZ9kSZ70p-xkFqH_T27T_752GPWEQe9LLjH4I4U6T6i3qA2q2BueUSzfw1OJsQbWwFrdp3hhEPQRWVjugzeS9o_rp3D8cG1ERZkWseuB2zoTms0RRT6BL_AJj8xmw/w640-h236/Sveav%C3%A4gen%20trees%20park%20comp.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>Additionally, a couple of property developers have chosen not to build out to the lot line, making squares and parks and small moments of urban drama where there previously was none. <p></p><p style="text-align: justify;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjOAUGKnNhWXgs3fsPwx2IaaDVizd4JpJcECtotvp4Ucdxprr2aOBQhBT-RkKLk4cW6ohT9Gc0nfZAx6H3_TmApY2zmxU4wBka4Gqv_--RDRVFCkGa2YXoGKHZHgZE47r6ZrobHFtuxOt_iw_QbrNSUL0o9KKKV5du2ugJLRHDf029aJ7ZvtD3dVk3nDw/s2205/lot%20line%20comp.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1665" data-original-width="2205" height="484" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjOAUGKnNhWXgs3fsPwx2IaaDVizd4JpJcECtotvp4Ucdxprr2aOBQhBT-RkKLk4cW6ohT9Gc0nfZAx6H3_TmApY2zmxU4wBka4Gqv_--RDRVFCkGa2YXoGKHZHgZE47r6ZrobHFtuxOt_iw_QbrNSUL0o9KKKV5du2ugJLRHDf029aJ7ZvtD3dVk3nDw/w640-h484/lot%20line%20comp.jpg" width="640" /></a></div><br /> <br />Similar to Birger Jarlsgatan, Sveavägen ends in a tragically boring roundabout where large roads lead out to the suburbs. This roundabout did not feature a tollhouse like Birger Jarlsgatan’s roundabout, but it does coincide with the old toll fence surrounding the city. This anticlimactic termination is far from the beautiful water-and-park view that both Jean de la Vallée and Lindhagen had envisioned. But Lindhagen must have known that Sveavägen wasn’t going to get the idyllic finish he had hoped for—beyond the roundabout is a railroad that was even drawn in on Lindhagen’s plan from 1876. In between the roundabout and the railroad is a “skyscraper” from 1960 which now caps Sveavägen’s axis. It’s unfortunate that this prominent building is not more architecturally interesting as it does nothing to alleviate the unfortunate blandness at Sveavägen’s terminus.<p></p><p style="text-align: justify;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh011kO1Tg2HA-0fSktV4Pjw-Rqn63cTwkTeA16Hh0NPkUR1t18kYgZdKq6vn-mlJ8Mo25mipwJLADo7Ko63pKwWDyKLjINe-oJK4oxb4aXLDKeATziSfdfkE7oDvjczyZQ4WsSfNiR3fx0a0NlftjOgrrVoBULIV52AK6h_JClPVAhxakkmHyToO69DA/s1080/roundabout.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="810" data-original-width="1080" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh011kO1Tg2HA-0fSktV4Pjw-Rqn63cTwkTeA16Hh0NPkUR1t18kYgZdKq6vn-mlJ8Mo25mipwJLADo7Ko63pKwWDyKLjINe-oJK4oxb4aXLDKeATziSfdfkE7oDvjczyZQ4WsSfNiR3fx0a0NlftjOgrrVoBULIV52AK6h_JClPVAhxakkmHyToO69DA/w400-h300/roundabout.jpg" width="400" /></a></div> <br /><b>Conclusion</b><br />I’m a bit fascinated that two parallel grand boulevards were planned to lead from the bay at Brunnsviken in the north to the Baltic sea to the south, especially since they are only four blocks apart. Today, the streets have roughly the same capacity and fulfill roughly the same purpose. Why the need for two north-south boulevards so close to each other? Part of the answer can be found in Lindhagen’s original plan where the extremely wide Sveavägen was supposed to be THE boulevard of all boulevards. In comparison, Birger Jarlsgatan was merely one of several “regular” boulevards in Lindhagen’s plan.<br /><br />In Lindhagen’s plan, it was Sveavägen that was supposed to be Stockholm’s iconic boulevard—it was to be as wide as the Champs-Élysées and lead directly to the Royal Palace. Instead, Birger Jarlsgatan usurped that role and is today the better known boulevard due to the iconic businesses and flagship stores that line it, as well as because of the literally towering architecture. While Sveavägen is still important in the Stockholm landscape, it is much more of a traffic thoroughfare, probably because it <i>is</i> so straight and direct a route from the suburbs into the city center. <br /><p></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><br />Interestingly, Birger Jarlsgatan is a “street” and Sveavägen is a “road.” Just like the English “street,” “<i>gata</i>” has connotations of an urban, tightly developed setting. And like the English “road,” “<i>väg</i>” has connotations of a higher speed, suburban thoroughfare. Sveavägen’s feel is far from suburban, but it does feel more like a thoroughfare than Birger Jarlsgatan. Can it be that the city designed these two boulevards to have differing characters from the very beginning? <br /></p><p style="text-align: left;"><br />What made Birger Jarlsgatan the more desirable address? I think that the answer lies in several geographical factors. First, Birger Jarlsgatan lies at the edge of Östermalm which has been Stockholm’s poshest neighborhood since the mid 1800’s. (Sveavägen lies in the middle of Norrmalm which was historically a “regular” neighborhood—not where the wealthiest lived, but not where the poorest lived, either.) Secondly, Birger Jarlsgatan is the natural continuation of Strandvägen, Stockholm’s premier residential address. And thirdly, all of the inefficient, odd angles at the junction of the two street grids that the developers were so against made for iconic architecture and a dynamic urban landscape. Put together, these geographical factors have resulted in a much more symbolically important boulevard than Sveavägen despite original intentions.<br /><br /><b>Sources:</b><br />Gösta Selling, <i>Esplanadsystemet och Albert Lindhagen: Stadsplanering i Stockholm åren 1857-1887</i> (1970)<br />Thomas Hall, Stockholm: <i>The Making of a Metropolis</i> (2009)<br />Thomas Hall, <i>Huvudstad i Omvandling</i> (2002)<br /><i>Alla Tiders Stockholm</i> (2014)<br />Peter Lundewall, <i>Stockholm den planerade staden</i> (2006)<br /><br /><b>Images:</b><br />All images are my own except<br />1) Gösta Selling, <i>Esplanadsystemet och Albert Lindhagen: Stadsplanering i Stockholm åren 1857-1887</i> (1970)<br />2) Thomas Hall, <i>Huvudstad i Omvandling</i> (2002)<br /><br /></p><br /><br />Rainahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03436765499184988845noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2772821807884282561.post-25527839552894917662021-12-10T20:04:00.003+01:002021-12-10T20:16:46.053+01:00Villastaden (Villa City): An Unsuccessful Attempt at Zoning an Enclave of Single-Family Homes<div><div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEjy1ZIuI4QaTPOFfzuunXQDJ64ITCiwhE1ByhlbbXulgvcerD3mhOcjU82OFYVwoGAz7mmDVtKSh_qq8Sb1kzziJ75HusSvciH0vQ--d1BdSo01p9b1EEcnLquGcdtvfdr2y0KdJS5hHGJdKZS2DHtYfTxOrwsGiA7tOQsitJP4sb7BIoSsP963ori-Gg=s2205" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="810" data-original-width="2205" height="236" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEjy1ZIuI4QaTPOFfzuunXQDJ64ITCiwhE1ByhlbbXulgvcerD3mhOcjU82OFYVwoGAz7mmDVtKSh_qq8Sb1kzziJ75HusSvciH0vQ--d1BdSo01p9b1EEcnLquGcdtvfdr2y0KdJS5hHGJdKZS2DHtYfTxOrwsGiA7tOQsitJP4sb7BIoSsP963ori-Gg=w640-h236" width="640" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEhmnzfqwoVTK2RUKgcfYyyWmDZln6TcEl-Rv_AIvzaa1ewsK3yBomi0wdmqELr2HP28v3AFP6LwqdaEA1qrJZf-UdH6cD0YF7k8oyXQ5gP9DaM4QYgK2oQzj-lshkopInAiT-JBATyCRm-2R-w_JYzSnyhnaZrKisxw5xWM7Ktrs7R-gs9PsqcYsMaFTw=s988" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="988" data-original-width="593" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEhmnzfqwoVTK2RUKgcfYyyWmDZln6TcEl-Rv_AIvzaa1ewsK3yBomi0wdmqELr2HP28v3AFP6LwqdaEA1qrJZf-UdH6cD0YF7k8oyXQ5gP9DaM4QYgK2oQzj-lshkopInAiT-JBATyCRm-2R-w_JYzSnyhnaZrKisxw5xWM7Ktrs7R-gs9PsqcYsMaFTw=w384-h640" width="384" /></a></div><br /><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><p style="text-align: justify;"></p><p style="text-align: justify;">Most of what is today Central Stockholm was rural in character well into the 19th century, but that rural character was quickly evaporating as block after block of five-story apartment houses were erected firewall to firewall. The quick and relentless march of urbanity was a natural response to Stockholm’s growing population, its housing crisis, the poverty of the majority of its citizens, and the steepening land prices. Building densely was quite simply the only way to build given the financial constraints of both the builders and the renters. Density was also the only convenient way to build—one’s feet were generally the only option for transportation, and density meant that everything you needed for your daily existence was within walking distance.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgmG0T1td0wl1YBuNlKrRmwON7DHpDVl2uuLEYnLjhupZrUZgfzqK59993_j4aN9gMmPj_-9idoXUEk-Q2uFjMGBpBYf_FAjWTaH6rPeBqrdP3DJ-hvCxkxsZnmfvElShcspX-mniGtwFT5/s2205/residential+comp.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="810" data-original-width="2205" height="236" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgmG0T1td0wl1YBuNlKrRmwON7DHpDVl2uuLEYnLjhupZrUZgfzqK59993_j4aN9gMmPj_-9idoXUEk-Q2uFjMGBpBYf_FAjWTaH6rPeBqrdP3DJ-hvCxkxsZnmfvElShcspX-mniGtwFT5/w640-h236/residential+comp.jpg" width="640" /></a></div><p></p><p style="text-align: left;"></p><p style="text-align: justify;">Five-story apartment buildings built out to the lot line at the street and abutting the adjacent buildings was also the only legal way to build in the city as specified in the <a href="http://walkingstockholm.blogspot.com/2020/04/a-planning-code-disguised-as-building.html" target="_blank">Stockholm Building Code of 1876</a>. While the building code did allow for the occasional narrow garden between the street and the building line, this practice had never been tested because of market demands to maximize building area on expensive lots. <br /></p><p style="text-align: left;"></p><p style="text-align: justify;">From the very beginning, the relentless, growing grid of apartment buildings had its detractors. These blocks were denigrated as “stone deserts” because of the lack of greenspace, and probably also because this degree of urbanity was in sharp contrast to the small-scale farms, barns, cottages, and kitchen gardens which had recently inhabited these lots. Even so, Stockholmers seemed generally content to live in the apartment buildings, and even the exceptionally wealthy resided in apartment buildings, albeit ones designed to look like French chateaux. </p><p style="text-align: justify;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgE4qPAo_MEsO5TS-kU7rbUh2-qimqT-CEDBiL5IMsHol6kyMPJV2Z780LOVFD7tho1Z_RBrSm7-RzQaUQKssCWIc_qqLz3TYu1dRcoReFfvY3LMGnX0s27LJNhlwPA_3oxK6AM8eCg9ZV-/s2048/castles.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1274" data-original-width="2048" height="398" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgE4qPAo_MEsO5TS-kU7rbUh2-qimqT-CEDBiL5IMsHol6kyMPJV2Z780LOVFD7tho1Z_RBrSm7-RzQaUQKssCWIc_qqLz3TYu1dRcoReFfvY3LMGnX0s27LJNhlwPA_3oxK6AM8eCg9ZV-/w640-h398/castles.jpg" width="640" /></a></div><br />To escape the urban grid, poor Stockholmers had to make do with daytrips to nearby, generous greenspaces like Djurgården and <a href="https://walkingstockholm.blogspot.com/2016/01/gardet-ladugardsgardet-military-parade.html " target="_blank">Gärdet</a> while wealthy Stockholmers retreated to their nearby <a href="https://walkingstockholm.blogspot.com/2013/05/malmgardar-summer-housessuburban-farms.html" target="_blank">suburban farms or malmgårdar</a> or to their <a href="http://walkingstockholm.blogspot.com/2021/12/summer-houses-of-1800s.html" target="_blank">summer cottages</a>.<br /><p></p><p style="text-align: left;"></p><p style="text-align: justify;"></p><p style="text-align: justify;">Malmgårdar and summer cottages were never designed to be lived in year round and were impractical to heat. I’m sure that the occasional eccentric made do with living in a summer cottage through the winter, but just like in London, Stockholm’s seasons were well defined. In the summer, one retreated to one’s summer “cottage.” In the winter, one lived in one’s apartment in town and participated in the social season. <br /><br />Villastaden, or “Villa City,” was Sweden’s first challenge to this norm. Villastaden was designed to combine the best of both worlds—the greenery, the light and airiness, and the freedom and independence of the free-standing single-family cottage was to be combined with the convenience of the city and the year-round standard of an apartment building. Villastaden, like its precedents in Berlin and Vienna, was a reaction to the growing, dense cityscape. But unlike later leafy suburbs, Villastaden’s creators did not want to leave the city. Instead, they wanted to create a green oasis within it. </p><p style="text-align: justify;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjgDyv58IgvA7Has0XuHJrJ8tkB22Q-Ln9QTbcYyja4OHmcozot55nYcgyrcN85qTBq0eHtxLB4e4tSsHnDHxwlj2rmyY6-Q4lqqmDUUT9isomIy54o8Yaxo0DJxuDSd4lIlzU7VIR1wJPC/s2205/Green+comp.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="810" data-original-width="2205" height="236" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjgDyv58IgvA7Has0XuHJrJ8tkB22Q-Ln9QTbcYyja4OHmcozot55nYcgyrcN85qTBq0eHtxLB4e4tSsHnDHxwlj2rmyY6-Q4lqqmDUUT9isomIy54o8Yaxo0DJxuDSd4lIlzU7VIR1wJPC/w640-h236/Green+comp.jpg" width="640" /></a></div> <br /><b>Establishment, Planning, and Easements</b><br />Villastaden was conceived of by Henrik Palme and it was financed through the company AB Stockholms Byggnadsförening which bought several parcels of tobacco-growing land at the northern edge of the Östermalm area so recently planned (but not yet ratified) in 1874. Villastaden was never meant to be a large area—originally, it was confined to a six block area with only 100ish lots. The layout of the right-angled blocks had already been determined by the <a href="https://walkingstockholm.blogspot.com/2021/04/the-plan-for-ostermalm-and-its-boundary.html " target="_blank">1874 plan for Östermalm</a> and are hardly the winding, romantic streets that we associate with contemporary single-family housing developments like Olmstead’s Riverside outside of Chicago. Instead, Villastaden can be more closely compared to Millionaires’ Row in Chicago or the Gilded Age mansions of Fifth Avenue in New York. Again, these right-angled blocks serve to remind that unlike Riverside, Villastaden was conceived to be within the city, not outside of it. <br /><br />When AB Stockholms Byggnadsförening bought the tobacco fields in 1874, the area was hardly an attractive environment to attract the wealthy. Humlegården park was known for its prostitutes and thieves, and the city’s rapid urbanization had not yet reached so far. Yet buying up the land was a pretty safe bet as it was clear after the Plan for Östermalm was drawn up in 1874 that the area would be soon built up, and the ongoing construction of the Royal Library in Humlegården ensured that the park would soon be cleaned up. <br /><br />Villastaden would never had been able to get a head start on development before the rest of “Upper Östermalm” if it weren’t for AB Stockholms Byggnadsförening’s connections with the city council—several of the owners of the real estate investment company just happened to sit on the city council in leadership positions. While the <a href="https://walkingstockholm.blogspot.com/2021/04/the-plan-for-ostermalm-and-its-boundary.html " target="_blank">plan for the rest of Östermalm</a> languished through an eighteen year process of debates, proposals, and counterproposals and wasn’t ratified until 1884, a tiny, six-block “part plan” for Villastaden was broken out of the larger Östermalm plan in 1874 and ratified in 1875. This plan seems to only have specified the location of streets and not much else, and the connection to the future Valhallagatan was only dashed in since Valhallagatan wouldn’t be decided until 1884.<p></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjPlZyzGaQd8pmMgIaCMHLgT4CpBSjmelaJRqWORKJc-l53qmrGg0aUTRbd-09UsbJkprBFYDTwR-JAXe6DyFwzRtegFPFgOc9I1pZ_MNIY3A9amz1hKC85WWmLIS2UEj0plUFliGPOU9R3/s1290/Plan+Villastaden+1875.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1290" data-original-width="1110" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjPlZyzGaQd8pmMgIaCMHLgT4CpBSjmelaJRqWORKJc-l53qmrGg0aUTRbd-09UsbJkprBFYDTwR-JAXe6DyFwzRtegFPFgOc9I1pZ_MNIY3A9amz1hKC85WWmLIS2UEj0plUFliGPOU9R3/w344-h400/Plan+Villastaden+1875.jpg" width="344" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">The Plan for Villastaden, ratified in 1875 *<br /></td></tr></tbody></table> </p><p style="text-align: justify;">I have not found any documentation as to why the part plan for Villastaden did not contain any requirements other street locations and widths when the reason for the part plan’s existence in the first place was that the landowner wished to create an enclave of single-family homes. Why not write in zoning for single-family homes and setbacks from the street into the plan? My educated guess is that there were two main reasons. First, zoning and setbacks were completely foreign ideas to the Swedish planning process. Planning in general was in its infancy, and there simply wasn’t a legal framework for writing such requirements into the part plan. Additionally, the plan for larger Östermalm was clearly controversial—it has been debated and re-debated for more than ten years already—and AB Stockholms Byggnadsförening wouldn’t have wanted to cause any controversy. It was probably a strategic decision to let the part plan remain as simple as possible in order to ensure as speedy of a ratification as possible. Without ratification, AB Stockholms Byggnadsförening would have been stuck with a sizeable parcel of land that was impossible to develop in the near future. <br /></p><p style="text-align: justify;"></p><p style="text-align: justify;"></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiREYxlmW24uGHfEzjoR55geMj4cIEginzvQo1xDi6rcQzH7AkwnD0u-AH5n7ljByvgiCwa10WRLSngosn_uR_Ao9VpaYZPEPQw97p0HxZJ-gBfzl0FV5CoRlKzNlJIzPDgw3dNgE9XUxUd/s1942/rendering+1875.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="921" data-original-width="1942" height="304" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiREYxlmW24uGHfEzjoR55geMj4cIEginzvQo1xDi6rcQzH7AkwnD0u-AH5n7ljByvgiCwa10WRLSngosn_uR_Ao9VpaYZPEPQw97p0HxZJ-gBfzl0FV5CoRlKzNlJIzPDgw3dNgE9XUxUd/w640-h304/rendering+1875.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Architect Axel Kumlien's vision of Villastaden's character, 1875 *<br /></td></tr></tbody></table> </p><p style="text-align: justify;">While Villastaden’s grid blocks were predetermined by the plan for
Östermalm, how the lots were to be parceled was not. Immediately after
the part plan was ratified in 1875, AB Stockholms Byggnadsförening began
to sell lots. The lots were relatively small given their purpose, but
that made them a bit more affordable. Because the plan for Villastaden
hadn’t specified much other than the location of streets, the lots were
sold with easements requiring that they be built with buildings “in
villa style” and with necessary outbuildings (stables, outhouses, etc).
The easement also stated that buildings could not be built out to the
lot line but were to be at least 20 feet (6 meters) from the street and
freestanding from the neighboring buildings. It is important to note
that while two-family houses were specifically allowed by the easement,
the easement did not specifically require single-family houses. Only
single-family house “style” buildings were required. This was not an
intentional loophole, and it was just a matter of time before it would
be exercised. </p><p style="text-align: justify;"><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi-C_z047QAs2c17MzXfa3RTvQrsLCeUX2vwReT6wZzGKs2wOGMC1XplN0j4IiEittlcc1kEuI6Ggn0Tw9hTbxB7x42S8Jryz1Giu39poIXYSYbhNX09nXryn1bzvznqsP4-suhha8OAm1V/s1080/duplex.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="810" data-original-width="1080" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi-C_z047QAs2c17MzXfa3RTvQrsLCeUX2vwReT6wZzGKs2wOGMC1XplN0j4IiEittlcc1kEuI6Ggn0Tw9hTbxB7x42S8Jryz1Giu39poIXYSYbhNX09nXryn1bzvznqsP4-suhha8OAm1V/w400-h300/duplex.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">One of Villastaden's original duplexes<br /></td></tr></tbody></table></p><p style="text-align: justify;"></p><p style="text-align: justify;"> </p><p style="text-align: justify;">AB Stockholms Byggnadsförening had no sooner sold the lots on fivish of the six blocks when the real estate company was closed. It wasn’t a matter of bankruptcy, rather, the economy was slowing down and the company owners wanted to get out while ahead. This meant that there was no longer any overarching body regulating how Villastaden was developed, and it was left up to the regular city permitting process to make sure that new buildings met the easement requirements. </p><p style="text-align: justify;"></p><p style="text-align: justify;">Even so, Villastaden was a successful and exclusive single-family enclave in the beginning. Large, single-family villas were built, often on plinths above the street due to topography. The houses’ physical height over the street gave them an even more imposing and impressive character. In the gardens, the lots were planted with greenery, creating a distinctly different atmosphere than the “stone desert” of apartment buildings built shoulder to shoulder and out to the lot line at the street just a few blocks away. The houses were designed by the period’s starchitects and many of the houses were inhabited by the city’s intellectual and cultural elite, including several of the starchitects themselves. </p><p style="text-align: justify;"><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiTV9UOcix9XN47qIuGMZvzvoBHk4eiZ8KMCPLP1XLprzk1fICgPBLfoTxF68NY-rhSQJf54BkT0RhW9FahWvN6J128duVCTg79xLDLUszUKZf2i9hFj7McbB4yrR0MR7FC7oIK4oFcWlBt/s1718/photograph+1881-1885.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1039" data-original-width="1718" height="388" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiTV9UOcix9XN47qIuGMZvzvoBHk4eiZ8KMCPLP1XLprzk1fICgPBLfoTxF68NY-rhSQJf54BkT0RhW9FahWvN6J128duVCTg79xLDLUszUKZf2i9hFj7McbB4yrR0MR7FC7oIK4oFcWlBt/w640-h388/photograph+1881-1885.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">This photograph from somewhere between 1881-1885 shows the original single-family house nature of Villastaden *<br /></td></tr></tbody></table><br /> <br />Buying into and building in Villastaden wasn’t something that one could do on a professor’s or architect’s or musician’s salary. Instead, these intellectual and cultural personalities came from established families and had sizeable personal fortunes that allowed for more extravagant lifestyles than would otherwise had been possible. And while the houses built in Villastaden were unprecedentedly luxurious for Stockholm (aside from the royal palaces of course), they are tiny in comparison to the mansions of Millionaires’ Row in Chicago or Fifth Avenue in New York. Contrary to the likes of the Fields and the Vanderbilts, the families in Villastaden had no need to flaunt and proclaim their wealth because they had been a part of the establishment since the 1700’s. Villastaden’s early villas were generally inspired by Italian Renaissance villas which had been built for the patrons of the arts who wanted to live the good life while out in the countryside. Mansions on Millionaires’ Row and on Fifth Avenue were generally inspired by French Chateau which were a show of power and strength. The houses in Villastaden and the mansions in Chicago and New York had entirely different social objectives and therefore took on entirely different architectonic expressions. </p><p style="text-align: justify;"><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEindQeRTemCIyGp5B7x0_YPAc5G4x63SvycQK2RF4u7sUK0xQdfxVGvNxM9H-477pk2W7ZWRw6tSjepqsPeqYPsmB0oP3XF3vjZFMthk7-OZYSGTIVgsK4UHLTz8A5KU_3kbwJqw69RPIaD/s1970/Italian+Ren+comp.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1287" data-original-width="1970" height="418" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEindQeRTemCIyGp5B7x0_YPAc5G4x63SvycQK2RF4u7sUK0xQdfxVGvNxM9H-477pk2W7ZWRw6tSjepqsPeqYPsmB0oP3XF3vjZFMthk7-OZYSGTIVgsK4UHLTz8A5KU_3kbwJqw69RPIaD/w640-h418/Italian+Ren+comp.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Architect Ernst Jacobsson's 1877 drawings for an Italian Renaissance-inspired villa in Villastaden *<br /></td></tr></tbody></table><br /> <br />Villastaden was more segregated than the rest of Stockholm. Even other fancy parts of Östermalm including <a href="https://walkingstockholm.blogspot.com/2018/10/strandvagen-stockholms-park-avenue.html" target="_blank">Strandvägen</a> were relatively integrated as the wealthy lived in the buildings along the street and the working class lived in the courtyard buildings. But in Villastaden, the very nature of the district with its single-family houses meant that there was no housing available of the working class (if you don’t count servants who lived in the attics—in 1920, more than half of the population of Villastaden was maids, butlers, cooks, scullery maids, laundresses, stable boys, chauffeurs, ladies’ maids, and the like.) <br /></p><p style="text-align: justify;"></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><b>Changing Times and Legal Tests</b><br />The two blocks to the east of Biblioteksgatan (today Floragatan) had originally been meant to be a part of Villastaden, but AB Stockholms Byggnadsförening closed for business before they were developed. These blocks ended up having a significantly different character than the other four blocks. In this map from 1885, Villastaden’s high point as an enclave of single-family houses, it is already clear that the blocks east of Biblioteksgatan (Floragatan) were developed more like the rest of Stockholm with apartment buildings built out to the lot lines. </p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiNgfoZhUXQBy6sQcSGsTS9e1FQKoRN6bjde2wURKvUeV2WbhBC6Zs5RI1XldBHhJSfnIkAET4MqrCQcZN7YlVkP0IOyjvNtV2-BW12zk5OQVR1gDOi6EsNJQDDBYJvg3DZ9QkJk_wcyIH-/s2032/1885+map.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="2032" data-original-width="1734" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiNgfoZhUXQBy6sQcSGsTS9e1FQKoRN6bjde2wURKvUeV2WbhBC6Zs5RI1XldBHhJSfnIkAET4MqrCQcZN7YlVkP0IOyjvNtV2-BW12zk5OQVR1gDOi6EsNJQDDBYJvg3DZ9QkJk_wcyIH-/w546-h640/1885+map.jpg" width="546" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">This
map from 1885 shows the original six blocks of Villastaden. The first
four blocks were built out as villas, but the eastern two blocks deviate
sharply. *<br /></td></tr></tbody></table><p style="text-align: justify;"><br />As lot prices in Villastaden grew higher and higher, the circle of people able to buy villas in the area became smaller and smaller, and apartment buildings grew more and more tempting. The earliest apartment buildings in Villastaden were respectful of the original intent of the area. For example, Zettervall’s apartment building on the corner of Biblioteksgatan (Floragatan) and Karlavägen is only three stories and is only slightly larger in scale than its neighbors and according to outward appearances could have been a single-family dwelling. It was set back from the street and freestanding. </p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiV94EY1MxV6v56dSp7LrwJF0z3t0RtARoSl7k6X-9ARV1Fjz22EYhIHIMf166SwTkU5tKONIXF2MOPBLUx0mi0azr3Ut-HNY0ZITVxLVSFjZR4WaVZHhjg5hnkOj2B_ddo10t6A8A6u2Sq/s1367/photograph+late+1880%2527s+apartment+building.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1024" data-original-width="1367" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiV94EY1MxV6v56dSp7LrwJF0z3t0RtARoSl7k6X-9ARV1Fjz22EYhIHIMf166SwTkU5tKONIXF2MOPBLUx0mi0azr3Ut-HNY0ZITVxLVSFjZR4WaVZHhjg5hnkOj2B_ddo10t6A8A6u2Sq/w400-h300/photograph+late+1880%2527s+apartment+building.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">The building on the left is one of Villastaden's first apartment buildings. The scale could still be interpreted as fitting a villa. *<br /></td></tr></tbody></table><p></p><p style="text-align: justify;">The same could more-or-less be said for Kumliens’ apartment buildings on Villagatan.<br /></p><p style="text-align: justify;"></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiQqWakz5vHS6kcoWs4zNfXQOPPRqYZK9IZu4U-H7Id1RdO7eZEwcl46rnutTnIuD5J9KfY1mAF75TzPyspsUBoyQS9mEsOwuIjQ2V2MBop1fA6HEkB2UDPQ6P0wLmDDF8dUE9lViNuzuv3/s1385/Kumlien+apt+comp.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="810" data-original-width="1385" height="374" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiQqWakz5vHS6kcoWs4zNfXQOPPRqYZK9IZu4U-H7Id1RdO7eZEwcl46rnutTnIuD5J9KfY1mAF75TzPyspsUBoyQS9mEsOwuIjQ2V2MBop1fA6HEkB2UDPQ6P0wLmDDF8dUE9lViNuzuv3/w640-h374/Kumlien+apt+comp.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">The apartment building on the right was originally the same height as the apartment building on the left--both were well within the scale of a large villa.<br /></td></tr></tbody></table></p><p style="text-align: justify;">But as development pressures grew, new apartment buildings in the area grew taller, larger, and less respectful of the original single-family intent.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgoBKGgZzORRDQyaF9yZlpiPb59cB4_NntuF32IGRsXaHXlZc3SubxTSWQux3fLE5L0G3fdP7efkjzVDV-o9Q4DZ362XJSpPI4zkOJXicNlEjyuUN45yGzs-jxQ_8cfqo0eNTgkHUQE44Gi/s2205/larger+apt+comp.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="810" data-original-width="2205" height="236" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgoBKGgZzORRDQyaF9yZlpiPb59cB4_NntuF32IGRsXaHXlZc3SubxTSWQux3fLE5L0G3fdP7efkjzVDV-o9Q4DZ362XJSpPI4zkOJXicNlEjyuUN45yGzs-jxQ_8cfqo0eNTgkHUQE44Gi/w640-h236/larger+apt+comp.jpg" width="640" /></a></div><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">These apartment buildings were not intended for Stockholm’s middle or lower classes. Instead, they were giant, luxurious apartments with up to 17 “main” rooms plus kitchens, storerooms, and small bedrooms for the servants. These apartments were built with the very newest technologies including central heating and ventilation. While the new apartment buildings changed Villastaden’s appearance, they were not meant to change Villastaden’s social makeup.<br /><br />Debates raged between architects and owners and the city permitting office – did the easements for setbacks and “villa-style” buildings still apply after AB Stockholms Byggnadsförening closed for business? Did “villa-style” encompass a limitation in building height? In 1881, the King stepped in and declared that the easements for setbacks still applied but that the city building code applied regarding the building’s height. Apartment buildings in Villastaden still had to be set back from the street and freestanding from neighboring buildings, but they could be five stories tall. <br /><br />Because AB Stockholms Byggnadsförening had not sold the lots east of Biblioteksgatan (Floragatan) with easements, in 1883, the City Architect successfully carried out a change in the city plan to require that all buildings along Biblioteksgatan (Floragatan) were to be built with a setback from the street. However, buildings along this street were not required to be freestanding from their neighbors. </div><p></p><p style="text-align: justify;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEhgrbWDO2ggEjD2yN_jeZMKDjeHuHEcBGaTTu6cj2sZqgULWnVWFn0yD1-6ixvtWOQt3pE5ON9psBbhgYILsNrszCblvXVryALYG6nw538FGHb995ppxI8sMeF0JbnJNMdYUZeloeRVrdLlnuL3Hh2XihRGy_Oyn-6ltn1UvgznYKg6n5g24Bv6Z4SumQ=s1238" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1238" data-original-width="1016" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEhgrbWDO2ggEjD2yN_jeZMKDjeHuHEcBGaTTu6cj2sZqgULWnVWFn0yD1-6ixvtWOQt3pE5ON9psBbhgYILsNrszCblvXVryALYG6nw538FGHb995ppxI8sMeF0JbnJNMdYUZeloeRVrdLlnuL3Hh2XihRGy_Oyn-6ltn1UvgznYKg6n5g24Bv6Z4SumQ=w526-h640" width="526" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEjdmpsqtnQSDzHT1-nWh0the-QC4LuVlx5_UhkToq8U5c99HBgSmXDZWwAlE0QyrxNcUElLPpCb1mzgKtzt6I0L6fsKwAMFkjROK1vGnjE_EEITqqXuq-DZNblOjgzxSuKGpecLZ4nJjflJjorHoVIQ0Q_rwReBlLC-JoO-Yr4gW6jEMG8_neYLtooJ3A=s1080" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="810" data-original-width="1080" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEjdmpsqtnQSDzHT1-nWh0the-QC4LuVlx5_UhkToq8U5c99HBgSmXDZWwAlE0QyrxNcUElLPpCb1mzgKtzt6I0L6fsKwAMFkjROK1vGnjE_EEITqqXuq-DZNblOjgzxSuKGpecLZ4nJjflJjorHoVIQ0Q_rwReBlLC-JoO-Yr4gW6jEMG8_neYLtooJ3A=w400-h300" width="400" /></a></div><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">In 1885, several property owners started legal proceedings to have the easements terminated. The case went all the way to Sweden’s supreme court but was unsuccessful—the easements remained. But this didn’t stop a demolition frenzy in Villastaden as villa owners sold their lots to builders who razed the original single-family houses to make way for more profitable apartment buildings. Even Villastaden’s founder, Henrik Palme, sold his villa for demolition. In 1889, he founded the fancy suburb of Djursholm and moved there instead. <br /><br />Another real estate investor fought the easement by submitting permit drawings for an apartment building built out to the street. The permit was denied several times until the case was taken before various courts. Eventually, the Supreme Court heard the case and found in favor of the real estate developer. Construction began but was stopped by the King in 1892 who decided that the easements were still valid and that the real estate investor must abide by them. <br /><br />In 1889, another small change in the city plan was driven through, despite protests from the property owners. Now even Villagatan had compulsory set backs according to the city plan. I am curious why the plan didn’t encompass Villastaden’s cross streets or the east side of Engelbrektsgatan.</div><p></p><p style="text-align: justify;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEgYhZ1_HwoPh9md9yKfXliZjoM3y66uUM6PydO4_s3oKwxPkxwCWyfk1hvl52Ycsuo9Y0gUPliBUsLGAcd8EwEheiqOoILa5OdQhWAekqImSF7vfyfQZm--gTGx_-De4pRat9tDMUwkSY2FT8Pw-YESO8CTHzaZ7KcoJs9Db-MkIQ1xXWF9oeSs9myFFQ=s1238" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1238" data-original-width="1016" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEgYhZ1_HwoPh9md9yKfXliZjoM3y66uUM6PydO4_s3oKwxPkxwCWyfk1hvl52Ycsuo9Y0gUPliBUsLGAcd8EwEheiqOoILa5OdQhWAekqImSF7vfyfQZm--gTGx_-De4pRat9tDMUwkSY2FT8Pw-YESO8CTHzaZ7KcoJs9Db-MkIQ1xXWF9oeSs9myFFQ=w526-h640" width="526" /></a></div><p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEh1GyLLZ0mC_MwyC9J7zdoOXlHFM9xK0IgYNvB4a_4uIMTitLORKl8i4JvOrjvt89nUm7vQNrO_Pgagz5QlR4SPp2frolYdKAFwZYlJ6Xb99hOxtS5KV2sp-EcK8Z0TXbtBN6O8SESZBl1v-zGpLSVkI-kTpa1iu7HmTknervz-9Dwrocz_vDZ-nOS8-g=s1080" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="810" data-original-width="1080" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEh1GyLLZ0mC_MwyC9J7zdoOXlHFM9xK0IgYNvB4a_4uIMTitLORKl8i4JvOrjvt89nUm7vQNrO_Pgagz5QlR4SPp2frolYdKAFwZYlJ6Xb99hOxtS5KV2sp-EcK8Z0TXbtBN6O8SESZBl1v-zGpLSVkI-kTpa1iu7HmTknervz-9Dwrocz_vDZ-nOS8-g=w400-h300" width="400" /></a></div><p></p><p style="text-align: justify;">In 1902, two more lot owners tried to have their easements terminated. Based on precedent, the request was denied, but now the King stepped in yet again and slightly reversed his previous dictates, deciding that <i>only</i> the easement requiring a set back from the street was valid. The easement requiring freestanding buildings was no longer valid. This resulted in several apartment buildings at the northern end of Villagatan that are set back from the street but that abut the neighboring buildings with firewalls. It is unclear to me why the King was stepping into these relatively insignificant matters at all, much less why the same king would change his mind on the validity of certain easements within a relatively short timespan. Yes, these easements had a significant impact on tiny Villastaden, but they had no impact on Stockholm as a whole. </p><p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEjupcNVJ_Ae_sZthgnGhSAixPy6SaoWq62Q6dvFDQODsVjX3VpagLr8ZBNVk91-OFRnr72Zl8O-G7LiPkArgQywzGUJFaJRtRYvJqRBa2ZUJEJdpAlG4XPZVKclK-L5J7z0CQMeXoxWzKJNfkYXDDaEohTj3TpmQobOJSp2Ivzzr3P4Oi-T8N7oMrdBgQ=s2205" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="810" data-original-width="2205" height="236" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEjupcNVJ_Ae_sZthgnGhSAixPy6SaoWq62Q6dvFDQODsVjX3VpagLr8ZBNVk91-OFRnr72Zl8O-G7LiPkArgQywzGUJFaJRtRYvJqRBa2ZUJEJdpAlG4XPZVKclK-L5J7z0CQMeXoxWzKJNfkYXDDaEohTj3TpmQobOJSp2Ivzzr3P4Oi-T8N7oMrdBgQ=w640-h236" width="640" /></a></div><p></p><p style="text-align: justify;">Yet another case in 1902 demonstrates how the King’s meddling changed Villastaden’s character. Another permit application for an apartment building built out to the street on Östermalmsgatan and to the lot lines on both sides was denied by the city. In response, the city tried to make yet another change to the city plan to require setbacks along Östermalmsgatan. The King refused to ratify the change and instead determined that the apartment building should be allowed to be built out to the lot line at the street. Even today, this is one of the only buildings in Villastaden that doesn’t have a setback. </p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEjXyI5WTF-_EADAQ9vlU2VLSI9g___wlIw6dfQNfH2HvVjuSIuk3KkI0kkuSWB2GKNEKLJtLbnz26z4fhN9GeidaTeDxEnXDsuteUu0Pcl9t7xEuaRn2eKEAs6FuHkTBhjJ2TU6X9P-d8r86R4OWDDyrq_Iv1BQztiycIhxqqXCXv-XNprPZ6kuG-Z71w=s1238" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1238" data-original-width="1017" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEjXyI5WTF-_EADAQ9vlU2VLSI9g___wlIw6dfQNfH2HvVjuSIuk3KkI0kkuSWB2GKNEKLJtLbnz26z4fhN9GeidaTeDxEnXDsuteUu0Pcl9t7xEuaRn2eKEAs6FuHkTBhjJ2TU6X9P-d8r86R4OWDDyrq_Iv1BQztiycIhxqqXCXv-XNprPZ6kuG-Z71w=w526-h640" width="526" /></a></div><p style="text-align: justify;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEi1oYbNrz3lRvGdHTCV-3y2dL3v3mmCnDyQZpvL2-af8sTAlxLE-xF1NC7fxq3k1ZcX5WFTNkbpO_WZvMQaTwKa84ZFlhd-RmD9RsovFAEHOy5Gjh1eUgXq9Z6FFzAVfUa3xxrGhYkzLxO7XXl06Yhh-yLetiR0x_k1BqsTKk9UGCJZl3Vo170Ug6d-lA=s1080" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="810" data-original-width="1080" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEi1oYbNrz3lRvGdHTCV-3y2dL3v3mmCnDyQZpvL2-af8sTAlxLE-xF1NC7fxq3k1ZcX5WFTNkbpO_WZvMQaTwKa84ZFlhd-RmD9RsovFAEHOy5Gjh1eUgXq9Z6FFzAVfUa3xxrGhYkzLxO7XXl06Yhh-yLetiR0x_k1BqsTKk9UGCJZl3Vo170Ug6d-lA=w400-h300" width="400" /></a></div><p></p><p></p><p style="text-align: justify;"></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><b> </b></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><b>Stureparken</b><br />This pocket park isn’t really in the area today encompassed by Villastaden, but it serves as Villastaden’s almost private park, much more so than Humlegården which is used by the city at large. Since the 1600’s, the park had been a graveyard for Östermalm’s poor who couldn’t afford burial at a church. In the 1700’s and 1800’s, the graveyard was used to contain cholera victims, keeping the dangerous corpses out of the city center. In the late 1800’s, the church intended to build upon the land, but those plans were put aside when it was found that the church didn’t actually own the land—it was actually the city’s property. In the early 1900’s, the city removed the cemetery and created a park instead. </p><p style="text-align: justify;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEh20-CKjKVWnP4h2PC3h5FltBIW8mllIsuKU8yokeDgmEvQDH0raBWSWUMzXuwFnOBOQN0bAFxzHRjO-gccJFunrdmo4gWmkd3Kx0HoZ6iJoCqJerAwbU9n8hCtTS7XRjZDOJOIwbdPfB8TW4oTUStgYfuaE8TD1-y_bpsm1Vz5EfbRxhzQ_KnidAKcHA=s1238" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1238" data-original-width="1016" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEh20-CKjKVWnP4h2PC3h5FltBIW8mllIsuKU8yokeDgmEvQDH0raBWSWUMzXuwFnOBOQN0bAFxzHRjO-gccJFunrdmo4gWmkd3Kx0HoZ6iJoCqJerAwbU9n8hCtTS7XRjZDOJOIwbdPfB8TW4oTUStgYfuaE8TD1-y_bpsm1Vz5EfbRxhzQ_KnidAKcHA=w526-h640" width="526" /></a></div><p></p><p style="text-align: justify;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEhUO5qHdE4czhodjVwwhBVUGlWUmVpwMjYu6T9ZP9OujWp9ScT6gg4CXFjuvYkjDIPEUmzAlRJXCHoimf1950aMN_9eOIDLtc4iXkpZEN0GOPT_NP9tf9mtA6vdPgroILcYrxsiy60lQhPt4AsS-T7C0VaCHh_ALqrvrcA3-Uh3QY3eOjuPp7uRGdsB9Q=s2205" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="810" data-original-width="2205" height="236" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEhUO5qHdE4czhodjVwwhBVUGlWUmVpwMjYu6T9ZP9OujWp9ScT6gg4CXFjuvYkjDIPEUmzAlRJXCHoimf1950aMN_9eOIDLtc4iXkpZEN0GOPT_NP9tf9mtA6vdPgroILcYrxsiy60lQhPt4AsS-T7C0VaCHh_ALqrvrcA3-Uh3QY3eOjuPp7uRGdsB9Q=w640-h236" width="640" /></a></div><br /> <p></p><p style="text-align: justify;"></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><b>Villastaden Today</b><br />The demolition of villas and the building of apartment buildings in Villastaden continued into the post-war years, but real estate prices remained high and the new buildings were almost without exception designed by the day’s leading architects. Eventually, the sky-high real estate prices meant that office buildings began to replace even the apartment buildings. Even so, the slightly suburban character of Villastaden remains. Even the office buildings are set back from the street and are freestanding from their neighbors and a few remaining villas are still standing, reducing the overall scale of the neighborhood. </p><p style="text-align: justify;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEigBhRV2-dwggSOy2rL2kWphOhXLYW-FopUL3DX70OiNp9lntRhWgD4dcEGMdiXRL_9r8SywCyGB9pZOpe6N4oL6Yl___NopKxNZASdZXEKF1-V15OqeChJ6vz8zYWqWR4fUsNq-tm4KO9Anjf2q9X88SG-exYoEobyt3-kvDhqKHM6jjybDDCD9OT3-g=s2205" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="810" data-original-width="2205" height="236" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEigBhRV2-dwggSOy2rL2kWphOhXLYW-FopUL3DX70OiNp9lntRhWgD4dcEGMdiXRL_9r8SywCyGB9pZOpe6N4oL6Yl___NopKxNZASdZXEKF1-V15OqeChJ6vz8zYWqWR4fUsNq-tm4KO9Anjf2q9X88SG-exYoEobyt3-kvDhqKHM6jjybDDCD9OT3-g=w640-h236" width="640" /></a></div> <br /><br />However, the villas are almost without exception not residences in this day in age. After the First World War, the financial world’s elite replaced the intelligentsia in Villastaden, and they hired the leading architects of the day to renovate the aging villas and to give them a more modern face lift. And after the Second World War, most of the villas and even several of the apartment buildings were bought by various countries to be used as embassies. Today, Villastaden hosts the embassies of Bulgaria, Romania, the Czech Republic, Poland, Malaysia, Thailand, and Colombia. <p></p><p style="text-align: justify;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEgaFV1RCCkLcBV08VmSxT19SK-KMi36YcsdNIwPZ4_08KE7q4kpV0Pp2NANAMyohW1hhYKoOAd3K4pfo-C82qBNb5VAk7Slv6tYWpw44yok0jrP-SBWkk9a1N-r47y8z71HJ7sGw4GFXkf2FCSW9Jw2QX1jqMcL2rx764j8CijDcATLOqebeMPoqgXvgA=s2205" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="810" data-original-width="2205" height="236" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEgaFV1RCCkLcBV08VmSxT19SK-KMi36YcsdNIwPZ4_08KE7q4kpV0Pp2NANAMyohW1hhYKoOAd3K4pfo-C82qBNb5VAk7Slv6tYWpw44yok0jrP-SBWkk9a1N-r47y8z71HJ7sGw4GFXkf2FCSW9Jw2QX1jqMcL2rx764j8CijDcATLOqebeMPoqgXvgA=w640-h236" width="640" /></a></div><br /> <br />While most of the apartment buildings are still residential in function, they hardly cater to a more mixed clientele now than in the past. Villastaden claims Stockholm’s (and therefore Sweden’s) second-highest real estate prices, second only to <a href="https://walkingstockholm.blogspot.com/2018/10/strandvagen-stockholms-park-avenue.html" target="_blank">Strandvägen</a>. <br /><br />This air of exclusivity is reinforced by the neighborhood’s greenery. Not only is it close to the giant Humlegården and smaller Stureparken parks, but the streets are lined with well-tended street gardens which separate the buildings from the street and sidewalk. These street gardens are generally slightly raised above the sidewalk level and they are all fenced off from the street, reinforcing the psychological distance between those who may walk on the sidewalk (everyone) and those who may enter the buildings (a select few). <p></p><p style="text-align: justify;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEgMwX0ujsbOt_GEvgoFDGQZJazDgzAYcVnej9t05KFoGXlZYESKT717nbrWcp1XbHqko8PLH2r9H8AksUlSykUDS8AhmYu6B6jsbRmBdaZjEQ8CkJkZO8rUIMWJrvPgB5MX_R-4uIVuGjmTbBp0DrPOZnXYSQA3hBDRPostYx1-U6ApS3ObPQh1RX_ODQ=s1735" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="810" data-original-width="1735" height="298" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEgMwX0ujsbOt_GEvgoFDGQZJazDgzAYcVnej9t05KFoGXlZYESKT717nbrWcp1XbHqko8PLH2r9H8AksUlSykUDS8AhmYu6B6jsbRmBdaZjEQ8CkJkZO8rUIMWJrvPgB5MX_R-4uIVuGjmTbBp0DrPOZnXYSQA3hBDRPostYx1-U6ApS3ObPQh1RX_ODQ=w640-h298" width="640" /></a></div> <br /><br />A general observation about street-side gardens at buildings with setbacks from the street: First, the street gardens are only successful if they are enclosed with a fence or wall. When not enclosed, they become strange no-mans-lands between the public and private realms, and even when in very exclusive areas, these street-side gardens tend to be filled with bicycle parking or are generally a bit neglected. Unenclosed street-side gardens are also less successful at establishing a psychological distance between sidewalk and apartment building, and do a much poorer job of psychologically shielding ground-floor apartments from the street. <p></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEhXY-33wU7kdyapcSP2navvt2gQIooZ5QNvyzgcjyfj4nhZGPavop_uilc-_1HrOJ3rKy2e7TZavvUND9UY87_Jg3tqkxRqZ4K-LK06CmlWW_mztTnCAHPsjyGQ7AnjRzGcBc_zr9eIk9mBGlLn5HAD3XzQdv-4g_PIKM2DsRcde7IM7AjXXnRTXpgcNg=s1080" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="810" data-original-width="1080" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEhXY-33wU7kdyapcSP2navvt2gQIooZ5QNvyzgcjyfj4nhZGPavop_uilc-_1HrOJ3rKy2e7TZavvUND9UY87_Jg3tqkxRqZ4K-LK06CmlWW_mztTnCAHPsjyGQ7AnjRzGcBc_zr9eIk9mBGlLn5HAD3XzQdv-4g_PIKM2DsRcde7IM7AjXXnRTXpgcNg=w400-h300" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">A less successful street-side garden in another part of the city<br /></td></tr></tbody></table> <br /></p><p style="text-align: justify;"></p><p style="text-align: justify;">Another contributing factor to the exclusive air of the neighborhood is that while it is surrounded by destinations and thoroughfares (Humlegården, Karlavägen, Valhallavägen), the neighborhood itself is little bit “off.” One has no reason to pass through the neighborhood, public transportation is relegated to the neighborhood’s periphery, and street connections to Valhallavägen are physically cut off, decreasing the amount of car traffic through the area. </p><p style="text-align: justify;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEgwi8mHgdj_rBiMd1Kaz2z3kYlEFhvfMQcYh3INqLSRAWKpBWamHvHA0cYwLnCamrIptwCy1TMiZNgsxxTPkVJJT7aUR6nc5fYsbuabYUNEYqqCXDmxzBYrtetq4XBSaGDlUlAiQ0oQlp4zBSSMcSUTR1YCahwpqKwhfgx-QxwuxjTLwGFsGOWI6E0x6Q=s1080" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="810" data-original-width="1080" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEgwi8mHgdj_rBiMd1Kaz2z3kYlEFhvfMQcYh3INqLSRAWKpBWamHvHA0cYwLnCamrIptwCy1TMiZNgsxxTPkVJJT7aUR6nc5fYsbuabYUNEYqqCXDmxzBYrtetq4XBSaGDlUlAiQ0oQlp4zBSSMcSUTR1YCahwpqKwhfgx-QxwuxjTLwGFsGOWI6E0x6Q=w400-h300" width="400" /></a></div> <br /><p></p><p style="text-align: justify;"></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><b>Conclusion</b><br />With its greenery, Villastaden has its appealing aspects, but it is a small and relatively insignificant corner of Central Stockholm or even of Östermalm. With its setbacks and freestanding buildings, Villastaden’s pattern of development deviates dramatically from the rest of Stockholm. Yet it isn’t the development pattern that seems significant here. Instead, it is the question of how a deviating development pattern can be legally enforced. Clearly, easements were not the answer as they were challenged again and again and sometimes set aside. Royal verdicts notwithstanding, the only reliable way to provide for and to enforce a development pattern that deviated from the city building code was to enshrine it in the city plan. In other words, to legally zone it. <br /><br />Villastaden was Stockholm’s first experiment with zoning that didn’t strictly adhere to the city building code. It wasn’t a very successful experiment. But it did teach the city how to more successfully do it in the future. It wouldn’t be long until the city planning office tried again to create a neighborhood that deviated from the norm, and this time, the deviations would be enforceable and lasting. </p><p style="text-align: justify;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEi0PpLGGIKrjYNKoTohAUV_MjF_7y7RMEbIJ3WHwCDYBP2YukpaUdU_qRZnQlndGs6TRYXBoCeYa5Poqa2eKQs_UsKXmQuVdtUyPMN8ugPzcyfy-k3anfPpSCBrMQRzlQNJLduihWdpT-TuylQql2SaThhAYWhpHwSCG6nE-Sx3gR4yI47634OyCG8RyQ=s2205" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="810" data-original-width="2205" height="236" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEi0PpLGGIKrjYNKoTohAUV_MjF_7y7RMEbIJ3WHwCDYBP2YukpaUdU_qRZnQlndGs6TRYXBoCeYa5Poqa2eKQs_UsKXmQuVdtUyPMN8ugPzcyfy-k3anfPpSCBrMQRzlQNJLduihWdpT-TuylQql2SaThhAYWhpHwSCG6nE-Sx3gR4yI47634OyCG8RyQ=w640-h236" width="640" /></a></div> <br /><p></p><p style="text-align: left;"><b>Sources:</b><br />Fredric Bedoire, <i>Villastan: En sluten värld för Stockholms ekonomiska och kulturella elit</i> (2017)<br />Bengt Edlund, <i>Vårt gröna Stockholm: Parker, parklekar, promenader och konst </i>(2018)<br /><i>Alla Tiders Stockholm</i> (2014)<br /><br /><b>Images:</b><br />All of the images are my own except for<br />*Fredric Bedoire, <i>Villastan: En sluten värld för Stockholms ekonomiska och kulturella elit</i> (2017) <br /><br /></p><br />Rainahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03436765499184988845noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2772821807884282561.post-80807727369643086602021-12-02T20:19:00.004+01:002021-12-10T20:07:07.474+01:00Summer Houses of the 1800’s<div><p style="text-align: justify;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgnlE6MbbTPguoO1f5ms152CQH1ndVtSrVJOaZKDvNPYzbFPedy-yZth8PTu580_DCR496o9085ZuHFUvqfhrf75F_9jRtPn1rcxB2HFl-bHEGpVNlWOI5-XeTCd6quB0Y1BwgkiSu-XeCT/s2205/first+comp.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="810" data-original-width="2205" height="236" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgnlE6MbbTPguoO1f5ms152CQH1ndVtSrVJOaZKDvNPYzbFPedy-yZth8PTu580_DCR496o9085ZuHFUvqfhrf75F_9jRtPn1rcxB2HFl-bHEGpVNlWOI5-XeTCd6quB0Y1BwgkiSu-XeCT/w640-h236/first+comp.jpg" width="640" /></a></div><p></p><p style="text-align: justify;">It’s a bit hard to comprehend how tiny Stockholm was in the 1800’s. Large portions of what is today considered to be “central” Stockholm were not developed, and there certainly wasn’t suburban development leapfrogging across the landscape. Walking from one end of town to the other took about an hour at a relatively leiseruly pace, and beyond that, the scenery became quite rural quite quickly.<br /><br /><b>Historic framework of the Summer Residence</b><br />I’ve previously written about a primarily 18th century phenomenon called <i><a href="https://walkingstockholm.blogspot.com/2013/05/malmgardar-summer-housessuburban-farms.html" target="_blank">malmgårdar</a></i>, which I’ve inadequately translated to Suburban Farms. These farms were generally owned by the elite and were located on the very periphery of town. The owners used the farms as a summer residence to escape the diseases and the stench of warm weather before closed sewers, but the distinctive feature of the <i>malmgårdar</i> was that they were small, personal farms. Not just summer residences, these small estates produced fruit, vegetables, meat, dairy, beer, and spirits which laded the owner’s tables, both in the city and out at the farm. <br /><br /><i>Malmgårdar </i>are a separate albeit not entirely unrelated phenomenon from summer houses. The use of <i>malmgårdar</i> was heavily weighted toward farming, but summer houses were generally just a residence (although I’m sure many of them had kitchen gardens). <br /><br />Like <i>malmgårdar</i>, there’s no black and white line between a palace and a summer residence. The nobility had had estates out in the countryside around Stockholm for centuries, but these are essentially luxurious farm houses. Large and extravagant and designed by star architects yes, but the summer palaces are without exception also the seat of expansive, prosperous farming estates. <br /><b><br />Historic Patterns of Landownership</b><br />This is a bit simplified, but: Being so close to the city, <i>malmgårdar</i> were generally built on land bought or rented from the city. Outside of the city’s domain, land was owned by the Crown or by the estates of the nobility. Historical landholding patterns vary considerably throughout Sweden, but around Stockholm, the nobility had a monopoly on land. These estates were tax-free and granted by the Crown. Until 1809, it was illegal for a commoner to buy land that was designated for the nobility, and even after the laws changed, the common practice of entailing made it impossible to split up or sell off parts of an estate. Even if there had been a market for summer houses outside of the city, there was no available land. <br /><br />In the 1700’s, for many reasons, many aspects of the feudal system began to disintegrate. One such crack in the nobility’s facade was that the crown began to grant noble titles and new estates to merchants. Of course, these weren’t just any merchants but were the directors and presidents of such important and prestigious and outrageously profitable companies like Sweden’s East India Company. This “<i>Skeppsbroadel</i>,” roughly translated to “Park Avenue Nobility,” were probably the first developers of summer houses around Stockholm.<br /></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><b>The First Summer Residences of the 1700’s</b><br /><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgW2iR0Yn7_Z8TvIUwUYL-1lKmGcov3SzcpZ5HnmQUT05mUW37TBJtLPw2pMt6-VzalWsvl9zeIDwDT5lGhrZZNu5MuwyBTi0SBTO7I_Viwve8pUSafJpgsRTJRTEcgFZTed9m2TZ5alDxc/s926/Map-1700%2527s.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="707" data-original-width="926" height="488" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgW2iR0Yn7_Z8TvIUwUYL-1lKmGcov3SzcpZ5HnmQUT05mUW37TBJtLPw2pMt6-VzalWsvl9zeIDwDT5lGhrZZNu5MuwyBTi0SBTO7I_Viwve8pUSafJpgsRTJRTEcgFZTed9m2TZ5alDxc/w640-h488/Map-1700%2527s.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">* = Downtown Stockholm.<br /></td></tr></tbody></table>Sickla ön, just east of Södermalm and central Stockholm, is the best known concentration of 18th century summerhouses built (or rebuilt) by the “Skeppsbroadel,” or the new merchant nobility. Svindersvik (map 1) was the trendsetter: built in the 1740’s by Claes Grill, owner of iron works and the director of Sweden’s East India Company, Svindersvik is a beautifully designed but relatively modest Rokoko summer house overlooking the bay at Gäddviken. Once the Grills had established their summer residence on Sickla ön, others followed.</p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjveMwq4YiUIFspFb9fAtE3n6vBIRHDEllBBMSArmmJomvsaHK5JImqTn0-pHGdcBXLG6ZbEGNcbTP8uFgQfPPSfLNmbHpblHYOXX983PYp0dNfzfTsxRE3KcWaat-L0EPlneJe5VxmhjRd/s2136/Svindersvik+comp.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="810" data-original-width="2136" height="242" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjveMwq4YiUIFspFb9fAtE3n6vBIRHDEllBBMSArmmJomvsaHK5JImqTn0-pHGdcBXLG6ZbEGNcbTP8uFgQfPPSfLNmbHpblHYOXX983PYp0dNfzfTsxRE3KcWaat-L0EPlneJe5VxmhjRd/w640-h242/Svindersvik+comp.jpg" width="640" /></a></div><p style="text-align: justify;"></p><p style="text-align: justify;">Järla Gård (map 2) has roots going back at least to the Viking era, but the property was bought in the 1760’s by Lefebure, another director in Sweden’s East India Company. He rebuilt the manor house, adding a second floor as well as two freestanding wings. While Järla had always been a large farm, Lefebure’s interest in the property was as a summer residence overlooking Järla Lake, even if farming activity continued for a while longer. </p><p style="text-align: left;"></p><div style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi9TBLjvGVp_euJKYe05Ip7tv6ko19k9EP67jNZi5VsbXMnF0UAHJlEeN9vI7cGoc__DdnujHbfdFDvFCArZmRCccCOT3GdFP_MOcbywOSBcVT5rBbOZV-ajsMPpbNvFR1ufGreXo9dZ8wG/s1080/J%25C3%25A4rla+g%25C3%25A5rd.jpg"><img border="0" data-original-height="810" data-original-width="1080" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi9TBLjvGVp_euJKYe05Ip7tv6ko19k9EP67jNZi5VsbXMnF0UAHJlEeN9vI7cGoc__DdnujHbfdFDvFCArZmRCccCOT3GdFP_MOcbywOSBcVT5rBbOZV-ajsMPpbNvFR1ufGreXo9dZ8wG/w400-h300/J%25C3%25A4rla+g%25C3%25A5rd.jpg" width="400" /></a></div><p style="text-align: justify;">The trend continued farther east out of town on Nacka. Originally a part of the Järla Gård estate, Stora Nyckelviken (map 3) had been a prosperous farm for centuries, but it was bought in the 1740’s by yet another director of the East India Company, Petersen. He built the manor house as well as an extensive formal garden with pavilion. Stora Nyckelviken sits high above the Baltic water.</p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiIr4lmPTL774W2uk6CTR5EtHNFk1wF5o1AxAu_1d7MQmJkRLTbqWc27tUlNGTsJWWHsxr6Vy5OOsU0_SDQEUiFxAKIpl-O_tbf1Pzkkr1tINxSjEGUV5M8o8-TR7bc5R9AJlOc_U01q1tq/s1735/Stora+Nyckelviken+comp.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="810" data-original-width="1735" height="298" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiIr4lmPTL774W2uk6CTR5EtHNFk1wF5o1AxAu_1d7MQmJkRLTbqWc27tUlNGTsJWWHsxr6Vy5OOsU0_SDQEUiFxAKIpl-O_tbf1Pzkkr1tINxSjEGUV5M8o8-TR7bc5R9AJlOc_U01q1tq/w640-h298/Stora+Nyckelviken+comp.jpg" width="640" /></a></div><p></p><p style="text-align: justify;">Closer to the water, Lilla Nyckelviken was also built by Petersen in the 1740’s. It’s a bit unclear what this house was originally used for, but throughout the centuries it has been rented to various prominent people as a summer cottage. </p><p style="text-align: left;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEilwVer5jSPj-d9KkamkQKTnW27Ndv-0DHccioIVP137arTmx1n79x8binPXpBYut3D5KtH_RmWLSuIGDyTTs-qlS6_BMpUnzXKTbU-Lcd4iK_WkPVFHPA0i18KaK4YUxf1O0x6ZIPf-136/s1080/Lilla+Nyckelviken.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="810" data-original-width="1080" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEilwVer5jSPj-d9KkamkQKTnW27Ndv-0DHccioIVP137arTmx1n79x8binPXpBYut3D5KtH_RmWLSuIGDyTTs-qlS6_BMpUnzXKTbU-Lcd4iK_WkPVFHPA0i18KaK4YUxf1O0x6ZIPf-136/w400-h300/Lilla+Nyckelviken.jpg" width="400" /></a></div><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">The “Skeppsbroadel” didn’t confine their summer residences to Sickla and Nacka east of Stockholm. Lidingö (map 4), a large island northeast of town, was also popular, and many of the ancient farm estates were taken over and rebuilt by wealthy merchants for summer residences. Likewise, the area around Liljeholmen and the lake Trekanten to the south of town (map 5) was a popular place for wealthy merchants to build their summer homes in the 1700’s. For example, Stora Katrineberg was built in the 1770’s by a wealthy industrialist and </div><div style="text-align: justify;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEglTwrlvlRAeMue79ZGQqJ50-i9U8fq07sRQAhrKn49HVOXQ7n13Iv97pSLudh6eQSFE8BXA-jnbcHUwQJ0AA5LBami2guCHZ4SgfCyd6z9bi4wQmXPi97ph9ZkjlUh3Fpfg5tUjmuRZpmL/s2205/Stora+Katrineberg+comp.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="810" data-original-width="2205" height="236" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEglTwrlvlRAeMue79ZGQqJ50-i9U8fq07sRQAhrKn49HVOXQ7n13Iv97pSLudh6eQSFE8BXA-jnbcHUwQJ0AA5LBami2guCHZ4SgfCyd6z9bi4wQmXPi97ph9ZkjlUh3Fpfg5tUjmuRZpmL/w640-h236/Stora+Katrineberg+comp.jpg" width="640" /></a></div></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">Charlottendal was built in the 1780's by a wealthy wholesaler of spices.</div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhP6eabFTIT6wHlVG3YfxnnQmQQ1BJM-0ejvZmDhEeYicyyUYUznqi7V0WoHH4oGVEZAbfRdtvWNtCSQnmdyrxK297gIh54wv-iM2uwghQTD7sPeUcRDfyqw52xsrG2FeJx43WwY_KIz5wE/s2275/Charlottendal+comp.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="810" data-original-width="2275" height="228" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhP6eabFTIT6wHlVG3YfxnnQmQQ1BJM-0ejvZmDhEeYicyyUYUznqi7V0WoHH4oGVEZAbfRdtvWNtCSQnmdyrxK297gIh54wv-iM2uwghQTD7sPeUcRDfyqw52xsrG2FeJx43WwY_KIz5wE/w640-h228/Charlottendal+comp.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">***</td></tr></tbody></table><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> <br /></div><p style="text-align: justify;"><b>New Patterns of Landownership</b><br />The final nail in the coffin for the feudal system was probably the agricultural crises in the 1840’s and 50’s. Years of bad harvests caused not only starvation and mass emigration but also bankruptcy and a number of the noble estates around Stockholm went bankrupt. In many instances the estates changed hands intact, and these intact estates would curtail and channel the development of suburbia through the 1960’s. But in other instances, the estates were sold piecemeal. It’s these pieces of land that eventually became available for other purposes than agriculture. Some holdings were used for industrial endeavors. Others were developed into desirable summer colonies.<br /><br /><b>The Steamboat</b><br />Another all-important piece to the summer house puzzle was the steamboat. Since Sweden’s pre-history, travel had always been dominated by waterways instead of roadways, and this held true, with the exception of the train in the late 1800's, until the 1900’s. Since at least the 1600’s, Stockholm’s central and peripheral waterways had been trafficked by rowboats in a combination of regular traffic with fixed timetables and routes as well as by “taxi” rowboats. These rowboats of course had a limited range and longer distances in and out of the city were covered by sailing ships, but the ships were so dependent on the weather that they couldn’t be counted on to keep a schedule or to, say, get you to the office on time on a Monday morning. <br /><br />Stockholm’s first steamboat started running in 1818 and like the train, it changed everything. This steamboat trafficked the route between the royal palace at Drottningholm and the city, but soon there were regular steamboat routes trafficking all of the Lake Mälaren ports—not just the larger towns, but even every small village along the way. Some of the lines focused on distance, while others focused on the areas just outside of Stockholm. Some boats were for passenger traffic, others for cargo. <br /><br />Because the steamboats were at first built of wood, they were used foremost in the calmer waters of Lake Mälaren. But in the 1840’s, iron boats started to be built, and these were tough enough to brave the waters of the Baltic Sea. Soon enough, regular steamboat lines trafficked Stockholm’s archipelago as well as the cities up and down the coast. </p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjG6Ab3xZYBGYL_Hp238gJJzFYAUPjjpUMxNzBNo9eI9ZdCeduSkrWO6e_McUivKsrL1vEHp0gw-xuEZyYJhC7fFpP7plTyykgsA5W7BSAGgiu_2wYgCrKgtpa0pnZnv4SpzQiUbqDqnAoW/s1080/steamboat.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="810" data-original-width="1080" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjG6Ab3xZYBGYL_Hp238gJJzFYAUPjjpUMxNzBNo9eI9ZdCeduSkrWO6e_McUivKsrL1vEHp0gw-xuEZyYJhC7fFpP7plTyykgsA5W7BSAGgiu_2wYgCrKgtpa0pnZnv4SpzQiUbqDqnAoW/w400-h300/steamboat.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">A few historic steamboats are still used for tourist traffic today.<br /></td></tr></tbody></table><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;">Steamboats were faster and cheaper than the rowboats, and they were also more comfortable and could carry more cargo. Naturally, it didn’t take long for steamboats to outcompete the rowboats. By the 1870’s, there were hundreds of lines with regular timetables within the greater Stockholm region alone. In addition to the new, more democratic landholding patterns, steamboats made it possible for Stockholmers to colonize adjacent areas in a way that had never been possible before. <br /><br />Despite the steamboats being faster than rowboats, it still took a while to travel by boat. For this reason, and perhaps also because it was unthinkable to abandon the social and cultural center which was the city, much of this colonization began in the form of summer residences. Unfortunately, a rigorous study of Stockholm’s summer residences has never been undertaken, so there is no comprehensive source to fall back on. Additionally, most traces of the summer colonies have been erased by subsequent suburban growth, so it is not always easy to read the landscape for clues. Instead, I have pieced together information from a number of different sources and from my own observations. <br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"><b>Summer Houses of the 1800’s</b><br />There are several reasons why the earliest nineteenth century colonies of summer residences were built on the Lake Mälaren side of the city instead of on the Baltic Sea side. First, as mentioned above, a wide network of steamboat traffic was first established on the freshwater Mälaren side. Secondly, the summers were a bit warmer and drier on the Mälaren side, and the many protected bays provided calmer weather. Finally, the royal summer residences at Drottningholm, Ulriksdal, Haga, and even Rosersberg were all on the Mälaren side, and because Stockholm’s upper classes wanted to be close to and follow in the footsteps of the royalty, they tended to build their summer residences nearby or on the way to these palaces. For example, there was a clear trend to build summer residences along the road out to Drottningholm, and a few of these still remain on Kungsholmen today—remarkable considering that they are only a five minute’s walk to the subway! </div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjL9L-VZpCd5QQGK5OuPLvP8y2QtgvZ4bT_sPtW5psRiVCGVoe0WNQl24i9cUnV-JaP6q2e0m_KDWSgYmxfUYK357igzKUA51Wur_wdKHadOwu9H7XwtddqTlyxf7P6UxK-ep6_GauI-aOQ/s2048/Kungsholmen+map.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1176" data-original-width="2048" height="368" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjL9L-VZpCd5QQGK5OuPLvP8y2QtgvZ4bT_sPtW5psRiVCGVoe0WNQl24i9cUnV-JaP6q2e0m_KDWSgYmxfUYK357igzKUA51Wur_wdKHadOwu9H7XwtddqTlyxf7P6UxK-ep6_GauI-aOQ/w640-h368/Kungsholmen+map.jpg" width="640" /></a></div></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiqyHEp4lbyHOJjs60nndkTQVvyqQZzeKpmC92YHtd0I147RtMoBwTAL8tSYOLHfDUR_AOqVeeQj6NY8Q0DrWQxS-8Vr_oPBsizZl10G4Cb4sF7nvGrCsVV1cdPwADShgl2sT2qAhf2Ol15/s2205/Kungsholmen+comp+1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="810" data-original-width="2205" height="235" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiqyHEp4lbyHOJjs60nndkTQVvyqQZzeKpmC92YHtd0I147RtMoBwTAL8tSYOLHfDUR_AOqVeeQj6NY8Q0DrWQxS-8Vr_oPBsizZl10G4Cb4sF7nvGrCsVV1cdPwADShgl2sT2qAhf2Ol15/w640-h235/Kungsholmen+comp+1.jpg" width="640" /></a></div></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEicL_EOZtsV3HuZGCrLaEUMUd9aonu96au2KhJPnHkpTkFFdpztfdvtp5zfnDthL1_PFlyH5Gly22mh_UXSmrfksH9S3qp8DLNbW9wap-QIYDfhoameReiE1UHt_1HyaD1WkqjUL0revdau/s2205/Kungsholmen+comp+2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="810" data-original-width="2205" height="236" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEicL_EOZtsV3HuZGCrLaEUMUd9aonu96au2KhJPnHkpTkFFdpztfdvtp5zfnDthL1_PFlyH5Gly22mh_UXSmrfksH9S3qp8DLNbW9wap-QIYDfhoameReiE1UHt_1HyaD1WkqjUL0revdau/w640-h236/Kungsholmen+comp+2.jpg" width="640" /></a></div><br /><p style="text-align: justify;">Around Drottningholm (map 6), some of the surrounding area was developed as side-functions to the palace, and the King granted several nearby estates to friends, but other hangers-on built summer residences in the area in order to be close to the important people and events.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiVo0LmGRJZMN-L419sOolKTO7YIc5tWt7vfI2nkjpOc6mHr_Q7xUif5jav0d9zk2lLsYe8DxaGIbCsG5z7M6ZFBWfpfFb-x7fkreoOrnBpK1k9dPDQbnuw8szt_AzthZO23QgxD8RLgvr7/s926/Map-Drottningholm.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="707" data-original-width="926" height="488" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiVo0LmGRJZMN-L419sOolKTO7YIc5tWt7vfI2nkjpOc6mHr_Q7xUif5jav0d9zk2lLsYe8DxaGIbCsG5z7M6ZFBWfpfFb-x7fkreoOrnBpK1k9dPDQbnuw8szt_AzthZO23QgxD8RLgvr7/w640-h488/Map-Drottningholm.jpg" width="640" /></a></div><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgtqwVggcFb_8LWvpDQM53l6N8Up3TWt53Hfp6QsU7AJKvWDVCGDQqK4kSbQYqOpKdSIxfMYGGCa1RQGysJBgzDFKQltQZ0Hqib5bbaNPKdpO7GgD7AWiWGvw1K7ELZyCw8AwFmGzQL_DYc/s2205/Drottningholm+comp+3.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="810" data-original-width="2205" height="236" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgtqwVggcFb_8LWvpDQM53l6N8Up3TWt53Hfp6QsU7AJKvWDVCGDQqK4kSbQYqOpKdSIxfMYGGCa1RQGysJBgzDFKQltQZ0Hqib5bbaNPKdpO7GgD7AWiWGvw1K7ELZyCw8AwFmGzQL_DYc/w640-h236/Drottningholm+comp+3.jpg" width="640" /></a><p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjc5UB8mqEUEEy-7zVx0JsXnB9p6VsP-96trhNf05nNaOorjA1JA1Glqa-LxvI8ulRwNf-rhr6dyuFmtwczSq7G7sNK3evLxV32nva0IsfdKGoUBFFst0tLZyBkHIpyyMZ82jB2YI1rj2He/s2205/Drottningholm+comp+2.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="810" data-original-width="2205" height="236" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjc5UB8mqEUEEy-7zVx0JsXnB9p6VsP-96trhNf05nNaOorjA1JA1Glqa-LxvI8ulRwNf-rhr6dyuFmtwczSq7G7sNK3evLxV32nva0IsfdKGoUBFFst0tLZyBkHIpyyMZ82jB2YI1rj2He/w640-h236/Drottningholm+comp+2.jpg" width="640" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgJE1aUrqUImiXLF2EiSJ1DOkACxBLFyXG9rIC6PbVFOAejuuXR9Pw0MlboUi2UdomBXBTwctcoMgCr2mIQ-YEbW-ga_zugFxy49S1fVLiBq29DmAaTsKLUn-L2bpgNaoVBdfr0WEKoggtx/s2205/Drottningholm+comp+1.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="810" data-original-width="2205" height="236" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgJE1aUrqUImiXLF2EiSJ1DOkACxBLFyXG9rIC6PbVFOAejuuXR9Pw0MlboUi2UdomBXBTwctcoMgCr2mIQ-YEbW-ga_zugFxy49S1fVLiBq29DmAaTsKLUn-L2bpgNaoVBdfr0WEKoggtx/w640-h236/Drottningholm+comp+1.jpg" width="640" /></a></div><p style="text-align: justify;"> </p><p style="text-align: justify;">At the same time, the royal presence also hemmed the development of summer colonies. For example, the Crown owned a number of islands in Lake Mälaren that are close to the city and that would have made perfect summer colonies. </p><p style="text-align: justify;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgOhaz_4bEWMnBZxPLwABL2Sb0WFygBIiVtuVe9HCxpYfjSNXVQn180FOSWsZ45ZNFsDV-ftPi3V5UhFwMo6CSLskOGKab5UMVDrSzeVqgEVW5lKpMXa32elXdVZpW1ycgIZhLbhYmpfpWf/s926/Map-islands.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="707" data-original-width="926" height="488" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgOhaz_4bEWMnBZxPLwABL2Sb0WFygBIiVtuVe9HCxpYfjSNXVQn180FOSWsZ45ZNFsDV-ftPi3V5UhFwMo6CSLskOGKab5UMVDrSzeVqgEVW5lKpMXa32elXdVZpW1ycgIZhLbhYmpfpWf/w640-h488/Map-islands.jpg" width="640" /></a></div><p></p><p style="text-align: justify;">These islands include Lovön (map 7), </p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiQBtZomRndrOiCBpbSFjjx7phFERG-9Y9MzEeH3oqfyZ-O6DHw-30yU2uDS8aOlVORk9SOZHGIvwrYuw0InPCCYHLcZlrqmaiZAUER3Kpb2VVsGBaxPjoJ6Jh5TetGYasoA6mws91VlMLp/s1080/Lov%25C3%25B6n.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="810" data-original-width="1080" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiQBtZomRndrOiCBpbSFjjx7phFERG-9Y9MzEeH3oqfyZ-O6DHw-30yU2uDS8aOlVORk9SOZHGIvwrYuw0InPCCYHLcZlrqmaiZAUER3Kpb2VVsGBaxPjoJ6Jh5TetGYasoA6mws91VlMLp/w400-h300/Lov%25C3%25B6n.jpg" width="400" /></a></div><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;">Kärsön (map 8), Fågelön (map 9), </div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj2DNkQ5p3JUfPS9KB8S0lB8V5xshW-IcfuEzmIyUHh96_-pCQVepse54OEU5yMZQVsgxk_KvFeR0wCjRDEdX5MDRGGgs9ykjoST4XlAomeUDbzCfRYed8zFxnlqoEeFBTMjbItkKp548lQ/s2205/F%25C3%25A5gel%25C3%25B6n+comp.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="810" data-original-width="2205" height="236" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj2DNkQ5p3JUfPS9KB8S0lB8V5xshW-IcfuEzmIyUHh96_-pCQVepse54OEU5yMZQVsgxk_KvFeR0wCjRDEdX5MDRGGgs9ykjoST4XlAomeUDbzCfRYed8zFxnlqoEeFBTMjbItkKp548lQ/w640-h236/F%25C3%25A5gel%25C3%25B6n+comp.jpg" width="640" /></a></div></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;">and Kungshatt (map 10). </div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgE-7YZOCZE6wmx64S1EVOTajKFkgJuI4DnebDkvgEps013RCItn9LB6V2F1SIQ_G1ICQCJtTPJqMSoHWdhyphenhyphentftZDG2aJvi6gUK-kDHg-mWaus3StVgF7nKfPKy2cyAymM4dWEI__0ymKEg/s2205/Kungshatt+comp+1.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="810" data-original-width="2205" height="236" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgE-7YZOCZE6wmx64S1EVOTajKFkgJuI4DnebDkvgEps013RCItn9LB6V2F1SIQ_G1ICQCJtTPJqMSoHWdhyphenhyphentftZDG2aJvi6gUK-kDHg-mWaus3StVgF7nKfPKy2cyAymM4dWEI__0ymKEg/w640-h236/Kungshatt+comp+1.jpg" width="640" /></a></div></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhnjoClnE7vkViyINHRld283HE5AKmy6-NBcFU_78DPOJKbz_lC_TOZeEB8O0F7ljTWm7iaQLGe3N0ohaFoBumNFpPvCC-DAu6Wefhvu0eOInYr80L5e1jnt8ZFEdUKkVRwGnL70sIsf_so/s2205/Kungshatt+comp+3.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="810" data-original-width="2205" height="236" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgEKpK34qDFsmnvD8jpX1tNrChHWYNozcxadsWZzG0dEF8u_L2bmqhF7hra2iDyTR9vwvDxJ-aoKtB0ye9Rv9IandaZaS9Oow8_IBupT471d3D-t519Kqr2lNqFFjkmQAh7Adnk66J2D42S/w640-h236/Kungshatt+comp+2.jpg" width="640" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><img border="0" data-original-height="810" data-original-width="2205" height="236" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhnjoClnE7vkViyINHRld283HE5AKmy6-NBcFU_78DPOJKbz_lC_TOZeEB8O0F7ljTWm7iaQLGe3N0ohaFoBumNFpPvCC-DAu6Wefhvu0eOInYr80L5e1jnt8ZFEdUKkVRwGnL70sIsf_so/w640-h236/Kungshatt+comp+3.jpg" width="640" /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> </div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;">While these islands were partly colonized by summer houses later, these developments were relatively late. <br /></div><div><p style="text-align: justify;"><br />There is no source that has compiled all of the data, but I think it’s probably safe to say that most if not all of Mälaren’s shores and islands within about 20 kilometers of the city center were more or less lined with summer houses. While much of this landscape has been erased by later, larger-scaled suburban developments, there are still a number of visible traces. For example, there are still several summer houses (today year-round residences) on the shores of Ulvsundasjön (a bay of Lake Mälaren), </p><p style="text-align: justify;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj4x6qlvGekyHSAN9xL5fPP8Q0gM8RwNtztTVnQP4LeuJ_YpTD6hgnCvWGPPE5TjkILyO6e5keY5Qh9-ntFLi-DqSlLF-iu_Zl-7kX7bxS071KoYVa4UQkYHwQCzKL8kdpPPWVsg86QwDBh/s1842/Map-Ulvsundasj%25C3%25B6n-comp.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="709" data-original-width="1842" height="246" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj4x6qlvGekyHSAN9xL5fPP8Q0gM8RwNtztTVnQP4LeuJ_YpTD6hgnCvWGPPE5TjkILyO6e5keY5Qh9-ntFLi-DqSlLF-iu_Zl-7kX7bxS071KoYVa4UQkYHwQCzKL8kdpPPWVsg86QwDBh/w640-h246/Map-Ulvsundasj%25C3%25B6n-comp.jpg" width="640" /></a></div><p style="text-align: justify;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh6DfpdIOBz0zOE4feIFt8oDPspcg0iRHshomXLvBqElE3n9rPDqsoJHbl2I70WQBX30Uj8M7o5J-IIRdmvxsBoDmE2hjyhCPEdnokb_hABVMz5tPadDxBHINpx2Fl9Gyw7GqR096Qv6GJx/s1080/Ulvsundasj%25C3%25B6n.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="810" data-original-width="1080" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh6DfpdIOBz0zOE4feIFt8oDPspcg0iRHshomXLvBqElE3n9rPDqsoJHbl2I70WQBX30Uj8M7o5J-IIRdmvxsBoDmE2hjyhCPEdnokb_hABVMz5tPadDxBHINpx2Fl9Gyw7GqR096Qv6GJx/w400-h300/Ulvsundasj%25C3%25B6n.jpg" width="400" /></a></div><p></p><p style="text-align: justify;">and sources mention that there were summer houses even deeper into the bay in Bälstaviken. Sources also mention that Bromma’s shores were also lined with summer houses, but again, there are no traces from that era. </p><p style="text-align: justify;">Långholmen also features a couple of summer houses from the 1800’s.</p><p style="text-align: center;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhMDqwRO_8XJWoYOYAIYWPJfz5f38QueXDMVisxgEooYnMcikH1PD3T0EDipOG1F6Ug75n_y5EjKggwyTolM8NlFNWK4M3XD2hYM6umElKm4Y91qn2tA-MWYD0FIwV57b0H6wYM23rEO1ZC/s2115/Map-L%25C3%25A5ngholmen-comp.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="706" data-original-width="2115" height="214" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhMDqwRO_8XJWoYOYAIYWPJfz5f38QueXDMVisxgEooYnMcikH1PD3T0EDipOG1F6Ug75n_y5EjKggwyTolM8NlFNWK4M3XD2hYM6umElKm4Y91qn2tA-MWYD0FIwV57b0H6wYM23rEO1ZC/w640-h214/Map-L%25C3%25A5ngholmen-comp.jpg" width="640" /></a></div><div style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgNeR0D_xQ9SKuVqUeoG0JgkFgVb8ACK7BfTt-5s-rxG8ruz3gcROF8iep97FGQq9TyoLwRLsATsSgZKOtNZKjuN5sNcq7cJYa1ZmdKqFm1wrg6-cfB3hFGfZVMg6mugZVNUwzgo5xrk5jH/s2205/Sofie+comp.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="810" data-original-width="2205" height="236" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgNeR0D_xQ9SKuVqUeoG0JgkFgVb8ACK7BfTt-5s-rxG8ruz3gcROF8iep97FGQq9TyoLwRLsATsSgZKOtNZKjuN5sNcq7cJYa1ZmdKqFm1wrg6-cfB3hFGfZVMg6mugZVNUwzgo5xrk5jH/w640-h236/Sofie+comp.jpg" width="640" /></a> </div><p></p><p style="text-align: justify;">Other traces include the tiny island of Lindholmen (map 11)</p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgOlowj_CT_UJr5k3e8adIU9D4EC27MyVyCiF_-VEN25mV2mxcTpAziJXmun1Tm56JeuTx5q9ufviXZrnWlJqjyrk1XSeYngrIKd0oZ3HSCeqHLa-DmRbXBTViJtGlpLzgFzu6o8fzQv82m/s926/Map-Klubbensborg-Lindholmen.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="707" data-original-width="926" height="488" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgOlowj_CT_UJr5k3e8adIU9D4EC27MyVyCiF_-VEN25mV2mxcTpAziJXmun1Tm56JeuTx5q9ufviXZrnWlJqjyrk1XSeYngrIKd0oZ3HSCeqHLa-DmRbXBTViJtGlpLzgFzu6o8fzQv82m/w640-h488/Map-Klubbensborg-Lindholmen.jpg" width="640" /></a></div><p style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhyuEsHu8sGsjdBjPclcVUUG6K7Noa7vAjy0ahXVF4bsYadT-WMVxcMEozL9tTR99qwVbi_QTcjNro72UbDq087GO4vV3yqwFCxfueZNw2Je7r-d-G7Z1XyIuX93ulmC0V3QOWyJ5t19HL8/s2205/Lindholmen+comp.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="810" data-original-width="2205" height="236" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhyuEsHu8sGsjdBjPclcVUUG6K7Noa7vAjy0ahXVF4bsYadT-WMVxcMEozL9tTR99qwVbi_QTcjNro72UbDq087GO4vV3yqwFCxfueZNw2Je7r-d-G7Z1XyIuX93ulmC0V3QOWyJ5t19HL8/w640-h236/Lindholmen+comp.jpg" width="640" /></a> </p><p style="text-align: justify;">and the southern shores of Mälaren at Klubbensborg (map 12).</p><p></p><p style="text-align: justify;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhpCtsfSgBNjOysM0rUqExIbvUG9XcO8f9qGg9XtJjNFDt4VDctKcyQ2ysYHBdNv11a9MNTcYuQJm8ss8T9-Jw-EcL_LFYTQXWXzS2Y5nx8Xc-JwqK4q1leZodf2o2Spokw-D2xLlv4afXS/s1080/Klubbensborg.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="810" data-original-width="1080" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhpCtsfSgBNjOysM0rUqExIbvUG9XcO8f9qGg9XtJjNFDt4VDctKcyQ2ysYHBdNv11a9MNTcYuQJm8ss8T9-Jw-EcL_LFYTQXWXzS2Y5nx8Xc-JwqK4q1leZodf2o2Spokw-D2xLlv4afXS/w400-h300/Klubbensborg.jpg" width="400" /></a></div><br /><p style="text-align: justify;">At first, many summer home builders rented their land from estate owners, but many were able to later buy the land outright as was the case with the island of Stora Essingen. In other cases, estate owners rented out entire areas or islands to a developer who then built colonies of summer houses as was the case with the island of Lilla Essingen. </p><p style="text-align: justify;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg4Uxxt0RG3ITsBLvXkfTk7H_LwCiy-IYoj7yoaotJ0o4uYeHn7a6JEGGfBs1U0OXr5teVCXlbTbYGPI9gvkzrmCO13MDa2Uu8Cmyl-IkaxZnSrVJNKEg9a2_viKzx6UQVK7Gazqz0DHMic/s926/Map-Essingen.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="707" data-original-width="926" height="488" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg4Uxxt0RG3ITsBLvXkfTk7H_LwCiy-IYoj7yoaotJ0o4uYeHn7a6JEGGfBs1U0OXr5teVCXlbTbYGPI9gvkzrmCO13MDa2Uu8Cmyl-IkaxZnSrVJNKEg9a2_viKzx6UQVK7Gazqz0DHMic/w640-h488/Map-Essingen.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>There were sixteen summer houses on Lilla Essignen before the island was sold for industrial development in 1906.<br /><p></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi_v8yblFEAM-NwLS0E-kEgGLKpMkfC5x1Gv27YvDR0LLERU3ZvHc2jUn3aH8N8APcPs9xPZOhOnb2KuVcnonynrq2qQ19QdyltVxD3ewalZGqeoyXRukm6SgRzgsEHVVukVmWAK5e9taQJ/s1755/Lilla+Essingen+map+1905+with+red.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1069" data-original-width="1755" height="390" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi_v8yblFEAM-NwLS0E-kEgGLKpMkfC5x1Gv27YvDR0LLERU3ZvHc2jUn3aH8N8APcPs9xPZOhOnb2KuVcnonynrq2qQ19QdyltVxD3ewalZGqeoyXRukm6SgRzgsEHVVukVmWAK5e9taQJ/w640-h390/Lilla+Essingen+map+1905+with+red.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Map of Lilla Essingen from 1906. Existing buildings, mostly summer houses, are marked in red. (The background is from * and I have added the colors.)<br /></td></tr></tbody></table><p style="text-align: justify;"> All traces of summer house development on Lilla Essingen have since been erased, </p><p style="text-align: justify;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjLw1Ey5wWO8N23FYyQn4Uf7tOebxf7r5YCLudrqU__ZAdNSxQvcF4fVf94ptTl_WYfWLedOaDd-H3tqPeNpHO8g0nZIv99C3fYIAw068oGHIwp0locwECaBE4W5Cucmo62FvDd8B8WybJc/s1080/Lilla+Essingen.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="810" data-original-width="1080" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjLw1Ey5wWO8N23FYyQn4Uf7tOebxf7r5YCLudrqU__ZAdNSxQvcF4fVf94ptTl_WYfWLedOaDd-H3tqPeNpHO8g0nZIv99C3fYIAw068oGHIwp0locwECaBE4W5Cucmo62FvDd8B8WybJc/w400-h300/Lilla+Essingen.jpg" width="400" /> </a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">but traces are still visible on Stora Essingen in the form of a few
remaining summer houses from the 1800’s as well as a steamboat dock. <br /></div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjkKRd535K0-EGJ3vThhyr3eGg5gPh_D9iVHpFD_rs-nU9kRzn3XSA7JVAoqnpLK-SrtSBBATyVW48QhMeFXmMGJ2bCLUVIEpj-ZBqHleOGO5hDE5-Efu-Ie8LzH1p9IUabhUbfMGa8Zhxr/s2048/Stora+Essingen+map+1907.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1801" data-original-width="2048" height="562" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjkKRd535K0-EGJ3vThhyr3eGg5gPh_D9iVHpFD_rs-nU9kRzn3XSA7JVAoqnpLK-SrtSBBATyVW48QhMeFXmMGJ2bCLUVIEpj-ZBqHleOGO5hDE5-Efu-Ie8LzH1p9IUabhUbfMGa8Zhxr/w640-h562/Stora+Essingen+map+1907.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Stora Essingen from 1907. Existing buildings are marked in red, and most of them were summer houses. (Map from **, I have added the colord.)<br /></td></tr></tbody></table><p style="text-align: justify;"></p><p style="text-align: justify;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEijaR73I2JnxkZ_-QYPATqmWALamTqY1Zu4BZE9oFhIr7wEfofF2GnrHTnFKOOwiS5EPy9OHePbqvrK0OlIXkn6c-svskJ7WTN8b19hqZaNq5xpn5mg9jF6bwOIn2f678x2H74DDdEVomOz/s1735/Stora+Essingen+comp+1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="810" data-original-width="1735" height="298" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEijaR73I2JnxkZ_-QYPATqmWALamTqY1Zu4BZE9oFhIr7wEfofF2GnrHTnFKOOwiS5EPy9OHePbqvrK0OlIXkn6c-svskJ7WTN8b19hqZaNq5xpn5mg9jF6bwOIn2f678x2H74DDdEVomOz/w640-h298/Stora+Essingen+comp+1.jpg" width="640" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhIPaB-6bzuTWCqh54zZbZ_7YLfZ3YJuSOPqYLhsXAZjZxBiyRw4Ds9s3ArVJWh7nqdIXS4E3c_b7jwZERe4KBaL9DYM92hPGdg71g9TiupDYVHR3rxhQWQ40_qexsWBvy05t3TtN1ilP9S/s2205/Stora+Essingen+comp+2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="810" data-original-width="2205" height="236" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhIPaB-6bzuTWCqh54zZbZ_7YLfZ3YJuSOPqYLhsXAZjZxBiyRw4Ds9s3ArVJWh7nqdIXS4E3c_b7jwZERe4KBaL9DYM92hPGdg71g9TiupDYVHR3rxhQWQ40_qexsWBvy05t3TtN1ilP9S/w640-h236/Stora+Essingen+comp+2.jpg" width="640" /></a></div><p></p><p style="text-align: justify;">The lasting influence of the summer colony is chiefly in Stora Essingen’s predominant type of development of detached single-family houses which is a sharp deviation from Stockholm’s usual suburban growth, especially considering the island’s proximity to the city center.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEio8B2x2VDkTJlRySyi63dl94VhEvlwYRXP561-PFrrs6op7rEUe6wKA1REnswrErt2DZUFb3mDci3zWrbTQ3A1ab5Rceh4eSLpxnaOCrWR9NAngOWdQflzY8lmHgDNwyCrXj6UcHBjXWEW/s1080/Stora+Essingen+water.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="810" data-original-width="1080" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEio8B2x2VDkTJlRySyi63dl94VhEvlwYRXP561-PFrrs6op7rEUe6wKA1REnswrErt2DZUFb3mDci3zWrbTQ3A1ab5Rceh4eSLpxnaOCrWR9NAngOWdQflzY8lmHgDNwyCrXj6UcHBjXWEW/w400-h300/Stora+Essingen+water.jpg" width="400" /></a></div></div><div></div><div><p style="text-align: justify;">Gröndal is another urban area where there is still a hint of the earliest summer development (Gröndal translates to Green Valley). The early 19th century summer colony of artists, writers, and other creative types follows in the footsteps of several summer residences which were built in the late 1700’s by city elite in the Liljeholmen/Gröndal area: Stora Katrineberg, Charlottendal, and Fågelsången (see above). This last summer house translates to “Bird Song” and gives a clear indication of the house’s use: it is not a farm, it is not a noble estate, but is a place to enjoy nature in the summertime. While only a few original summer residences remain,</p><p style="text-align: justify;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjF5jmMkXxgWUL58kBNhd0gmeNiZk2cdDQGfyW1fzORXqN15LUEYo4CPmBSM57uDK4H7lYQyLOfVv1DtdezTnFl3AONB6AovxWunJ_oZy0dV0Iywm9AMcFcZ6sC4hX1KBUrwsrD8yg9J_po/s1702/Map-Gr%25C3%25B6ndal-comp.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="703" data-original-width="1702" height="264" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjF5jmMkXxgWUL58kBNhd0gmeNiZk2cdDQGfyW1fzORXqN15LUEYo4CPmBSM57uDK4H7lYQyLOfVv1DtdezTnFl3AONB6AovxWunJ_oZy0dV0Iywm9AMcFcZ6sC4hX1KBUrwsrD8yg9J_po/w640-h264/Map-Gr%25C3%25B6ndal-comp.jpg" width="640" /></a></div><p></p><p style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiaujxQRmgqthOrQ2S-nvqamoGvAwtm1hbJ1_dcgbZ6NETDFuFl3NNGBPlwBxczcfhCF2i6MqE6HBrtIgUYLcultFkkCe-nso-7nLL5Aa6a2Wqm5DyoM6Rmbr2Dc53jZERp0HBVPOydrccW/s2205/Gr%25C3%25B6ndal+comp.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="810" data-original-width="2205" height="236" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiaujxQRmgqthOrQ2S-nvqamoGvAwtm1hbJ1_dcgbZ6NETDFuFl3NNGBPlwBxczcfhCF2i6MqE6HBrtIgUYLcultFkkCe-nso-7nLL5Aa6a2Wqm5DyoM6Rmbr2Dc53jZERp0HBVPOydrccW/w640-h236/Gr%25C3%25B6ndal+comp.jpg" width="640" /></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiatVbz3iH6SR6PV0MouiRQ7k4AnwHZKX_5JfTqTG2CoIJbka0lS8oIVXn3oB6bjOX2_oj-eXEXPBhEKAFePSS5MI6HSn7RcvbUskhCzvyGKFzDibEa_lZOapDn83qnk2rw8R1LUs22hP7w/s2205/Gr%25C3%25B6ndal+comp+2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="810" data-original-width="2205" height="236" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiatVbz3iH6SR6PV0MouiRQ7k4AnwHZKX_5JfTqTG2CoIJbka0lS8oIVXn3oB6bjOX2_oj-eXEXPBhEKAFePSS5MI6HSn7RcvbUskhCzvyGKFzDibEa_lZOapDn83qnk2rw8R1LUs22hP7w/w640-h236/Gr%25C3%25B6ndal+comp+2.jpg" width="640" /></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhPj3CbDuH8x51qMGybxounEDp5GLXgUUYxQyS-Jru9L97KSJ9vgBrTpDXhrEZuYfrK2ZBnwvvv5c7JdEtQ8KcovUpa3Gd5bzbvAg0tCaJAXe0vmEAOJ6KO3FFH1eDbwbKIkiqL35nh_Ij4/s1735/Gr%25C3%25B6ndal+comp+3.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="810" data-original-width="1735" height="298" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhPj3CbDuH8x51qMGybxounEDp5GLXgUUYxQyS-Jru9L97KSJ9vgBrTpDXhrEZuYfrK2ZBnwvvv5c7JdEtQ8KcovUpa3Gd5bzbvAg0tCaJAXe0vmEAOJ6KO3FFH1eDbwbKIkiqL35nh_Ij4/w640-h298/Gr%25C3%25B6ndal+comp+3.jpg" width="640" /></a></p><p style="text-align: justify;"></p><p style="text-align: justify;">Gröndal’s structure of single-family houses and detached, smaller scale apartment buildings is, like Stora Essingen, a clear reminder of the earlier summer idyll. </p><p style="text-align: justify;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgUymSs1CLg85ixoVKEqLIcngVgRHqVoS8MmxTGkJYl9beCL5fhZP7dn5WIxg-7oDN70UO5XaYJcnrIwnmCoZHFdDPJKrZz_yD31jFrzQlVH_pTW6k7lkH4Xf-2LYgiife2iMmL51xwL0x-/s1080/Gr%25C3%25B6ndal+structure.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="810" data-original-width="1080" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgUymSs1CLg85ixoVKEqLIcngVgRHqVoS8MmxTGkJYl9beCL5fhZP7dn5WIxg-7oDN70UO5XaYJcnrIwnmCoZHFdDPJKrZz_yD31jFrzQlVH_pTW6k7lkH4Xf-2LYgiife2iMmL51xwL0x-/w400-h300/Gr%25C3%25B6ndal+structure.jpg" width="400" /></a></div><br />Another summer artist colony was built further out of town southwest on Lake Mälaren’s southern shore. </div><div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEicJAwO5AvvD2n5Z4F1XTW39qwvS0-_mNU633OS9y9IZBbzfaEHbNWqSQU8PoGpQb7a50E-YfdRwFWXhL0x2i1cgPd6vq1uDFSbQElDdMHzD0NF8ROeG_uHJBwRGbPzWzrvYJsE-GG9Nr4z/s926/Map-M%25C3%25A4larh%25C3%25B6jden.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="707" data-original-width="926" height="488" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEicJAwO5AvvD2n5Z4F1XTW39qwvS0-_mNU633OS9y9IZBbzfaEHbNWqSQU8PoGpQb7a50E-YfdRwFWXhL0x2i1cgPd6vq1uDFSbQElDdMHzD0NF8ROeG_uHJBwRGbPzWzrvYJsE-GG9Nr4z/w640-h488/Map-M%25C3%25A4larh%25C3%25B6jden.jpg" width="640" /></a></div></div><div>Many of these summer houses were demolished but Lyran (translates to The Lyre) is still a landmark today with its yellow gingerbread tower rising above the forest. <p></p><p style="text-align: justify;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgEtbyh5DID-HtNUKqTFUT2jYGCtBWh5DcrYy9LVS8BgA4DwlQe9QiVn_zyLg03n6EzckE255_7biFittCSOmkLU7EDlcnDOLhio2n7DT0pVFmQXPSGUl2UaE69y4y7V2kvsQRov_Kgn8MG/s1735/Lyran+comp.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="810" data-original-width="1735" height="298" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgEtbyh5DID-HtNUKqTFUT2jYGCtBWh5DcrYy9LVS8BgA4DwlQe9QiVn_zyLg03n6EzckE255_7biFittCSOmkLU7EDlcnDOLhio2n7DT0pVFmQXPSGUl2UaE69y4y7V2kvsQRov_Kgn8MG/w640-h298/Lyran+comp.jpg" width="640" /></a></div><div style="text-align: justify;">Sagatun (roughly translates to Story House), a Viking-inspired “eagle’s nest,” is also still visible from Mälaren’s water.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><div style="text-align: center;"> <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjAuk_jL_Sbo2hoK6HcxUJ6Z9acPNfERMtvwW4ljk7T9QbyAuzCDRmrLtNzFVeExxIKrGIJv8oRjAtLaTSzwt8uVNU_6qkJi5vU2MVViP6Jip9kXX3HaPzpZjp78G4g4E2C8LxwYPVD1P4z/s2205/Sagatun+comp.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="810" data-original-width="2205" height="236" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjAuk_jL_Sbo2hoK6HcxUJ6Z9acPNfERMtvwW4ljk7T9QbyAuzCDRmrLtNzFVeExxIKrGIJv8oRjAtLaTSzwt8uVNU_6qkJi5vU2MVViP6Jip9kXX3HaPzpZjp78G4g4E2C8LxwYPVD1P4z/w640-h236/Sagatun+comp.jpg" width="640" /></a> </div><div style="text-align: justify;">Most of the single-family houses in the neighborhood of Mälarhöjden (Mälaren Heights) are relatively modern replacements of the once bustling summer colony, but several houses and a guesthouse remain from the summer colony era.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><div style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh-qcu3bNiVmrjV1F-3OiYDXjUHl5oHxY3697aD-YZLgp9s8sssG4mNbIQdF6yi32rRIpncPTMTkrdWgftKyekBTBnqRPGM0SFc924CUJnP-22cpLKhWKl7HOMZMwRQcf4CdUCraoPGYZEp/s2205/M%25C3%25A4larh%25C3%25B6jden+comp+1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="810" data-original-width="2205" height="236" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh-qcu3bNiVmrjV1F-3OiYDXjUHl5oHxY3697aD-YZLgp9s8sssG4mNbIQdF6yi32rRIpncPTMTkrdWgftKyekBTBnqRPGM0SFc924CUJnP-22cpLKhWKl7HOMZMwRQcf4CdUCraoPGYZEp/w640-h236/M%25C3%25A4larh%25C3%25B6jden+comp+1.jpg" width="640" /></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhbHYm6MWtCWtCAV-7lVEnch3QpQjXtNSZgrsr1DkHbtIL6IRRtWXH3jvywoMkusJ6Z2zSWsn47U4ViTeqDFOdwGv1i1fTG_ZPf4o66RWiIGr9TgRNaJySHIxruydoL5fQkGn5d4zHxzlZe/s1735/M%25C3%25A4larh%25C3%25B6jden+comp+2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="810" data-original-width="1735" height="298" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhbHYm6MWtCWtCAV-7lVEnch3QpQjXtNSZgrsr1DkHbtIL6IRRtWXH3jvywoMkusJ6Z2zSWsn47U4ViTeqDFOdwGv1i1fTG_ZPf4o66RWiIGr9TgRNaJySHIxruydoL5fQkGn5d4zHxzlZe/w640-h298/M%25C3%25A4larh%25C3%25B6jden+comp+2.jpg" width="640" /></a> </div><div style="text-align: justify;">The steamboat dock also remains (the area was called Fridhem before it changed names to Mälarhöjden). </div><div style="text-align: justify;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhdjqYZpuJC9jULkc87XMBx4NJwk0W06_udDb4YgFPg5B7JtJmc9NedrMy68XSJKsX760-GAf92PKvualMPgnT6ua0aVqb_JEntT1y3q5UeJuXkCDSwOVEup8s2X7JaIQtMSn_wVijnTFTU/s1080/M%25C3%25A4larh%25C3%25B6jden+dock.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="810" data-original-width="1080" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhdjqYZpuJC9jULkc87XMBx4NJwk0W06_udDb4YgFPg5B7JtJmc9NedrMy68XSJKsX760-GAf92PKvualMPgnT6ua0aVqb_JEntT1y3q5UeJuXkCDSwOVEup8s2X7JaIQtMSn_wVijnTFTU/w400-h300/M%25C3%25A4larh%25C3%25B6jden+dock.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>More than Stora Essingen or Gröndal, Mälarhöjden still retains its jubilant summery atmosphere. </div><div style="text-align: justify;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgUwKQhDbchtO9ksYW_OBqElfFXiQwmzyoapXnywi8GHreH4Phr6xW3sPMtL_FeV0zOfnDhTxLd0SQC67AVLmTXYfhM9ACW76eHrbnyyA-rnmijkgUIa5zOFWRNWlxdnQwpwyYJhRd_pfCy/s1080/M%25C3%25A4larh%25C3%25B6jden+from+water.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="810" data-original-width="1080" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgUwKQhDbchtO9ksYW_OBqElfFXiQwmzyoapXnywi8GHreH4Phr6xW3sPMtL_FeV0zOfnDhTxLd0SQC67AVLmTXYfhM9ACW76eHrbnyyA-rnmijkgUIa5zOFWRNWlxdnQwpwyYJhRd_pfCy/w400-h300/M%25C3%25A4larh%25C3%25B6jden+from+water.jpg" width="400" /></a></div></div></div><div><p style="text-align: justify;">Summer residences of the 1800’s were not limited to the freshwater Mälaren side of Stockholm; large numbers of houses were also built in the saltwater archipelago. I will cover this phenomenon in another blog post. <br /><br /><b>Conclusion</b><br />While it seems that more or less the entire coast of Mälaren including the Lake’s many islands were probably more-or-less lined with summer houses and colonies by the late 1800’s, there are only individual pinpricks of evidence remaining today. Traces of older summer communities are more visible in areas that are still dominated by single-family houses today (Mälarhöjden), but in suburban areas that were more rigorously planned in the 1960’s-80’s, all traces of summer settlement have been completely erased (Ekensberg).</p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjNdy1drsAc-bVEcCQca0L2Mo2fRItCU8C-AdyDktAV0mt4Sy4OWGGDcTWvDUO4-7L-Yf6kKanphIEgSvO9h0Gp5mCqSiqs-C6LZE9GoFY0uQQXZvYQk09XZwdaQpEMiB9bYnBO37f-zQ3C/s2205/M%25C3%25A4larh%25C3%25B6jden+Ekensberg+comp.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="810" data-original-width="2205" height="236" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjNdy1drsAc-bVEcCQca0L2Mo2fRItCU8C-AdyDktAV0mt4Sy4OWGGDcTWvDUO4-7L-Yf6kKanphIEgSvO9h0Gp5mCqSiqs-C6LZE9GoFY0uQQXZvYQk09XZwdaQpEMiB9bYnBO37f-zQ3C/w640-h236/M%25C3%25A4larh%25C3%25B6jden+Ekensberg+comp.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Mälarhöjden on the left and Ekensberg on the right.<br /></td></tr></tbody></table><p style="text-align: justify;">Randomly stumbling upon an old summer cottage amidst the denser city fabric is always delightful; I feel like I’ve discovered some long forgotten trace of an older civilization. I’m always amazed that these small cottages have been able to survive the enormous pressure of development over the last 150 years.<br /><br />While the summer residences of the 1700’s were very impactful—not only
did they lead the way for a broader development of summer cottages in
the 1800’s, but these estates are still pockets of undeveloped greenspace today—it was the summer cottages of the 1800's that have had the greater lasting impact on Stockholm's landscape. This nineteenth century phenomenon of summer cottages was the first mass annexation of rural land into greater Stockholm, and the colonies of summer cottages paved the way for later suburban development in both single-family and multi-family forms. Likewise, the broader cultural impact of the summer houses of the 1800’s is still felt today—<b>55%</b> of Swedes regularly use a summer house that is owned by someone in their family, and there are still a large number of summer houses in the outer areas of Stockholm County. The process of developing areas of summer cottages into areas of permanent residences is ongoing today as Stockholm's urban mass extends ever outward.<br /></p><div style="text-align: left;"><b>Sources</b></div><div style="text-align: left;">Ingemar Johansson, <i>StorStockholms bebyggelsehistoria</i> (1991)</div><div style="text-align: left;">John-Olov Sidén, Jahn Charleville and Claes-Göran Borg, ed, <i>Lilla Essingen</i> (2019)</div><div style="text-align: left;">Jahn Charleville, <i>Si, har du Hessingen—Landet mitt i sta’n</i> (2009) </div><div style="text-align: left;">Thomas Hall, <i>Huvudstad i omvandling</i> (2002)</div><p style="text-align: left;"></p><div style="text-align: left;"><b>Images</b> </div><div style="text-align: left;">All images are mine except for </div><div style="text-align: left;">* John-Olov Sidén, Jahn Charleville and Claes-Göran Borg, ed, <i>Lilla Essingen</i> (2019)</div><div style="text-align: left;">**Jahn Charleville, <i>Si, har du Hessingen—Landet mitt i sta’n</i> (2009)</div><div style="text-align: left;">*** https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlottendal,_Gröndal</div><p style="text-align: left;"> <br /> </p></div><br />Rainahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03436765499184988845noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2772821807884282561.post-49079494530317667992021-04-20T22:25:00.001+02:002021-12-10T20:09:25.142+01:00 The Plan for Östermalm and its Boundary Boulevards<div><div><p style="text-align: justify;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj5vLbitzgONwYDUVon8q3msCRGn24z8eCVN0fJeBHygBOzR2IJoPKG7H5QyliTI8ohPYqJvp5IZRvhNuulCcq1uM50XwvDP08660vJ2aKa_lDjRv1Jwt7DJyAV2SccrdmhS1xpOWYapQhd/s2205/first+comp.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="810" data-original-width="2205" height="236" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj5vLbitzgONwYDUVon8q3msCRGn24z8eCVN0fJeBHygBOzR2IJoPKG7H5QyliTI8ohPYqJvp5IZRvhNuulCcq1uM50XwvDP08660vJ2aKa_lDjRv1Jwt7DJyAV2SccrdmhS1xpOWYapQhd/w640-h236/first+comp.jpg" width="640" /></a></div><p></p><p style="text-align: justify;">Östermalm, or “The Eastern Area,” was rapidly developed in the mid to late 1800’s. Developers were demanding to build, but the city of Stockholm, in all of its hemming and hawing first about <a href="http://walkingstockholm.blogspot.com/2019/06/to-plan-or-not-to-plan-stockholms-big.html" target="_blank">the need for a city plan</a> at all and later about what that plan should look like, was not prepared. Even after the Lindhagen committee presented their <a href="http://walkingstockholm.blogspot.com/2020/03/the-lindhagen-plan.html" target="_blank">comprehensive and well thought-out plan</a>, there was no consensus among city council members—many thought that Lindhagen’s plan was too ambitious and expensive. It would take 15 more years of meetings, proposals, and counter-proposals until the city could come to a consensus on and begin to implement a comprehensive plan. </p><p style="text-align: justify;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiV14pe1_C-meeLeW8kA2VPqsOvw_0zFcgL_0T-xQtZNte3is1fBBknBwnnafPvKwldy7OrtdDmXs73k5twCuky5PmctBsRqIP24VTJYLj4hTVCzQwder5znV-b05B1T1HoAVEaeRfsa9uG/s880/%25C3%2596stermalm-Maps.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="880" data-original-width="707" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiV14pe1_C-meeLeW8kA2VPqsOvw_0zFcgL_0T-xQtZNte3is1fBBknBwnnafPvKwldy7OrtdDmXs73k5twCuky5PmctBsRqIP24VTJYLj4hTVCzQwder5znV-b05B1T1HoAVEaeRfsa9uG/w514-h640/%25C3%2596stermalm-Maps.jpg" width="514" /></a></div><br /><p></p>In the mean time, while the city council remained deadlocked about a plan for the city’s future growth, Stockholm was in the middle of its most intense period of population growth, ever. In the 1880’s alone, the city’s population grew by 46% as migrants flooded in from the countryside. The population boom of course resulted in a severe housing shortage—the city was literally surrounded by vast tent encampments and ramshackle slums and inside the city, workers crowded into tiny apartments. It was not uncommon for a family of eight or for eight random adults to share a single room. Crowding into small apartments was the only way to get to sleep under a roof. Living conditions in Stockholm were nearly the worst in Europe, second only to Finland. <br /><br />At this time, the banking industry was growing out of its infancy. A number of banking institutions were established and for the first time, one could loan money to buy and develop real estate. The group of potential investors grew enormously—before only the wealthy with ready cash in hand could buy and develop real estate, but now, just about anyone with a modest down payment could join in on the speculation. Between the housing crisis and the new availability of mortgages, speculation on land and real estate became rampant. During the 1880’s, 10% of Stockholm’s entire building stock changed hands every year. Real estate developers were practically day trading lots and rental buildings, causing the price of land as well as rents to skyrocket. Living conditions of course grew even worse as buildings frequently changed hands and their owners had little interest in upkeep, and as rents steadily rose.<br /><br />The Eastern edge of the city, Östermalm, was at the helm of this speculation and development. Following in the footsteps of those who had moved to <a href="https://walkingstockholm.blogspot.com/2018/10/strandvagen-stockholms-park-avenue.html" target="_blank">Strandvägen</a>, Stockholm’s Park Avenue, it was here that the nouveau riche wanted to settle. Spacious apartments along the street were occupied by the wealthy, but the darker courtyard buildings were crammed full of the working class who served the nouveau riche in various capacities. The pressure to develop Östermalm was just too great and in 1875 the city decided to break out this area from the general plan for Stockholm. Östermalm became the first area of the city to be developed (somewhat) along the lines of the Lindhagen Plan. <br /><br /><b>The Plan for Östermalm</b><br />The 1875 plan for Östermalm was somewhat based on Lindhagen’s plan from 1866. Lindhagen’s plan was an extension of the existing street grid established in the 1600’s both to the north and to the east, but Lindhagen’s main new contribution was to punctuate that grid with a number of wide boulevards. To the west, Östermalm was to be bordered by a new, wide boulevard marching straight from the bay at Brunnsviken to the bay at Nybroviken (later to be named Birger Jarlsgatan). To the north and east, the neighborhood was to be buffered from the countryside by another wide boulevard (later to be known as Valhallavägen and Narvavägen). A new, diagonal boulevard (an extension of the existing Kungsgatan) was to cut through the middle of Östermalm. The boundary boulevard and the diagonal boulevard were to meet in an enormous traffic circle later to be known as Karlaplan. <p></p><p style="text-align: justify;"></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj6gkxX2QXdRqfWWcLVHymtqTOoxGYG-tvfvL-HqvAdpwVaFBSS1EDh9EBQyEJwzPHZoR2GSUgVkguzaAWOFdTD51fYDb42HFiy7L4U3ys3wgCkKLu_by4bFCzeSdUXWy2_xrc11NTuaZmQ/s616/Lindhagen-%25C3%2596stermalm-boulevards.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="616" data-original-width="603" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj6gkxX2QXdRqfWWcLVHymtqTOoxGYG-tvfvL-HqvAdpwVaFBSS1EDh9EBQyEJwzPHZoR2GSUgVkguzaAWOFdTD51fYDb42HFiy7L4U3ys3wgCkKLu_by4bFCzeSdUXWy2_xrc11NTuaZmQ/w626-h640/Lindhagen-%25C3%2596stermalm-boulevards.jpg" width="626" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">* Lindhagen's plan from 1866, zoomed in on Östermalm<br /></td></tr></tbody></table><p style="text-align: justify;"><br />The diagonal boulevard was seen as expensive and unnecessary and was left out of the 1875 plan for Östermalm. This has had a huge impact on Östermalm’s character even today. While the western edge of Östermalm at Birger Jarlsgatan is a lively district with Stockholm’s finest addresses for boutiques, businesses, and financial institutions, most of inner Östermalm is pretty quiet and residential with only small, local businesses. The sleepy nature of Östermalm reinforces the neighborhood’s edge character. One only has to look at Odengatan which cuts through the middle of Vasastan (Östermalm’s neighbor) to see how an artery brings lively commerce to an otherwise densely residential neighborhood.<br /><br />The existing grid was extended northward in the 1875 plan for Östermalm. South of the Humlegården Park, the blocks were to be regular city blocks with buildings built out to the sidewalk. North of the park, the blocks were to be more suburban in nature and there were supposed to be small gardens between the buildings and the street. These gardens, however, were not illustrated on the plan and were therefore hard to enforce. I am going to cover this area, Villastan (Villa City), in my next post. <br /><br /><b>Karlavägen</b><br />When the King was asked to ratify the 1875 plan for Östermalm, he demanded several changes, the first of which was to broaden the street north of Humlegården Park to be a wide, tree-lined esplanade. This was perhaps the only instance where a wide boulevard was added to Lindhagen’s original plan, instead of being reduced or taken away entirely. This addition was demanded so that the plan would be in compliance with the National Building Code of 1874 which required cities to plan in occasional wide esplanades to act as firebreaks. It is interesting that this new esplanade was to be only two (albeit long) blocks from the city’s edge, but the location was probably chosen out of convenience because any new boulevard more toward the center of the neighborhood would have required the demolition of many existing buildings. Also, this esplanade did demarcate the border between the more traditional city blocks to the south and the slightly more suburban neighborhood of single-family homes that was intended to the north. </p><p style="text-align: justify;"></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgAUMYPEFugJpMdmBLu6UDr2lzh1WCbWL-71Ja2PdrMioeGvpR2eFWaMwf-jxS74MdikwROftBj3ZMLo_5Vz17PmlX5Za_VDK0UXScxYecLlTsFxtZ4k6f59tYlwsU9Qcl3w3Cx8prDDpUi/s975/1875-delplan-f%25C3%25B6r-%25C3%2596stermalm-Karlav%25C3%25A4gen.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="636" data-original-width="975" height="418" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgAUMYPEFugJpMdmBLu6UDr2lzh1WCbWL-71Ja2PdrMioeGvpR2eFWaMwf-jxS74MdikwROftBj3ZMLo_5Vz17PmlX5Za_VDK0UXScxYecLlTsFxtZ4k6f59tYlwsU9Qcl3w3Cx8prDDpUi/w640-h418/1875-delplan-f%25C3%25B6r-%25C3%2596stermalm-Karlav%25C3%25A4gen.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">* The 1875 Plan for Östermalm<br /></td></tr></tbody></table> </div><div>Today, Karlavägen is one of Stockholm’s most beautiful and most memorable streets, and it is one of Stockholm’s most desirable addresses. <p></p><p style="text-align: justify;"></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjcyw4MX4980rc_T4LeJrLdKczNeoYOI_ejsrVAVtry9HPmweHjCDkLnFKNeqiZRJpNETkKEU_Mr0Yz62zVgYtOmc47227d-PsXHqu7JrOJhC4EhoNW_icDTBF0QexS7fcvE7bhIi6mflNo/s2205/Karlav%25C3%25A4gen+comp.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="810" data-original-width="2205" height="236" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjcyw4MX4980rc_T4LeJrLdKczNeoYOI_ejsrVAVtry9HPmweHjCDkLnFKNeqiZRJpNETkKEU_Mr0Yz62zVgYtOmc47227d-PsXHqu7JrOJhC4EhoNW_icDTBF0QexS7fcvE7bhIi6mflNo/w640-h236/Karlav%25C3%25A4gen+comp.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Karlavägen</td></tr></tbody></table><p><br /><b>Valhallavägen, Narvavägen and Karlaplan </b><br />Lindhagen’s border boulevard to the north (the future Valhallavägen) </p><p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjJraFM3PuXWnUsHcrEkGvq6oKDMWEHLLlps6sLsrYHUufsSWwuCW6bRStuguuabevnTLkyaor3XoZbfUs2ugpvDiiVWrzhR22tJgrSCG0DORGf8RdU1e1zmbLwacjcugynWXyzRcoskUV7/s2205/Valhallav%25C3%25A4gen+comp.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="810" data-original-width="2205" height="236" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjJraFM3PuXWnUsHcrEkGvq6oKDMWEHLLlps6sLsrYHUufsSWwuCW6bRStuguuabevnTLkyaor3XoZbfUs2ugpvDiiVWrzhR22tJgrSCG0DORGf8RdU1e1zmbLwacjcugynWXyzRcoskUV7/w640-h236/Valhallav%25C3%25A4gen+comp.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>and east (the future Narvavägen) <p></p><p style="text-align: justify;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjFI-NSdaRB0zDOO7ddQ_mJ3J5DkpbFhYwjSnNUmNsb1UdufHlrgLaH1Bwli8QUvRv1RSPhThVs_k-PiA8MzNb-FxHFVFVhXZCedRGXhyphenhyphenxKa3Kx9RsPrEFaom7RK7c-suJfyAYgb_qEV7dT/s2205/Narvav%25C3%25A4gen+comp.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="810" data-original-width="2205" height="236" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjFI-NSdaRB0zDOO7ddQ_mJ3J5DkpbFhYwjSnNUmNsb1UdufHlrgLaH1Bwli8QUvRv1RSPhThVs_k-PiA8MzNb-FxHFVFVhXZCedRGXhyphenhyphenxKa3Kx9RsPrEFaom7RK7c-suJfyAYgb_qEV7dT/w640-h236/Narvav%25C3%25A4gen+comp.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>of Östermalm as well as the park-like traffic circle (the future Karlaplan) was drawn on the Crown’s land, not on land officially belonging to the City of Stockholm. These boulevards and the rond-point were originally drawn in on the 1875 plan for Östermalm, but the King refused to give up the land claiming that it was too early to make a plan for that far out in the boondocks—odd to call the area the boondocks considering that the boundary boulevard was to be just two long blocks from the new boulevard that the Crown had demanded at Karlavägen. On the 1875 plan for Östermalm, the boundary boulevards which were later to be known as Valhallavägen and Narvavägen as well as the rond-pont which was later to be known as Karlaplan were dashed in as future possibilities.<p></p><p></p><p style="text-align: justify;"></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjjLzYJypARFkveP8fp7sWks0WOkLMlxZLJeBNoNQ4t5E0q1rnYsX7gZqEbmHmBM-hsrcS2RSF0qPmk221O1ua5j-rEOriftXTS-RmrqA1j9rUfq6iMz5J8UUuc0Mv_A2x4N7OjdAoie8o8/s975/1875-delplan-f%25C3%25B6r-%25C3%2596stermalm-Valhall%252C-Karlaplan%252C-Narva-dashed-in.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="636" data-original-width="975" height="418" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjjLzYJypARFkveP8fp7sWks0WOkLMlxZLJeBNoNQ4t5E0q1rnYsX7gZqEbmHmBM-hsrcS2RSF0qPmk221O1ua5j-rEOriftXTS-RmrqA1j9rUfq6iMz5J8UUuc0Mv_A2x4N7OjdAoie8o8/w640-h418/1875-delplan-f%25C3%25B6r-%25C3%2596stermalm-Valhall%252C-Karlaplan%252C-Narva-dashed-in.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">* The 1875 Plan for Östermalm</td></tr></tbody></table><p style="text-align: justify;"> </p><p style="text-align: justify;">The boundary boulevard and rond-point were revisited in the city engineer’s 1877 proposal for Norrmalm. This plan was really focused on areas to the west of Östermalm, but it included several other unresolved areas including Östermalm’s boundary boulevard. This 1877 proposal completely eliminated the park-like traffic circle; instead, the boulevard junction is moved to be completely within the city’s territory and no longer involves a widening at the junction. The boundary boulevard to the north is still only dashed in because the Crown was still unwilling to let go of that land. </p><p></p><p style="text-align: justify;"></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhgcN1zVmwUejH7CXn_jwom0NNfbZEMN_yoNK2y5m2p-DNjHT4-27wtyLEpnfFxgthCuA77-4Xm3dAtFKJ1HhkaxSiiQDaUvM7c8LRSuVszpYgLteQEsYCPS3ycCCoIDyL3Iy_ge8NW21zy/s627/1876-delegerades-f%25C3%25B6rslag-f%25C3%25B6r-reglering-av-Norrmalm-Valhallav%25C3%25A4gen-Narvav%25C3%25A4gen.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="627" data-original-width="564" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhgcN1zVmwUejH7CXn_jwom0NNfbZEMN_yoNK2y5m2p-DNjHT4-27wtyLEpnfFxgthCuA77-4Xm3dAtFKJ1HhkaxSiiQDaUvM7c8LRSuVszpYgLteQEsYCPS3ycCCoIDyL3Iy_ge8NW21zy/w576-h640/1876-delegerades-f%25C3%25B6rslag-f%25C3%25B6r-reglering-av-Norrmalm-Valhallav%25C3%25A4gen-Narvav%25C3%25A4gen.jpg" width="576" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">* The city engineer’s 1877 proposal</td></tr></tbody></table><p style="text-align: justify;"><br />The city council countered with a similar but slightly more developed plan in 1877. Here, the boulevard junction is still within the city’s boundary, but it has now grown into a triangular square. The city gave up on the idea of a wide boundary boulevard and instead proposed a regular street at the city edge. This boundary street was no longer curved to join up at the boulevard junction. </p><p></p><p style="text-align: justify;"></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEinaLlH_8ZcH3GMFHLuiFK7eEfZO0wVsH_78_sL0SzeQ7yxwg37X8WOPasMst8Fqv-sczyP3i_DQozp_n-x4xp-VpPTouJW7FQU47DqafOCKMYIDVElm1kCJOpNaA__qYRGxMXKERNoRk2w/s627/1877-Dr%25C3%25A4tseln%25C3%25A4mnden-reglering-av-Norrmalm-Valhallav-Narvav.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="627" data-original-width="569" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEinaLlH_8ZcH3GMFHLuiFK7eEfZO0wVsH_78_sL0SzeQ7yxwg37X8WOPasMst8Fqv-sczyP3i_DQozp_n-x4xp-VpPTouJW7FQU47DqafOCKMYIDVElm1kCJOpNaA__qYRGxMXKERNoRk2w/w580-h640/1877-Dr%25C3%25A4tseln%25C3%25A4mnden-reglering-av-Norrmalm-Valhallav-Narvav.jpg" width="580" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">* The city council’s 1877 counter-proposal</td></tr></tbody></table><p style="text-align: justify;"><br />Lindhagen, still a city council member, quickly reacted with his own counter-proposal in 1877. He insisted that the boulevard junction (Karlaplan) should be retained in its original, oversized rond-point form and that it should straddle the boundary between city and crown land. He chose to dash in the boundary boulevard to the north (Valhallavägen), not wanting to give up on the idea. Lindhagen also insisted that the boundary boulevard to the east (Narvavägen) should be straightened as in his original 1866 proposal, not crooked like in the more recent plans.</p><p></p><p style="text-align: justify;"></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh_7AXuqTBnz5vaQr6CyqTvRTCzl6HdTsE_qR61xMqB5v3Z_GlwsUuBTzInjfhHdwmfhN8QQg78oc59wQwo7PeNnoz252bmzxSvHn4col-91Gn6M8sTIdS0m6TiGadIo_8T1qW5m1FfTwLh/s690/1877-2-Lindhagens-reservation-mot-Dr%25C3%25A4tseln%25C3%25A4mndens-f%25C3%25B6rslag-1877-Vallhallav-Narvav.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="690" data-original-width="553" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh_7AXuqTBnz5vaQr6CyqTvRTCzl6HdTsE_qR61xMqB5v3Z_GlwsUuBTzInjfhHdwmfhN8QQg78oc59wQwo7PeNnoz252bmzxSvHn4col-91Gn6M8sTIdS0m6TiGadIo_8T1qW5m1FfTwLh/w512-h640/1877-2-Lindhagens-reservation-mot-Dr%25C3%25A4tseln%25C3%25A4mndens-f%25C3%25B6rslag-1877-Vallhallav-Narvav.jpg" width="512" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">* Lindhagen’s 1877 counter-counter-proposal</td></tr></tbody></table> <br /><p style="text-align: justify;">Yet another counter-proposal was drawn up by the city. Here, Lindhagen’s rond-point is retained, but it is moved westward to be completely within the city’s jurisdiction. The eastern boundary boulevard is straight according to Lindhagen’s proposal. Like Lindhagen, the city now shows a future possible boulevard extending to the east, most probably with the intention that it would eventually connect to the boundary boulevard to the north.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEilsTUTTI4xRLEc167mFuU_Jd-ExzdzfBbkjP40fA8gdiaRq4sbestoV3dG-y_MpqLEouXmUMhqFlnZ-MqUGsBhFtI0BvzGj8LrMsIU55K4DvmnvGoEnoSMSKzooG9pdisWP_yZ4rmZyvWS/s650/1877-3-Beredningsutskottets-f%25C3%25B6rslag-reglering-av-Norrmalm-Valhallav-Narvav.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="650" data-original-width="555" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEilsTUTTI4xRLEc167mFuU_Jd-ExzdzfBbkjP40fA8gdiaRq4sbestoV3dG-y_MpqLEouXmUMhqFlnZ-MqUGsBhFtI0BvzGj8LrMsIU55K4DvmnvGoEnoSMSKzooG9pdisWP_yZ4rmZyvWS/w546-h640/1877-3-Beredningsutskottets-f%25C3%25B6rslag-reglering-av-Norrmalm-Valhallav-Narvav.jpg" width="546" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">* The city’s 1877 counter-counter-counter-proposal</td></tr></tbody></table> <br /><p style="text-align: justify;">Another counter-proposal from city in 1878 is very similar to the former proposal, but now the junction (the future Karlaplan) is a park-like square. One edge of the square sticks out onto the Crown’s land.</p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj04LCUPaC05q4WQSprE-pSwc5wtPZ374aOPQ4vFENUVoE2VKlqT3pNpe0FZNo0BR6aJ-EqqR5ltf-QPf6_yaw0paw__Xc4G0v90uXWDkiadzz15xfpD8sJTYbajO64ScVUrnUy2XYr5OkH/s651/1878-Beredningsutskottets-f%25C3%25B6rslag-reglering-Norrmalm-Valhallav-Narvav.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="651" data-original-width="552" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj04LCUPaC05q4WQSprE-pSwc5wtPZ374aOPQ4vFENUVoE2VKlqT3pNpe0FZNo0BR6aJ-EqqR5ltf-QPf6_yaw0paw__Xc4G0v90uXWDkiadzz15xfpD8sJTYbajO64ScVUrnUy2XYr5OkH/w542-h640/1878-Beredningsutskottets-f%25C3%25B6rslag-reglering-Norrmalm-Valhallav-Narvav.jpg" width="542" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">* The city’s 1878 counter-counter-counter-counter-proposal</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><p></p><p style="text-align: justify;">Lindhagen countered again in 1878, again insisting on a large, round junction, half of which was on the Crown’s land. Here, he also showed that the eastern boundary boulevard should continue southward onto more of the Crown’s land to develop the island of Djurgården. </p><p style="text-align: justify;"></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg2q0WIRB15gRAjIesbJ_A5yrkpxM9Ja-SxJ1aJMB3KBNodrcjC_QPnKSjXdAX8vtXMrNTQ_5i-lyU2kD5K2Kg5sxeo4_dZsyVPB0GoCXei0V5AEFSoXYRoUm0wqOuxEIDmJkKW-GotMVTx/s504/1878-2-Lindhagens-reservation-mot-Beredningsutskottets-f%25C3%25B6rslag-1878-Valhallav-Narvav.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="504" data-original-width="375" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg2q0WIRB15gRAjIesbJ_A5yrkpxM9Ja-SxJ1aJMB3KBNodrcjC_QPnKSjXdAX8vtXMrNTQ_5i-lyU2kD5K2Kg5sxeo4_dZsyVPB0GoCXei0V5AEFSoXYRoUm0wqOuxEIDmJkKW-GotMVTx/w476-h640/1878-2-Lindhagens-reservation-mot-Beredningsutskottets-f%25C3%25B6rslag-1878-Valhallav-Narvav.jpg" width="476" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">* Lindhagen's 1878 counter-counter-counter-counter-counter-proposal</td></tr></tbody></table><p> <br /></p><p style="text-align: justify;">Presumably, more proposals and counter-proposals were fired off for the next few years, but the records seem to be lost. In 1882, the city proposed that the existing winding Drottning Kristina’s väg could be straightened out and used as a boundary street. This was shot down because it was seen to be too unambitious. This is interesting because the boundary boulevard had long been criticized as being <i>too</i> elaborate. But now, the city’s ambitions seem to have grown and the city demanded “a worthy end to the new neighborhood.” The city also argued that the other side of the boundary was likely to be developed in the near future, requiring a dividing esplanade to act as a firebreak according to the National Building Code of 1874. <br /><br />In 1882, the city presented a new proposal which was in many ways exactly as Lindhagen had proposed in 1866 with boundary boulevards to the north (Valhallavägen) and to the east (Narvavägen) as well as a circluar rond-pont (Karlaplan) at the junction of the boulevards Karlavägen and Narvavägen. Valhallavägen was to be 65 meters wide and to have separated traffic lanes as well as a quadruple allée of trees in the middle. This northern boundary boulevard did not connect at the junction at Karlaplan because the Crown had decided to use the needed land as a veterinary clinic (the clinic was demolished and in 1975, a new shopping mall with apartments above was built in its place—Fältöversten). </p><p style="text-align: justify;"><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi6hf0Js3tysP4F9pt2lo9FVLmKhRBBHaD5Y9Q-u3nEin-zVVx7h5FxUlxijWt8T-Q08Yn-Qy9W3mH626KvDh3XU1MwkmtggRpt_kzH5fUO5FJ7hz1HXHRbpPJRbQfhSJtIoSe0dcTNJrXY/s1080/F%25C3%25A4ltoversten.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="810" data-original-width="1080" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi6hf0Js3tysP4F9pt2lo9FVLmKhRBBHaD5Y9Q-u3nEin-zVVx7h5FxUlxijWt8T-Q08Yn-Qy9W3mH626KvDh3XU1MwkmtggRpt_kzH5fUO5FJ7hz1HXHRbpPJRbQfhSJtIoSe0dcTNJrXY/w400-h300/F%25C3%25A4ltoversten.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Housing above a shopping mall where built when the royal veterinary clinic was demolished.<br /></td></tr></tbody></table> </p><p style="text-align: justify;">This plan was approved by both the city and the Crown in 1882 and the necessary land exchange was ratified by Parliament in 1884. A visual plan from this time does not seem to have survived, but the new, ratified plan is included on this map of Stockholm from 1887. </p><p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiJnIymijPcwr8Cni7bsYPcNWNEDHXQMFoOOx3W05XfRKS7feqpTND6Y5HrzBk-m3TaEPb_6SRDMreEwBcSP8VHr6O5rJZA1vyTC_14-5IARlLU-pOzpo4f4whFgp3COAnvYt0p9R3FzGdC/s502/1887-Karta-Stockholm-Valhallav-Narvav.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="502" data-original-width="475" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiJnIymijPcwr8Cni7bsYPcNWNEDHXQMFoOOx3W05XfRKS7feqpTND6Y5HrzBk-m3TaEPb_6SRDMreEwBcSP8VHr6O5rJZA1vyTC_14-5IARlLU-pOzpo4f4whFgp3COAnvYt0p9R3FzGdC/w379-h400/1887-Karta-Stockholm-Valhallav-Narvav.jpg" width="379" /></a></div></div><br /><div style="text-align: justify;">It took 18 years of votes, debates, proposals, and counterproposals for Lindhagen’s boundary boulevards and junction to be ratified for Östermalm. Both the crown and the city were persistently resistant to anything too ambitious or extravagant, but perhaps the time was right by the 1880’s for Lindhagen’s more elegant planning devices. Even though Lindhagen’s diagonal boulevard was never built, Östermalm is the neighborhood most influenced by Lindhagen’s hand—no where else in the city did so many of Lindhagen’s elegant boulevards survive. Moreover, Karlaplan is the city’s sole Lindhagen-inspired rond-point—all the others were slashed for being too expensive and grandiose. </div><p></p><p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgJA3OJUN_AYzrKJ6NA0IfVnOI7iEnLAKVSBKgo_XcSyYZfZO2oH2SyZZ28FQOyRP3DKJiIwITSdZuDphKbHTax4SoFmc242Tr6GDsd-FyoKk7sFOQ4x9SwwVqm2JUD9jWncFZdoIQOI96e/s2205/Karlaplan+comp.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="810" data-original-width="2205" height="236" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgJA3OJUN_AYzrKJ6NA0IfVnOI7iEnLAKVSBKgo_XcSyYZfZO2oH2SyZZ28FQOyRP3DKJiIwITSdZuDphKbHTax4SoFmc242Tr6GDsd-FyoKk7sFOQ4x9SwwVqm2JUD9jWncFZdoIQOI96e/w640-h236/Karlaplan+comp.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Karlaplan</td></tr></tbody></table> </p><p style="text-align: justify;">Since the 1860’s and the development of Strandvägen, Östermalm has been THE fashionable neighborhood with the city’s highest real estate prices (despite feeling like a fairly sleepy backwater if you ask me). Most of the world’s embassies are located within the neighborhood. It is perhaps no coincidence that Östermalm is Stockholm’s upmarket neighborhood as well as being the only neighborhood to have been granted Lindhagen’s leafy, elegant esplanades and rond-points. <br /><br /><b>Observations</b><br />Östermalm’s history of being a fancy, desirable neighborhood has had a big effect on its architecture. Most of the apartment buildings in this area were built from the 1880’s to the 1930’s, and while there are a number of more sedated facades, Östermalm has more than its share of extremely detailed facades. Like most of Stockholm, the styles range from Loire Valley chateaus to Renaissance castles, from elaborate Italianate palaces to more sedated Neoclassical palaces, and from Art Nouveau bourgeoisie apartment buildings to National Romantic Vasa brick castles, but Östermalm’s facades are among Stockholm’s most elaborate and best stylistic examples. </p><p style="text-align: justify;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi4emsO0BZI_Exa7WaIE6qNWrrDJ9Dh_RZxThLf4TzglKRDDa_dmDa9Jh9_baha4Fyvvb3fVd72BqFYTbOAgBt1G3sU0QnrOyPCogrgWkaZDgD23r1GHPNCSSmG4XsFgdLzGIMrNuf-NYMM/s1735/Loire+Valley+Chateau+and+Renaissance+Castle+comp.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="810" data-original-width="1735" height="298" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi4emsO0BZI_Exa7WaIE6qNWrrDJ9Dh_RZxThLf4TzglKRDDa_dmDa9Jh9_baha4Fyvvb3fVd72BqFYTbOAgBt1G3sU0QnrOyPCogrgWkaZDgD23r1GHPNCSSmG4XsFgdLzGIMrNuf-NYMM/w640-h298/Loire+Valley+Chateau+and+Renaissance+Castle+comp.jpg" width="640" /></a></div><p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjH3SyUbAsGz3j-J9SXW5R0EHnqBqU4KHsDbNnBsVjb8TvPHJqxqZKcO0utqCjfjx-uwLwwnhkk4Ei8VMexvrOQbMYCLWylJfE_ukus-jRQZTi34nqYlN8wsaRLbBZL7RM4oIa3eBlFtL8L/s1735/Italianate+comp.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="810" data-original-width="1735" height="298" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjH3SyUbAsGz3j-J9SXW5R0EHnqBqU4KHsDbNnBsVjb8TvPHJqxqZKcO0utqCjfjx-uwLwwnhkk4Ei8VMexvrOQbMYCLWylJfE_ukus-jRQZTi34nqYlN8wsaRLbBZL7RM4oIa3eBlFtL8L/w640-h298/Italianate+comp.jpg" width="640" /></a></div><p style="text-align: justify;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjcsTJCFQfkrqFlwcqw78HnRy3rrJQoj5BUnNBdHGFULD2nnDYnTFbpD8X0kUXgMq6VcVz7YcHX7Vb4ujTFoV_ADlIrmyGU_UlZNJwmjELLbgI8SyGGYBveFSS5Wzf0xgwk_nD2u4xcsT1G/s2205/Neoclassical+comp.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="810" data-original-width="2205" height="236" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjcsTJCFQfkrqFlwcqw78HnRy3rrJQoj5BUnNBdHGFULD2nnDYnTFbpD8X0kUXgMq6VcVz7YcHX7Vb4ujTFoV_ADlIrmyGU_UlZNJwmjELLbgI8SyGGYBveFSS5Wzf0xgwk_nD2u4xcsT1G/w640-h236/Neoclassical+comp.jpg" width="640" /></a></div><p></p><p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgTK95zcGF1tal6a35lDeNxpcvKrNvCufCEiOJzow2PXdPOSvP_Py1LL-iwy-TgWAS350AwA_E9zLWixDVeFssA6hKuhNe0lkO9FvV8TBPauNh2rZfBYUE2ZghQTBE8RhHtBvPvmON2_vO1/s1665/Jugend+comp.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1080" data-original-width="1665" height="416" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgTK95zcGF1tal6a35lDeNxpcvKrNvCufCEiOJzow2PXdPOSvP_Py1LL-iwy-TgWAS350AwA_E9zLWixDVeFssA6hKuhNe0lkO9FvV8TBPauNh2rZfBYUE2ZghQTBE8RhHtBvPvmON2_vO1/w640-h416/Jugend+comp.jpg" width="640" /></a></div><p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgqLTXCSfdfsLq4a7yvT16-NqFZ9537zfyYOf4q7vuRX95clCcjFgbR5z5QU193ecvDxN1O8DcyhsXXeyfBT1XPaDqRJStya2tkgAWxFmqThpFZEKKdcPCMloTEuM31WcPDPDs9TEspnwv5/s1735/national+romantic+comp.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="810" data-original-width="1735" height="298" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgqLTXCSfdfsLq4a7yvT16-NqFZ9537zfyYOf4q7vuRX95clCcjFgbR5z5QU193ecvDxN1O8DcyhsXXeyfBT1XPaDqRJStya2tkgAWxFmqThpFZEKKdcPCMloTEuM31WcPDPDs9TEspnwv5/w640-h298/national+romantic+comp.jpg" width="640" /></a></div><p> </p><p> It is perhaps natural that the fanciest facades generally line the parklike boulevards and rond-point </p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj3xRps5KdRyatmzv057u4vzAP6oQDVtSVQ3hLDwqw69Vq5VQ9gNmmUTyrrmiJgcAI4gRQwRZYyU20vfs0MP8RWSuMkA1Htl3N1I-uVWQvIXLs9X7dzkRDn8UEsZFvmvp_ZTH-BeOGrF22e/s2205/Fancy+Valhallav%25C3%25A4gen+Karlav%25C3%25A4gen+comp.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="810" data-original-width="2205" height="236" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj3xRps5KdRyatmzv057u4vzAP6oQDVtSVQ3hLDwqw69Vq5VQ9gNmmUTyrrmiJgcAI4gRQwRZYyU20vfs0MP8RWSuMkA1Htl3N1I-uVWQvIXLs9X7dzkRDn8UEsZFvmvp_ZTH-BeOGrF22e/w640-h236/Fancy+Valhallav%25C3%25A4gen+Karlav%25C3%25A4gen+comp.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">facades on Valhallavägen and Karlavägen<br /></td></tr></tbody></table><p></p><p>while the plainer facades are to be found on the narrower cross-streets. </p><p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjG3QDqzQ0rqqpch6HsiBwFgfdeDbgSjROSaiADIXQdrYwOhfRnmV900Fx9p_nVuOm-btj6uI2ke40gDpFNfWgxfZ5GnUK1CyPSH59W0ROfioNo8UbSTQRsGfzEKFhi6AUAx-KvQH6BG6es/s1665/plain+comp.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1080" data-original-width="1665" height="416" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjG3QDqzQ0rqqpch6HsiBwFgfdeDbgSjROSaiADIXQdrYwOhfRnmV900Fx9p_nVuOm-btj6uI2ke40gDpFNfWgxfZ5GnUK1CyPSH59W0ROfioNo8UbSTQRsGfzEKFhi6AUAx-KvQH6BG6es/w640-h416/plain+comp.jpg" width="640" /></a></div></div><br /><div style="text-align: justify;">I don’t have any statistics, but my feeling is that Östermalm also has a larger share of relatively recent apartment buildings from the 1950’s, 60’s, and 70’s. The contrast against the historical facades next door is almost comical. I have two theories as to why Östermalm would have so many newer buildings: perhaps the sophisticated residents relished the new and spiffy making the wheel of demolition and rebuilding spin faster than in other parts of the city, or perhaps the history of hysterical land speculation meant that too many lots were locked up by owners who had paid so much that they couldn’t afford to develop them.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjKgkw6qgrszET_1nzazzUfAX-QvBDJ6OZTuywAdjlU8q9unkAtzinkelc1_LojYkwcCPAxSGOtATfUn3MC0kO0xXtpuDUdI5-vqQf4Lq4SdfdK5u62pQE3tfmoGhorbgvMK8PSIMsSA9DT/s1665/Modern+next+to+old+comp.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1080" data-original-width="1665" height="416" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjKgkw6qgrszET_1nzazzUfAX-QvBDJ6OZTuywAdjlU8q9unkAtzinkelc1_LojYkwcCPAxSGOtATfUn3MC0kO0xXtpuDUdI5-vqQf4Lq4SdfdK5u62pQE3tfmoGhorbgvMK8PSIMsSA9DT/w640-h416/Modern+next+to+old+comp.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>(It goes hand-in-hand but I’d say that Östermalm has a smaller share
of buildings older than the mid-1800’s compared to the rest of
Stockholm. While there are a few older buildings, and these have an
obviously smaller scale,they are relatively few in number.) </div><div style="text-align: justify;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj8IM-DRyENGqBwlie3qRcV_9nHvlVGYQ_dDcqnhb_fJ75Am-JGzhabLPCT_4Vv6njEMeZGZFe8kwYEO18LxYBs7bPEx2VMfJOdE-PVH9kGxui5Mo-JyiQEXtqJMLfIiWo2uCppVhntkz90/s2205/old+comp.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="810" data-original-width="2205" height="236" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj8IM-DRyENGqBwlie3qRcV_9nHvlVGYQ_dDcqnhb_fJ75Am-JGzhabLPCT_4Vv6njEMeZGZFe8kwYEO18LxYBs7bPEx2VMfJOdE-PVH9kGxui5Mo-JyiQEXtqJMLfIiWo2uCppVhntkz90/w640-h236/old+comp.jpg" width="640" /></a></div></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">The radial streets off of Karlaplan make for a number of interesting and irregular spatial conditions. These small public spaces are really just a slight widening of the public realm, sometimes just a plot of grass or a lone tree planted at a junction, yet they make a big difference in the experience of the street. At these odd junctions, the streetscape becomes something more than just a street—more light, more green, more engaging.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjOEx0OxH9r5r2HBgby-Eew_CAMNQYeSzGykZgrdICDfEDPODzNHRRsyYiY36E9iE3ndtvtkXwZ0MdBsh9Ry39EMUBRx1vhEnBxQBPdeXowPsETYA6yOhyphenhyphenYntgqTFAm6sbjPNs7nPFagMj7/s2205/space+comp.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="810" data-original-width="2205" height="236" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjOEx0OxH9r5r2HBgby-Eew_CAMNQYeSzGykZgrdICDfEDPODzNHRRsyYiY36E9iE3ndtvtkXwZ0MdBsh9Ry39EMUBRx1vhEnBxQBPdeXowPsETYA6yOhyphenhyphenYntgqTFAm6sbjPNs7nPFagMj7/w640-h236/space+comp.jpg" width="640" /></a></div></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />One of the most important aspects of Lindhagen’s plan that is also reflected in Östermalm is the hierarchy of streets. While the majority of streets are relatively narrow with everyday city blocks, the boulevards provide a much needed contrast with their greenery, their openness, and their more elevated civic nature. </div><div style="text-align: justify;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgUCErbn6eAJYrv5A45iokudq0wXlfR8kM46OExwKH8WNvFPjpIWynyHkextkfzGiqI1Eg8AT77myWIJvzBzSjqEs7uK9itS1xpDJ2kizYdjV_LCs6Yei7aFJoewP1JjX8ezbQ7c2CsopLR/s2205/first+comp.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="810" data-original-width="2205" height="236" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgUCErbn6eAJYrv5A45iokudq0wXlfR8kM46OExwKH8WNvFPjpIWynyHkextkfzGiqI1Eg8AT77myWIJvzBzSjqEs7uK9itS1xpDJ2kizYdjV_LCs6Yei7aFJoewP1JjX8ezbQ7c2CsopLR/w640-h236/first+comp.jpg" width="640" /></a></div></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />One thing that I noticed during my wandering up and down Östermalm’s streets is that the north-south streets are predominantly (but not entirely) residential on the ground floor </div><div style="text-align: justify;"><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhOYU69MtU5vehlgoFHoGlyO62-0Z65A8KJodmqr99FqOX2RgJ8EjdenDJG-Mz5CBrgiruU8k7TM0TycZNMwvp1faw63i-W0Gqmg9Kw1q-35RYsNQrPpzZceY1fuYnX2t_hNKRnGGoDq8KB/s2205/residential+comp.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="810" data-original-width="2205" height="236" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhOYU69MtU5vehlgoFHoGlyO62-0Z65A8KJodmqr99FqOX2RgJ8EjdenDJG-Mz5CBrgiruU8k7TM0TycZNMwvp1faw63i-W0Gqmg9Kw1q-35RYsNQrPpzZceY1fuYnX2t_hNKRnGGoDq8KB/w640-h236/residential+comp.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">residential ground floors on Jungfrugatan and ?<br /></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div style="text-align: justify;">while the east-west streets are predominantly commercial on the ground floor. I don’t think that this was an effect created by the neighborhood’s plan, instead, I believe that this is a simple geographical effect. The stream of traffic and pedestrians has always been predominantly to and from the city core—that is to say that people generally move east-west in this part of town. It is therefore natural that commercial activity would congregate on east-west streets. </div><div style="text-align: justify;"><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiydHQF4m_HXvFp7FiffxUgN_vbV0BkvJDhGV9alwfW5VUnhANGaXR6ZManWvWKr_cEqGCfvQLhoWfsnnn6M4GpfCmrdlEHmV-DHjDEnXslNPnZxFbrr4UkCddtXB9xIEzsI5PVgDNoFfUG/s2205/commercial+karlav%25C3%25A4gen+storgatan+comp.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="810" data-original-width="2205" height="236" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiydHQF4m_HXvFp7FiffxUgN_vbV0BkvJDhGV9alwfW5VUnhANGaXR6ZManWvWKr_cEqGCfvQLhoWfsnnn6M4GpfCmrdlEHmV-DHjDEnXslNPnZxFbrr4UkCddtXB9xIEzsI5PVgDNoFfUG/w640-h236/commercial+karlav%25C3%25A4gen+storgatan+comp.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Both east-west streets Karlavägen and Storgatan are lined with commercial activity on the ground floors.<br /></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />I mentioned above that Birger Jarlsgatan on the edge of Östermalm is a hotbed of activity, but I also noticed that the blocks just to the east of Humlegården Park, close to the street Sturegatan, have a concentration of modern office buildings. It makes sense that these would be concentrated more toward the city center than on the distant edge of the neighborhood, but I’m not sure why they are concentrated by the park. It's ironic because the park is one of the city's most desirable addresses, but the nearby blocks of office buildings are the area's ugliest due to their awkward proportions and lack of detailing. <br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEivBr3DeordNuO4B3RJALPWHCYhi-TnTeA8jdhse-92WAzRBylfC56SIKtBSmFEpFZn8ASmGUR_zcVpFwWalxAllkKstI8IIGxfAl6eHbY_k6Pc_iJBhpt2uNblUVDwO2WqASCk3aFu1xe2/s1080/commercial+near+Humleg%25C3%25A5rden.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="810" data-original-width="1080" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEivBr3DeordNuO4B3RJALPWHCYhi-TnTeA8jdhse-92WAzRBylfC56SIKtBSmFEpFZn8ASmGUR_zcVpFwWalxAllkKstI8IIGxfAl6eHbY_k6Pc_iJBhpt2uNblUVDwO2WqASCk3aFu1xe2/w400-h300/commercial+near+Humleg%25C3%25A5rden.jpg" width="400" /></a></div></div><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><div style="text-align: justify;">The small street Jungfrugatan is in alignment with Hedvig Eleonora Church and has a direct view of the church’s cupola along the entire street’s length. </div><div style="text-align: justify;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgUhKOZ2FCY3YMSP-3uq-wzei_iwhGvGfZqf1DMwgthVSkDctgSdGcSw9CYAxd-Ao30zzJ-3JygHAgasgwQHF557reJftMZjHhnvzHNuC9ecljNdK7ZIS74Q4BqpzvE3a4WckfInVbqEPC9/s2205/Jungfrugatan+church+center+comp.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="810" data-original-width="2205" height="236" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgUhKOZ2FCY3YMSP-3uq-wzei_iwhGvGfZqf1DMwgthVSkDctgSdGcSw9CYAxd-Ao30zzJ-3JygHAgasgwQHF557reJftMZjHhnvzHNuC9ecljNdK7ZIS74Q4BqpzvE3a4WckfInVbqEPC9/w640-h236/Jungfrugatan+church+center+comp.jpg" width="640" /></a></div></div><div style="text-align: justify;">This street already existed on maps from before the 1875 plan, so this alignment wasn’t a new element to the plan. However, I noticed that architects have followed this historic lead and centered buildings on streets wherever there’s a T-intersection in the neighborhood. This highlights the area’s planed, sometimes monumental character.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjtpgJSjoLv5Wo9o_wiCHivqGWstRpKOHDVC2_6Y91llzrWV2xCKIAHBQarchKyTNiNgNkprwAZzvW8GIzmhqT-QfM5WGwxf7iK8SHxB-xikJ9F989yVMou0iwe-wHHLlEIMqG2Mq72Idpt/s2205/central+view+comp.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="810" data-original-width="2205" height="236" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjtpgJSjoLv5Wo9o_wiCHivqGWstRpKOHDVC2_6Y91llzrWV2xCKIAHBQarchKyTNiNgNkprwAZzvW8GIzmhqT-QfM5WGwxf7iK8SHxB-xikJ9F989yVMou0iwe-wHHLlEIMqG2Mq72Idpt/w640-h236/central+view+comp.jpg" width="640" /></a></div><br />Many of Östermalm’s streets are blocked off to thru-traffic. For example, many streets have a small pocket park at their edge at Valhallavägen instead of having a direct connection with the boulevard. This certainly reduces car traffic in the neighborhood while still allowing pedestrian access, but it does contribute to the neighborhood feeling disconnected from the rest of the city. </div><div style="text-align: justify;"><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjR6-Xd4f_ahvn9nNcPiRjNeNV2Wh3scRZZDzwiOuA9eKpoHBI50SVw-fzwzkyByyVAFbQRA2w1ywDidKCdxDlLQQlPK6lWHbORe_ENnZ_r02fpgDZRajj9C-p1FQETpuwRWSJ5pIDiEWY4/s1080/pocket+park.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="810" data-original-width="1080" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjR6-Xd4f_ahvn9nNcPiRjNeNV2Wh3scRZZDzwiOuA9eKpoHBI50SVw-fzwzkyByyVAFbQRA2w1ywDidKCdxDlLQQlPK6lWHbORe_ENnZ_r02fpgDZRajj9C-p1FQETpuwRWSJ5pIDiEWY4/w400-h300/pocket+park.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">This little pocket park is a lot less dismal-looking in the summer when it is green!<br /></td></tr></tbody></table> </div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b>Barn Land becomes Östermalm</b><br />This area of town was traditionally and even administratively known as Ladugårdslandet, or “Barn Land.” The name originally referred to the fact that the Crown’s stables and livestock barns were in the area—other clues to the area’s use for providing food for the royal table are Kungsträdgården, or the “King’s garden,” which was originally the palace’s kitchen garden as well as Humlegården, or “Hops Garden,” which was originally the hops-growing garden which provided for the palace’s beer supply. Both are now large, leafy city parks. The Crown’s livestock barns were eventually moved farther out of town, but the name stuck and came to denote the area’s rural character with its many small-scale farms, barns, cottages, and kitchen gardens. Even when the area began to be developed with fancy, expensive apartment buildings, frequent pockets of this smaller scaled and more rural settlement pattern remained, side-by-side with the large apartment buildings. </div><div style="text-align: justify;"><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjXBH9MzfVRQrXkXi4WRNIusYAmKAasFqfVI00MQOIKzahovMhM8U-8U_6pxls_vXaNlhy9N4_5zQ2cMtEUuTDlukIv1gw0WN_14ORejp6juo3LoVrt2fO1Qgz-K3yEqUU02gjUSnkOdofD/s1490/rural+and+city.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1009" data-original-width="1490" height="271" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjXBH9MzfVRQrXkXi4WRNIusYAmKAasFqfVI00MQOIKzahovMhM8U-8U_6pxls_vXaNlhy9N4_5zQ2cMtEUuTDlukIv1gw0WN_14ORejp6juo3LoVrt2fO1Qgz-K3yEqUU02gjUSnkOdofD/w400-h271/rural+and+city.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">**This farmhouse wasn't demolished until 1907<br /></td></tr></tbody></table> <br />In 1885, a private citizen petitioned the city council to change the area’s name to Östermalm, or “Eastern area.” Norrmalm, or “Northern area,” was already an established name so Östermalm wasn’t an unreasonable proposal. This new name was much more neutral and didn’t have the negative connotations that “Barn Land” had had, and it was more in keeping with the area’s current desirable status. The proposal was accepted by the city council and the area’s name was officially changed. </div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><p style="text-align: justify;"><br /><b>Conclusion</b><br />The plan for Östermalm is yet another example of how planning in Stockholm in the 1800’s was an incredibly sluggish process. Ceaseless rounds of proposals and counter-proposals, debates and votes and re-votes, disagreements between designers, the city, and the Crown, and general hemming and hawing, all during the city’s worst housing crisis and biggest growth spurt ever point to the fact that neither the city’s administrative organization or the city’s planning organ were the least bit efficient or effective. Yes, a plan was finally agreed upon, but the process took <i>eighteen</i> years despite the desperate need for land to develop into housing.<br /><br />In the end, the plan was nearly identical to Lindhagen’s original proposal. The left-out diagonal boulevard was an unfortunate, short-sighted decision that continues to have a negative impact on the neighborhood as it is quite cut-off from the rest of the city, but in the end, despite so many rounds of proposals and counterproposals and resistance to the grandiosity of Lindhagen’s ideas, the plan ended up being much like Lindhagen’s original plan. The process of planning Östermalm shows how revolutionary, forward thinking ideas sometimes need to be given time before the rest of the community has matured enough to understands the idea’s finer points. How much more efficient it would have been if the city had been able to trust Lindhagen’s ideas from the beginning! </p><p style="text-align: justify;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjPMpUyEj6kcZAplucs4FysHhVNF9jxcde5M7LdKqJTwma_12OD6Ir3XNCSFx3O0AH8V1K-i3MGH77ncHgnX_z-o5bqbxJahvyK8xMrqSa84eDM2IhCXUr9gTNKBfM21E0jH7BsSiBHaiGT/s1665/details+comp+1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1080" data-original-width="1665" height="416" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjPMpUyEj6kcZAplucs4FysHhVNF9jxcde5M7LdKqJTwma_12OD6Ir3XNCSFx3O0AH8V1K-i3MGH77ncHgnX_z-o5bqbxJahvyK8xMrqSa84eDM2IhCXUr9gTNKBfM21E0jH7BsSiBHaiGT/w640-h416/details+comp+1.jpg" width="640" /></a></div><p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjwu22JoT_TE-MGUNIJt1nPP8D5JDbAV_HLG6PNqo8SE071ilYw2B4mmOo60GwHq7C-VNc6i2BSKKF3tDk8H5ke4zjINvbcmJvrd2uUfzdvyzcHGYxiiH2focxcHR8u4d3pWeEjSU0xkaeO/s1665/details+comp+2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1080" data-original-width="1665" height="416" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjwu22JoT_TE-MGUNIJt1nPP8D5JDbAV_HLG6PNqo8SE071ilYw2B4mmOo60GwHq7C-VNc6i2BSKKF3tDk8H5ke4zjINvbcmJvrd2uUfzdvyzcHGYxiiH2focxcHR8u4d3pWeEjSU0xkaeO/w640-h416/details+comp+2.jpg" width="640" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhBHlMkKZwRKN4mc9IuZrIqi8JxCT0hEAQHbH2v426bCzvtZEmnzMS8ApVIo4UVINoRJsvU0ZphHuuKiYhM8Sts9oLwHxpo0o-Ut05Haz1hB4443IG_j_MupBZMfVKgGKGWBxG136M8Br97/s1665/details+comp+3.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1080" data-original-width="1665" height="416" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhBHlMkKZwRKN4mc9IuZrIqi8JxCT0hEAQHbH2v426bCzvtZEmnzMS8ApVIo4UVINoRJsvU0ZphHuuKiYhM8Sts9oLwHxpo0o-Ut05Haz1hB4443IG_j_MupBZMfVKgGKGWBxG136M8Br97/w640-h416/details+comp+3.jpg" width="640" /></a></div><p style="text-align: justify;"><br /><b>Sources</b><br />Gösta Selling, Esplanadsystemet och Albert Lindhagen: Stadsplanering i Stockholm åren 1857-1887 (1970)<br />Thomas Hall, Huvudstad i Omvandling (2002)<br />Raoul F. Boström, Ladugårdslandet med Tyskbagarbergen blir Östermalm (2008) <b> </b></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><b>Images</b><br />All images are my own except<br />* Gösta Selling, <i>Esplanadsystemet och Albert Lindhagen: Stadsplanering i Stockholm åren 1857-1887</i> <br />(1970)<br />** Raoul F. Boström, <i>Ladugårdslandet med Tyskbagarbergen blir Östermalm</i> (2008)</p><p style="text-align: left;"><br /><br /></p><br />Rainahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03436765499184988845noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2772821807884282561.post-78425961107474366362020-04-21T22:32:00.004+02:002021-12-10T20:11:57.274+01:00A “Planning Code” disguised as a Building Code: The National Building Code of 1874 and The Stockholm Building Code of 1876<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjjCN0d68t_03XzgQUcq2ywQ-ZfVl3jvomA_PgUm9edDn4L_fqdX0aYRX35RD2M_PpZfwXPqA669zUPy-kKMsbKiT8RhivnK8xq1sFR9rd5UvhewAShLEXgCx7H2KEyDCHYB-bXUq8oTAOd/s1600/marked+corner+comp.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1038" data-original-width="1600" height="414" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjjCN0d68t_03XzgQUcq2ywQ-ZfVl3jvomA_PgUm9edDn4L_fqdX0aYRX35RD2M_PpZfwXPqA669zUPy-kKMsbKiT8RhivnK8xq1sFR9rd5UvhewAShLEXgCx7H2KEyDCHYB-bXUq8oTAOd/s640/marked+corner+comp.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
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It seems that the king was impressed by the <a href="https://www.blogger.com/Lindhagen%20Plan%20http://walkingstockholm.blogspot.com/2020/03/the-lindhagen-plan.html" target="_blank">Lindhagen Plan</a>, because even though it hadn’t been accepted and implemented by the City of Stockholm, the king asked Lindhagen to update the nation’s Building Code. Many aspects of the 1874 ordinance were updates of the same themes that had been developed in the <a href="https://walkingstockholm.blogspot.com/2013/03/flames-and-consequencescity-building.html" target="_blank">periodically updated building codes since the 1700’s</a>, but the updated code of 1874 had two very significant new provisions: First, all Swedish cities were now required to draw up comprehensive city plans to direct future development of the city. Secondly, the Building Code required each city to establish a Building Board to review permit applications. The Stockholm Building Code of 1876 was Stockholm’s response to these new requirements. <br />
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<b>The National Building Code of 1874: Same old, same old</b><br />
The goal of this updated code was “neatness, cleanliness, air exchange, and safety.” However, the code didn’t give a lot of specific guidelines as to cleanliness or safety other than that roofs could not be of straw, peat, wooden shingles, or wooden boards and that they were required to be of terracotta, slate, or metal (a repeated regulation from the previous building code). Interestingly, pure white buildings were prohibited, and in general, buildings weren’t allowed to be so bright so as to create glare. The vast majority of the Building Code instead focused on the planning of cities. <br />
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<b>The National Building Code of 1874: Planning requirement</b><br />
I’m guessing that the King and Lindhagen included the requirement that all cities were to draw up comprehensive city plans as a means to prevent the long, drawn out process of planning that Stockholm had suffered since the 1850’s. The requirement for a Building Board as well as the specific protocols regulating how the Building Board was to operate were probably meant to prevent the likes of Stockholm’s planning gridlock where no city committee had clear authority or the budget to implement plans. Without a plan or clearly defined Building Board, development in Stockholm had more or less stalled for decades, resulting in a huge housing crisis. <br />
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Not only were cities now required to draw up a plan, but they were required to do it quickly: plans were to be submitted to the king for approval within a mere two years! However, the comprehensive city plan was not required to cover existing areas of the city; instead, it was meant to guide new development. Areas beyond the city plan were not allowed to be developed until a new city plan could be drawn up and approved by the king. All future development was required to be according to the city plan. <br />
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The goal of the city plans was to “correspond to traffic needs, space requirements and convenience; health’s requirements for light and fresh air; the desire for the highest possible level of security against widespread fires; and the sense of beauty’s requirement for free space, variation, and neatness.” In order to achieve these goals, the Building Code laid out specific requirements which were to be met in every city plan, ultimately controlling the plans’ content and the resulting appearance of every city in Sweden:</div>
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1) The plan was to include all blocks, streets, squares, and public spaces.</div>
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2) Squares, harbors, and other larger areas meant for high traffic flows were to be spacious and placed conveniently (“spacious” and “convenient” were not defined)</div>
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3) At least one (but hopefully several) wide esplanade with tree plantings in the middle and streets to either side was to be included in every plan (the purpose here was to create a fire break)</div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEimlJFs8fLhzVvAdetf6jvvcPZQRXq2KFQbvXY6R8Puvec4OUrjCYAvPBpz04nvOIgEBI-iJ1ZF5iVWR3XaObnl54uHU-nH75MkWRRj-F1mxQceuQ2B6FLcbENceVXb4okDiXpSu8XiJM_V/s1600/Narvav%25C3%25A4gen+comp.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="588" data-original-width="1600" height="234" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEimlJFs8fLhzVvAdetf6jvvcPZQRXq2KFQbvXY6R8Puvec4OUrjCYAvPBpz04nvOIgEBI-iJ1ZF5iVWR3XaObnl54uHU-nH75MkWRRj-F1mxQceuQ2B6FLcbENceVXb4okDiXpSu8XiJM_V/s640/Narvav%25C3%25A4gen+comp.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Narvavägen is one of Stockholm's esplanades corresponding to this provision of the National Building Code</td></tr>
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4) Other planted areas, both large and small, were to be as abundant as possible</div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjEN05r6sW52Q02ij8uZSAY3EwZuk7eUb38gOt8c9MRUDdBG_4EZS0YaZasoX3Xxz-P0HZKq6ruJUwV3L4FxJnl22ZPELKXChryLzdXW17OfRIXXJI6wS9jJEvUhwz8M6pk8iDdY-D0NOab/s1600/Vitabergsparken+comp.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="588" data-original-width="1600" height="234" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjEN05r6sW52Q02ij8uZSAY3EwZuk7eUb38gOt8c9MRUDdBG_4EZS0YaZasoX3Xxz-P0HZKq6ruJUwV3L4FxJnl22ZPELKXChryLzdXW17OfRIXXJI6wS9jJEvUhwz8M6pk8iDdY-D0NOab/s640/Vitabergsparken+comp.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Vitabergsparken is one of Stockholm's characteristic parks</td></tr>
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5) Streets were to be wide and laid out in appropriate directions. The streets were to be at least 60’ or 18m wide (with some exceptions for 40’ or 12m wide streets).</div>
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6) Blocks should be just the right size, not too large and not too small. Lots should not be too small so that air is not blocked from circulating, and the lots should be large enough to accommodate open and airy courtyards. </div>
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7) Lots lines, wherever possible, were to be perpendicular to streets. In order to meet this requirement, streets were de facto required to be perpendicular to each other. Without specifically mentioning it, this Building Code required that cities be developed in a grid pattern.</div>
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8) Buildings were to be built at the lot line along the street. </div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiqWFj3Ru-ygYk4-uxtVTlcQ5V12zXyfz9egtR7FllRzlLmtKKPoIFuO_Y8WfaS5fl54uynbD6SdoidfNKlxK7424B6HKxCJ_L7K7tl9EvohlUqWEvHGl71_Gt2ZN3_FyTX3KbD4KD49p_m/s1600/Upplandsgatan+Roslagsgatan+comp.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="588" data-original-width="1600" height="234" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiqWFj3Ru-ygYk4-uxtVTlcQ5V12zXyfz9egtR7FllRzlLmtKKPoIFuO_Y8WfaS5fl54uynbD6SdoidfNKlxK7424B6HKxCJ_L7K7tl9EvohlUqWEvHGl71_Gt2ZN3_FyTX3KbD4KD49p_m/s640/Upplandsgatan+Roslagsgatan+comp.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Buildings built to the lot line at the street along Upplandsgatan and Roslagsgatan</td></tr>
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9) Where desired and appropriate, narrow gardens between the street and building line can be designated in certain areas. These gardens were to be fenced from the street.</div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjfFRBBeB5KSiN_Ymcya5uDmhRE88NoiLzzyU2gh0aS9P3hvzTso8Bhz2-c7_nLZrl5PPKl6eMR7f1pEA3rc8XLY7epe306VURpmuKFqUenn7XLk6Iz3gFNOJprDQtQAsK-DDlOzAW_jxiW/s1600/Karlsbergsv%25C3%25A4gen+comp.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="747" data-original-width="1600" height="298" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjfFRBBeB5KSiN_Ymcya5uDmhRE88NoiLzzyU2gh0aS9P3hvzTso8Bhz2-c7_nLZrl5PPKl6eMR7f1pEA3rc8XLY7epe306VURpmuKFqUenn7XLk6Iz3gFNOJprDQtQAsK-DDlOzAW_jxiW/s640/Karlsbergsv%25C3%25A4gen+comp.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Karlsbergvägen is one area of Stockholm with small gardens between the buildings and the street</td></tr>
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10) Corner buildings were to have symmetrically rounded or faceted corners and the cut plane of the rounding or faceting was to be a minimum of 8’or 2.4m wide </div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiKZBbvczMoN4GQ8gu-EuzpcIS-tkZVx9zNvDDxC0vYPrkdNstBstNUY_5YQJo9blxMEpnehk8R0SCLSmXjuCwHJNisf9CY7S6TR21YVbTDQ4leF7WObozCoWnNXt6JXXSqzSEeTqTy-09c/s1600/rounded+faceted+corner+comp.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1038" data-original-width="1600" height="414" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiKZBbvczMoN4GQ8gu-EuzpcIS-tkZVx9zNvDDxC0vYPrkdNstBstNUY_5YQJo9blxMEpnehk8R0SCLSmXjuCwHJNisf9CY7S6TR21YVbTDQ4leF7WObozCoWnNXt6JXXSqzSEeTqTy-09c/s640/rounded+faceted+corner+comp.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Rounded and faceted corners</td></tr>
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11) Residential buildings were to be maximum 5 stories tall, and their max height was to be the street’s width plus 5’ or 1.5m. An attic with a fireplace was considered to be a floor. The back courtyard building was to be a maximum of 4 stories and the maximum height corresponded to the courtyard’s width. These maximum heights were to the roof line, not the peak. </div>
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12) The minimum interior ceiling height was 9’or 2.7m. </div>
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13) Buildings with a wooden structure had to be built at least 15’ or 4.5m from neighboring buildings, drastically limiting their potential size. Buildings with a brick or stone structure could be built right up to neighboring buildings. (Stockholm had been outlawing flammable wooden buildings for centuries without success. This provision was a smart way to make developers want to build in safer materials.)</div>
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14) The area of the courtyard was to be at least 50% of the lot’s building footprint. The courtyard was to be at least 40’or 12m wide between the street and back courtyard building (although small parts of the courtyard were allowed to be as narrow as 15’ or 4.5m.) </div>
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15) Courtyards and the narrow gardens between street and building line were to remain unbuilt. It was hoped that these courtyards would be planted.</div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhmMsZ9nqKGXA-FdAzE3oGS0ccU81Oky8EkOqMfZhgrPQ3LnzaFtHrBFuj-zvN9-j3JVAp-lTojchFIQBVN4Mg6LfV8nfyNeW4RhjiJ_c2iBVqFNLWIJBZWkvxIcp95bA-DRkmQsRNlfIjw/s1600/courtyard.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1080" data-original-width="810" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhmMsZ9nqKGXA-FdAzE3oGS0ccU81Oky8EkOqMfZhgrPQ3LnzaFtHrBFuj-zvN9-j3JVAp-lTojchFIQBVN4Mg6LfV8nfyNeW4RhjiJ_c2iBVqFNLWIJBZWkvxIcp95bA-DRkmQsRNlfIjw/s400/courtyard.jpg" width="300" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Two Stockholm courtyards. The building to the right is a courtyard building and demonstrates the 4 story limit for courtyard buildings.</td></tr>
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<div style="text-align: justify;">
16) The plans were to be drawn up with rainwater in mind—water was to drain naturally away from streets and squares and from courtyards and lots to public sewer pipes.<br />
<b><br />The National Building Code of 1874: Significance</b><br />
Lindhagen’s work on Stockholm’s plan was hugely influential in the 1874 National Building Code. This code was in turn hugely influential in the development of all other Swedish cities. In this roundabout way, the 1866 Lindhagen Plan for Stockholm ended up influencing all of Sweden.<br />
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One of the most important changes between the <a href="http://walkingstockholm.blogspot.com/2018/06/the-building-code-of-1842.html" target="_blank">Building Code of 1842</a> and this new updated Building Code of 1874 was the increase in maximum building height from 4 to 5 stories. This increased density was probably partly in response to the nation’s housing crisis as well as to pressure from developers to make new development more profitable. This increase in building height was too early to be influenced by new building science. The resulting increase in density had long-lasting effects on everything from the types of commercial activity that neighborhoods could support to the layout of public transportation stops. (As a side note, I find it interesting that there was a NATIONAL maximum building height. No residential building in the entire nation was allowed to be higher.)</div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgTh51cZiwzSO7uWB-ZNwITAKMtG8lsr6IigD0w9r2pcKA33kTWTWe0mQkWQOQMj4pJ3NLc9bF5bZ6-cJy9GTrs3RoDafAeV_xPIzdYNlI9cfkO5CDfhmCpnp_t2TYNpTecjqmtOiNIMAu5/s1600/Cardellgatan.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="810" data-original-width="1080" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgTh51cZiwzSO7uWB-ZNwITAKMtG8lsr6IigD0w9r2pcKA33kTWTWe0mQkWQOQMj4pJ3NLc9bF5bZ6-cJy9GTrs3RoDafAeV_xPIzdYNlI9cfkO5CDfhmCpnp_t2TYNpTecjqmtOiNIMAu5/s400/Cardellgatan.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">These buildings on Cardellgatan show the difference in scale between the earlier 4 story limitation and the new 5 story limitation.</td></tr>
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<div style="text-align: justify;">
While Lindhagen’s Building Code had very few specific guidelines pertaining to style or aesthetics, he did place huge importance on the spatiality of the street environment by regulating the proportion between street width and building height. And by regulating both the maximum building height and the minimum interior ceiling height, the building code ensured a uniform cornice line from one building to the next along an entire streetscape. This uniformity is extra evident when the street is flat and does not slope.</div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgCx6X0bGqlFWyN-i9KaCwV5Cr6n2G20PDe_YZIjBcA9UaLBccWB1EqfYwM5k4DqZyFzxu0ESyDDiRht_3VGA9NcwLr3E-RNTd9u6qywidsTI0WMXidDgyNnG2lioefLd121NTycoNWoApe/s1600/Upplandsgatan.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="810" data-original-width="1080" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgCx6X0bGqlFWyN-i9KaCwV5Cr6n2G20PDe_YZIjBcA9UaLBccWB1EqfYwM5k4DqZyFzxu0ESyDDiRht_3VGA9NcwLr3E-RNTd9u6qywidsTI0WMXidDgyNnG2lioefLd121NTycoNWoApe/s400/Upplandsgatan.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Uniformity on Upplandsgatan</td></tr>
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The provision for rounded or faceted corners resulted in one of Stockholm’s trademark aesthetics. I have never experienced a city with such a consistent design element spanning both geography and time. Architects dreamed up thousands of variations, and these corners became a way to distinguish one building from the next, one block from the next, one century from the next. The rounded and faceted corners became small, neighborhood landmarks and the visual accent of each block. Additionally, these rounded and faceted corners give the dense, gridded city fabric small but frequent breaks, making the city feel much more airy and open than it would otherwise be.</div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiKZBbvczMoN4GQ8gu-EuzpcIS-tkZVx9zNvDDxC0vYPrkdNstBstNUY_5YQJo9blxMEpnehk8R0SCLSmXjuCwHJNisf9CY7S6TR21YVbTDQ4leF7WObozCoWnNXt6JXXSqzSEeTqTy-09c/s1600/rounded+faceted+corner+comp.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1038" data-original-width="1600" height="414" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiKZBbvczMoN4GQ8gu-EuzpcIS-tkZVx9zNvDDxC0vYPrkdNstBstNUY_5YQJo9blxMEpnehk8R0SCLSmXjuCwHJNisf9CY7S6TR21YVbTDQ4leF7WObozCoWnNXt6JXXSqzSEeTqTy-09c/s640/rounded+faceted+corner+comp.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Some relatively meek rounded and faceted corners</td></tr>
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgDquIIrw-cjb7AQ3seFXKU42b_f5bKuD6kFS8wralZ1PYbNhxliAAW4IW7Q-z5cuvjj_AFDXONKPbTu7gMmyHB0bV7sBr9MPQJrvAY9nFwSui69ykOv8N9w_3OX-9t5uwD-Miw9K5qBffJ/s1600/marked+corner+comp.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1038" data-original-width="1600" height="414" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgDquIIrw-cjb7AQ3seFXKU42b_f5bKuD6kFS8wralZ1PYbNhxliAAW4IW7Q-z5cuvjj_AFDXONKPbTu7gMmyHB0bV7sBr9MPQJrvAY9nFwSui69ykOv8N9w_3OX-9t5uwD-Miw9K5qBffJ/s640/marked+corner+comp.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Some more pronounced rounded corners</td></tr>
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhmtlkRQtRPDGo2mP0yssO_7MgtqwK7iiN6RdFosx60J03JUWnXsA9A7sCjC9Aj31W6khprA6kGIlrhtCwrPOrOrOu9oWZtGrtKHyCEthidzqajPpSFZyA59U9HfJ9CEGWDIJ5gU-LA67Xh/s1600/modern+corner+comp.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1038" data-original-width="1600" height="414" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhmtlkRQtRPDGo2mP0yssO_7MgtqwK7iiN6RdFosx60J03JUWnXsA9A7sCjC9Aj31W6khprA6kGIlrhtCwrPOrOrOu9oWZtGrtKHyCEthidzqajPpSFZyA59U9HfJ9CEGWDIJ5gU-LA67Xh/s640/modern+corner+comp.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Even buildings built in the 70's had faceted corners. By this time, however, the stories above the street were not required to be faceted, and the result much more subtle. These corners are not nearly as visually interesting as the earlier corners which were faceted along the entire building, and they do not create the same kind of break in the city fabric as the earlier facets. </td></tr>
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<b>Stockholm’s Building Code of 1876</b><br />
Not only did Lindhagen write the National Building Code, but he also wrote Stockholm’s new building code, updating it to be in accordance with the national standards. Many of the provisions were about ensuring fire safety:<br />
1) Firewalls between directly adjacent buildings were required<br />
2) Ceilings were to be of gips, not wood<br />
3) Stairs were not allowed to be of wood and were required to be of stone or iron<br />
4) In addition , there were pages of regulations about chimneys and fireplaces<br />
5) Specific regulations for factories<br />
One of the provisions was a requirement for gutters and drainpipes. It’s unfathomable now but just imagine how drippy a city sidewalk would be without gutters!<br />
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More interestingly, a few specific provisions in the Stockholm code allowed the city to develop its own slight flavor, differentiating it from other Swedish cities:</div>
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1) In addition to the national provision that limited residential buildings to 5 stories, the Stockholm code limited all types of buildings to 65’or 19.8m in height. The exceptions were churches and public buildings, which were allowed to be higher. </div>
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2) The maximum roof angle was 45 degrees, further limiting building height</div>
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3) Bridges between buildings over streets was no longer permitted</div>
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4) Balconies were allowed to jut out over the property line over public sidewalks (maximum of 4’or 1.2m in width, with a minimum clearance over the sidewalk of 14’or 4.3m)</div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEidDhQ4p2Ez9-i_mYPxGAVK5U8jODiMqW0GtY5NGW6s_94tVUhWixOZFym5OrGVcV4IqrovqvQEuatQEcmlwUnT8fxmh0Rwwt0dwAfTRL_v_BbrH3c5PpE63zcxs4EvSZFNw1R9e282UWPe/s1600/balconies.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="810" data-original-width="1080" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEidDhQ4p2Ez9-i_mYPxGAVK5U8jODiMqW0GtY5NGW6s_94tVUhWixOZFym5OrGVcV4IqrovqvQEuatQEcmlwUnT8fxmh0Rwwt0dwAfTRL_v_BbrH3c5PpE63zcxs4EvSZFNw1R9e282UWPe/s400/balconies.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Balconies!</td></tr>
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<div style="text-align: justify;">
The Stockholm code also repeated many of the regulations in the National Building Code such as faceted corners and a right-angled street grid. It’s as if these components of city-building were so important that Lindhagen didn’t want there to be any chance of them being forgotten.<br />
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Of the specifically Stockholm regulations, I find the height limitations to be most significant. The height limitations on all other buildings ensured that churches and important public building would literally stick up out of the crowd. Residential buildings would form the consistent, muted background of the city while the churches and important public buildings would become the literal and figurative high points in the cityscape through both their more lavish design and their height.<br />
<br />
<b>Conclusion</b><br />
The groundbreaking element of the National Building Code of 1874 was the requirement that all cities must plan, and that no development was allowed to occur outside of these plans. The city government was thus given full authority and control over what would be built, where it would be built, and how it would be built. From 1874 on, it was self-evident that cities would plan future development and that cities would have control over what was built. Of course, reality never fully corresponds to the law, but this was a <i>huge</i> step forward. When this law was drawn up, there wasn’t even a planning profession, and now planning had become a municipal responsibility! <br />
<br />
For Stockholm, these Building Codes were the foundation for the creation of a relatively uniform and understated but very beautiful cityscape. Later on, the uniformity resulting from the Lindhagen Plan and these Building Codes would be criticized, but this uniform, gridded background was an important counterpoint for future areas which would deviate in scale and design. <br />
<br />
<b>Sources</b><br />
The 1874 National Building Code: </div>
https://www.boverket.se/contentassets/22140678c50841128f99d542d6ab2eb7/1874-byggnadsstadga-brandstadga.pdf<br />
The 1876 Stockholm Building Code:<br />
https://sok.stadsarkivet.stockholm.se/Bildarkiv/Egenproducerat/Kommuntrycket/KTR0013_004_ps.pdf<br />
Thomas Hall, <i>Huvudstad i Omvandling</i> (2002)<br />
Peter Lundewall, <i>Stockholm den planerade staden</i> (2006)<br />
<i>Alla Tiders Stockholm</i> (2014)<br />
<br />
<b>Images</b><br />
All images are my own.Rainahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03436765499184988845noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2772821807884282561.post-9990778417879181422020-03-31T21:18:00.001+02:002021-12-10T20:15:07.803+01:00The Lindhagen Plan<div style="text-align: justify;">
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg8lEFkwGGmaL_PK-LnB3zHY62z_0uGKH-ExpyA1lUpzIAGI2ds41FWABt7fjNTlgWG9267eebzh8_jaj6DzulVDFyvxInj4RWW4SLAeg8yvSmh0QtdqFpJjnyhen2ZaoN3oSBLpKqD2LR9/s1600/Lindhagen+Norrmalm+Kungsholmen+S%25C3%25B6dermalm.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1561" data-original-width="1600" height="624" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg8lEFkwGGmaL_PK-LnB3zHY62z_0uGKH-ExpyA1lUpzIAGI2ds41FWABt7fjNTlgWG9267eebzh8_jaj6DzulVDFyvxInj4RWW4SLAeg8yvSmh0QtdqFpJjnyhen2ZaoN3oSBLpKqD2LR9/s640/Lindhagen+Norrmalm+Kungsholmen+S%25C3%25B6dermalm.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
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In two of my recent posts, I’ve written about how mid-nineteenth century Stockholm was grappling with the question of if the city needed a <a href="http://walkingstockholm.blogspot.com/2019/09/wallstrom-and-rudbergs-1864-general.html" target="_blank">comprehensive plan</a>, and if so, what that plan might <a href="http://walkingstockholm.blogspot.com/2019/06/to-plan-or-not-to-plan-stockholms-big.html" target="_blank">look like</a>. The first comprehensive proposal was rejected, not because it lacked vision and common sense (which it did), but because the public works department didn’t want to be told what to do—instead, the department decided to make its <i>own</i> comprehensive plan. <br />
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<a href="https://walkingstockholm.blogspot.com/2019/09/wallstrom-and-rudbergs-1864-general.html" target="_blank">Wallström and Rudberg’s plan</a> had admittedly lacked a sense of hierarchy as well as a sense of higher purpose. The plan was too detail-oriented with clumsy junctions and connections between important thoroughfares. W&R’s plan ignored critical topographical features and made no apologies about erasing other significant landmarks in the landscape. The committee also criticized the plan because it had (purposefully) overlooked the oldest, most entrenched parts of the city.<br />
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In 1864, there was no such profession as city planning. Lindhagen, the committee’s president, was a lawyer. Other committee members included Ekman and Hawerman who were architects, Leijonacker who was a military engineer, and Alm who was a builder. Although Lindhagen was professionally the least suited to the task, he was definitely the group’s leader and much of the plan’s visionary nature seems to have stemmed directly from him; today the plan bears his name. <br />
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<b>Overarching Concepts</b><br />
Many features of the Lindhagen Plan are recycled from Wallström and Rudberg’s plan, but the Lindhagen committee’s major contributions were an overarching concept and a Stockholm-based design. Lindhagen’s starting point was movement into and through the city, and the plan’s focus was a hierarchical system of streets that would provide for natural, efficient traffic flow (without the awkward junctions from W&R’s plan). While beautification doesn’t seem to have been an explicit goal, the avenues and boulevards weren’t merely meant to expedite the flow of traffic, but they were also meant to serve as arteries circulating light and air through the city. The airy, tree-lined boulevard system was by default a beautiful counterpoint to the city’s older, narrower street grid.</div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgPd_4e0QBacqdiMM19Tg7-0SHSGMNTg42YZu_B2vSGm0DrbfNm-tmwHEr5oF5wdeKv1lsjCjDq32518KL5q7OG6JTQ_5pZIPfEgOe9pIvW40hqwSCgFjPgpGXyV-bc-5mFGsmj7xmFg24O/s1600/Lindhagen-boulevards.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1228" data-original-width="1215" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgPd_4e0QBacqdiMM19Tg7-0SHSGMNTg42YZu_B2vSGm0DrbfNm-tmwHEr5oF5wdeKv1lsjCjDq32518KL5q7OG6JTQ_5pZIPfEgOe9pIvW40hqwSCgFjPgpGXyV-bc-5mFGsmj7xmFg24O/s640/Lindhagen-boulevards.jpg" width="632" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Lindhagen's boulevard system. Red = built more-or-less as planned. Orange = unbuilt.</td></tr>
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There were plenty of contemporary examples of European cities building new, modern boulevard systems. Vienna’s ring boulevard replaced the outdated ring wall fortifications and Haussman’s boulevard system in Paris are but two of the era’s most famous examples. Lindhagen’s boulevards were well within the prevailing contemporary ideal, but Lindhagen gave his system a specific, Stockholm-based flavor. While Paris’s boulevards lead to specific monuments, public places, or important buildings, Stockholm’s boulevard system ends at green areas or at the water and lead to views of nature. Lindhagen recognized Stockholm’s unique adjacency to relatively undisturbed natural areas as well as the unique omnipresence of water, and the plan purposefully wove bustling city and restorative nature together. </div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgY2BKcrg8aqjhs0FLmnVI4vwnaAOQxB1zL1HYco3y4T2EkWFAJoWfmyeqoBoDXT6i4lRRWBR7wguIhha0ziIAwMZ9-rjX6WAZGPrHq3KEHdg44RrOIA-XQxpNrFDb73dLabEECHlnbT5Qf/s1600/Lindhagen-Views-to-Nature-and-Water.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1228" data-original-width="1215" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgY2BKcrg8aqjhs0FLmnVI4vwnaAOQxB1zL1HYco3y4T2EkWFAJoWfmyeqoBoDXT6i4lRRWBR7wguIhha0ziIAwMZ9-rjX6WAZGPrHq3KEHdg44RrOIA-XQxpNrFDb73dLabEECHlnbT5Qf/s640/Lindhagen-Views-to-Nature-and-Water.jpg" width="632" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Lindhagen's boulevards don't lead to monumental buildings or squares; instead they lead to nature and water.</td></tr>
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<b><br />Connecting Future Suburbs to the City</b><br />
One of the most forward-thinking aspects of Lindhagen’s plan was that it allowed for direct, convenient connections from the surrounding countryside into the city. In our era of superhighways, such direct connections seem like a city-planning given, but one look at Wallström and Rudberg’s earlier plan shows that that was not the case. W&R seem to have thought of Stockholm in a bubble; Lindhagen planned Stockholm in relation to its surroundings. While Lindhagen was probably designing connections to distant towns and for the transportation of food and supplies into the city from farms, the direct connections that Lindhagen planned ended up dictating the location of future suburbs. </div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi_YoOTdKsLL7TLZmm6Fc39IbLK3wdBHE9iWOnSInUMV1WRweC7h1_GqXLXM_EpvQ6S67pmhwr-20gzYnXk1U3txdWzl2gK57CE0V7SbzOBwEAR6zQ97dERv_7q9yTf8ZaRJA5yfdwOEZeN/s1600/Lindhagen-Suburbs-connections.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1233" data-original-width="1215" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi_YoOTdKsLL7TLZmm6Fc39IbLK3wdBHE9iWOnSInUMV1WRweC7h1_GqXLXM_EpvQ6S67pmhwr-20gzYnXk1U3txdWzl2gK57CE0V7SbzOBwEAR6zQ97dERv_7q9yTf8ZaRJA5yfdwOEZeN/s640/Lindhagen-Suburbs-connections.jpg" width="630" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Lindhagen's suburban access. Red = built more-or-less as planned. Orange = unbuilt (as planned).</td></tr>
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEimR2UmTlW4P1RXA0zpcOF9Tn6GVLYcauHZ1-isW8M6LB0WrjTfdDAEkq9XUfEx4vZyxa3mup57E2Kf0xbtj22u5ybtVRMTHwvXQ1OuISQaBuf34fiLIp0kK5jHsTXlYIFis13hj8c0OMR1/s1600/Actual-Suburbs-Connections.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1070" data-original-width="1223" height="558" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEimR2UmTlW4P1RXA0zpcOF9Tn6GVLYcauHZ1-isW8M6LB0WrjTfdDAEkq9XUfEx4vZyxa3mup57E2Kf0xbtj22u5ybtVRMTHwvXQ1OuISQaBuf34fiLIp0kK5jHsTXlYIFis13hj8c0OMR1/s640/Actual-Suburbs-Connections.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Suburban access as built</td></tr>
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From the west, Bromma was to be connected to the city with an arrow-straight boulevard across Kungsholmen. This would become the future street Drottningholmsvägen. At a traffic circle and major junction at Fridhemsplan, the boulevard would kink northward a bit and head straight into downtown. Both sections of this connection across Kungsholmen would cut across the island’s street grid at a diagonal, but only the more out-of-town section was built. </div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgEBXyHatjccmhDRAtoFaa4_BPND_SeX2Qh1itlZywMYigHIE9CRZjigLO_7vd3qFI57nqfbsXGv2zWPba5QuhWsUkO0gJn_K8k3Wb3WPucuVeAxZa71KN8b83j_-65oErN3pd5v6MIVxHq/s1600/Drottningsholmsv%25C3%25A4gen+comp.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="588" data-original-width="1600" height="234" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgEBXyHatjccmhDRAtoFaa4_BPND_SeX2Qh1itlZywMYigHIE9CRZjigLO_7vd3qFI57nqfbsXGv2zWPba5QuhWsUkO0gJn_K8k3Wb3WPucuVeAxZa71KN8b83j_-65oErN3pd5v6MIVxHq/s640/Drottningsholmsv%25C3%25A4gen+comp.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">The eastern section of Drottningholmsvägen is a distinct city boulevard, but west of Fridhemsplan it quickly becomes a suburban highway.</td></tr>
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Travelers from Solna and Uppsala to the northwest were to be connected to Sveavägen, the city’s grandest boulevard and an arrow-straight shot from the water at Brunnsviken down to the Royal Palace across the water in the Old Town Gamla Stan. The 70 meter-wide avenue, Sveavägen, was to be Stockholm’s Champs-Elysees and run parallel to the city’s street grid through the entire city. </div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg6paaF21r_VtHhMGPyFDNx36U5p9VXQHkQu5S6PCj5u4TdBDv2QSKj5-Lh53VhrkRNIel0K9gzF3XKz4ptg0mxnSxMeNwtjvMELPat40uYqtC9SXDN7BObeK9iCiYhNVZVjGdsiRg3Vpjm/s1600/Sveav%25C3%25A4gen.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="810" data-original-width="1080" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg6paaF21r_VtHhMGPyFDNx36U5p9VXQHkQu5S6PCj5u4TdBDv2QSKj5-Lh53VhrkRNIel0K9gzF3XKz4ptg0mxnSxMeNwtjvMELPat40uYqtC9SXDN7BObeK9iCiYhNVZVjGdsiRg3Vpjm/s400/Sveav%25C3%25A4gen.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Sveavägen</td></tr>
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This grandiose boulevard was the one exception to Lindhagen’s rule that
boulevards would offer vistas of natural areas instead of buildings, but
he was not the first to propose it—Sveavägen and its terminus at the
Royal Palace had been envisioned several times throughout history at
least since <a href="https://walkingstockholm.blogspot.com/2015/12/gustav-adolfs-torg-and-norrbro.html" target="_blank">Jean de la Valle’s proposal in the 1600’s</a>.
This street was eventually built, but it was never as grandiose as
planned (as planned it would have eradicated both Aldolf Fredrik’s
Church and the market square Hötorget) and it was never extended all the
way through to the palace. <br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiChZhqA0M5-9FOONqXv-mBKOru85mATLpTPvF1vCmaPuQIYJlOtidPStC8KBUGRHoKPx2JAa4bCusXwhuDP8wXJ_45h4O8UpdcxjNT06AiK6lpXMBi1coKVFza2QcjIew6JM7_zxWZgnV1/s1600/Adolf+Fredrik+and+H%25C3%25B6torget+comp.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="588" data-original-width="1600" height="234" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiChZhqA0M5-9FOONqXv-mBKOru85mATLpTPvF1vCmaPuQIYJlOtidPStC8KBUGRHoKPx2JAa4bCusXwhuDP8wXJ_45h4O8UpdcxjNT06AiK6lpXMBi1coKVFza2QcjIew6JM7_zxWZgnV1/s640/Adolf+Fredrik+and+H%25C3%25B6torget+comp.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Aldolf Fredrik’s
Church and the market square Hötorget were not demolished to make way for a wider Sveavägen</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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<br />
From Roslagen to the north, travelers were to be funneled into town along a new, arrow-straight avenue almost paralleling the city’s most grandiose boulevard. This avenue would replace a natural but stinking creek, Rännilen, and lead directly to an enlarged Berzelii park and the water at Nybroviken. Birger Jarlsgatan was built, but not as a straight shot from suburb to water as envisioned.</div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEigJdjXl5dh5snh7UpL81OqPhnfqP0NUQf939u2WVVNw2lfU_zh2ydLD21lhufd0ltjZnpwcL2nAFQP2gNsGqeYEgvDHq7ztwFWxM-0q7jJUEGzoTVBm6f1WMsIrK8RXXft_V6UHIEz2aFJ/s1600/Birger+jarls+gatan+Nybroviken+comp.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="588" data-original-width="1600" height="234" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEigJdjXl5dh5snh7UpL81OqPhnfqP0NUQf939u2WVVNw2lfU_zh2ydLD21lhufd0ltjZnpwcL2nAFQP2gNsGqeYEgvDHq7ztwFWxM-0q7jJUEGzoTVBm6f1WMsIrK8RXXft_V6UHIEz2aFJ/s640/Birger+jarls+gatan+Nybroviken+comp.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Birger Jarlsgatan and Nybroviken</td></tr>
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From the east and the large island of Lidingö, travelers would enter the city at a traffic circle at Karlaplan and then continue toward downtown on a boulevard cutting diagonally across Östermalm’s street grid. Because Östermalm was getting built out at such a frenetic pace and the planning office couldn’t wait for a decision on a city-wide, comprehensive plan, this diagonal avenue was left out of the short-sighted, stop-gap plan that dictated Östermalm’s growth. (I will cover this plan more in depth in another post.) The route in from Lidingö ended up being built as more of a ring road, part of which has recently been dug into a tunnel. <br />
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Travelers from Nacka to the southeast would connect via a bridge at Danstull to the blasted, filled-out highway Stadsgården. The waterside avenue would continue around the north side of Södermalm, becoming today’s Söder Mälarstrand. This route was built according to Lindhagen’s plan.</div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhOBgmun8ESyn7V2SXtNydpk87-qPIp5R0KsRJjZ5UJ5qFmb40rUn0rlsSsw2DeKbjOhQTcVXcotkzoMQ3OkINsmQvPNwYRB3xk0QaK_OgfXl-2Wv4p8ND_q30rTfDRJvvbnMscXJFcZ0ld/s1600/Stadsg%25C3%25A5rden+S%25C3%25B6der+M%25C3%25A4larstrand+comp.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="588" data-original-width="1600" height="234" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhOBgmun8ESyn7V2SXtNydpk87-qPIp5R0KsRJjZ5UJ5qFmb40rUn0rlsSsw2DeKbjOhQTcVXcotkzoMQ3OkINsmQvPNwYRB3xk0QaK_OgfXl-2Wv4p8ND_q30rTfDRJvvbnMscXJFcZ0ld/s640/Stadsg%25C3%25A5rden+S%25C3%25B6der+M%25C3%25A4larstrand+comp.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Stadsgården and Söder Mälarstrand</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
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From Årsta to the south, Götgatan would be widened and extended to a bridge at Skanstull. This was built, and would eventually even became a highway tunneling under the island of Södermalm.</div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhsRDDQxVMr_W2LQTDEcQjBSZldIXr0c4TMY4UzUF6AP8ccG2akV3xCTwmZMT0mtkm9k62BH7BVzqoSTggnMatZWAcXMV2kL_oxoMZraro4i46tV7iDl09SXfslOV8sVxx6bS2mVAD6ie-7/s1600/G%25C3%25B6tgatan.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="810" data-original-width="1080" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhsRDDQxVMr_W2LQTDEcQjBSZldIXr0c4TMY4UzUF6AP8ccG2akV3xCTwmZMT0mtkm9k62BH7BVzqoSTggnMatZWAcXMV2kL_oxoMZraro4i46tV7iDl09SXfslOV8sVxx6bS2mVAD6ie-7/s400/G%25C3%25B6tgatan.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Götgatan leading south (toward today's Globen arena)</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br />
Hornsgatan was to be extended to link up with a bridge from the southeast and Liljeholmen. This connection had also been drawn by Wallström and Rudberg. As built, this connection ended up involving a ninety degree turn, but the general idea was carried out none-the-less. </div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgZx-O63JroLLQM7zGhw3bC9STDXVsj_yvKbZSejVy9DMfU6VsQO4AOibbT-vxblHxJHXMuGyD2XIpG9G6LYolhnj8dW9phtE1F-NzEckGpenDEiubFAczUqe15BopDSo1PHAUmWZsOpyKR/s1600/Hornsgatan+comp.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="588" data-original-width="1600" height="234" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgZx-O63JroLLQM7zGhw3bC9STDXVsj_yvKbZSejVy9DMfU6VsQO4AOibbT-vxblHxJHXMuGyD2XIpG9G6LYolhnj8dW9phtE1F-NzEckGpenDEiubFAczUqe15BopDSo1PHAUmWZsOpyKR/s640/Hornsgatan+comp.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br />
All of these connections into the city ended up being of utmost important in the city’s future expansion. Every single one of the city’s current suburbs uses one of these connections into the city, and in some cases, even the subway follows these routes. <br />
<br />
<b>Street Grid and Blocks</b><br />
Like Wallström and Rudberg’s plan, the Lindhagen plan basically extends the <a href="http://walkingstockholm.blogspot.com/2011/11/stockholms-earliest-urban-plan.html" target="_blank">existing 17th century network of street grids</a> out to the city’s judicial boundary. Since <a href="https://walkingstockholm.blogspot.com/2013/01/stockholms-earliest-urban-plan-revisited.html" target="_blank">Örnehufvud’s plan of 1636</a>, different districts have had differently angled grids radiating out from the Royal Castle, and natural features such as the steep Brunkeberg ridge and the no longer visible creek Rännilen served as the boundaries between districts. </div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgQb2veVKfRgaw6vfnt32l_SSg_5pr7AAfw4dRMaw9DHMsDouOtumpqorGWqsXShtrR9cgmwiyVmcj_A6VEbrDQbJia2om4woaswWJWyBn9AiSwSR4PqDk3g98oQiJ7RvsClGh7fhKZawtJ/s1600/Radial-Streets.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="714" data-original-width="898" height="508" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgQb2veVKfRgaw6vfnt32l_SSg_5pr7AAfw4dRMaw9DHMsDouOtumpqorGWqsXShtrR9cgmwiyVmcj_A6VEbrDQbJia2om4woaswWJWyBn9AiSwSR4PqDk3g98oQiJ7RvsClGh7fhKZawtJ/s640/Radial-Streets.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Radial streets according to Örnehufvud’s plan of 1636</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Lindhagen’s plan extends these grids with one exception: he decided that both the eastern and western parts of Norrmalm should follow the same grid despite the Brunkerberg ridge. While Lindhagen accommodated exisitng streets according to the 17th century radial plan, new streets in eastern Norrmalm were to follow western Norrmalm’s grid. The grid in this part of the city was built according to Lindhagen's plan.</div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhnFaul7sgwFVmFzhnBSmPHKv7PMR7VOgkA4h7fyy-q8Uu_SJhbsIk-ZHZiEz6g3T9UgmnTIscGnQlGTZOHIl6oGFhSE3GH6UJRgcIWJ0_BJuVTdq2984b0SIezJV3-YeGOlZrwf_8gVBow/s1600/Radial+Streets+1600%2527s+Lindhagen+comp.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="484" data-original-width="697" height="444" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhnFaul7sgwFVmFzhnBSmPHKv7PMR7VOgkA4h7fyy-q8Uu_SJhbsIk-ZHZiEz6g3T9UgmnTIscGnQlGTZOHIl6oGFhSE3GH6UJRgcIWJ0_BJuVTdq2984b0SIezJV3-YeGOlZrwf_8gVBow/s640/Radial+Streets+1600%2527s+Lindhagen+comp.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Radial Streets in Norrmalm with two slightly shifted grids according to the 17th century plan. Later development simplified into one grid.</td></tr>
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<div style="text-align: justify;">
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<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br />
There is a good bit of variation of block size throughout the city. While some new areas have uniform blocks, other block sizes vary quite a lot—some are square, some are long and narrow, some are quite large. Blocks that are adjacent to existing blocks or to the water or to the city’s boundary have an irregular form. I’m not really sure why Lindhagen drew so many different block sizes, but I’m guessing that the variation resulted from practical constraints more than aesthetics. <br />
<br />
Each square of the right-angled grid was envisioned as a closed block with continuous facades completely enclosing the block. Except in a few outer areas, building facades were to be at the street and lot line. Both the northern half of Norrmalm and the western part of Kungsholmen were to have narrow gardens between the street and the facade, but even these blocks were to be completely enclosed by buildings. These gardens were envisioned as a part of the arterial network of green spaces bringing fresh air from the countryside into the city.</div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjF6ODJFSuwzj9hpF-2AMv-XzNHepn_W5R8mNIDWAL6SGbxjGRT6qVXpy-ZGCoHowZC6nNmkVE6wiB7GVNXZlaEPnUVf-EA8HsJZULX63dLP_rS8X68wi-8ghEPYGcreImTFOFhcBu7UxkX/s1600/Street+gardens+comp.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="810" data-original-width="1509" height="342" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjF6ODJFSuwzj9hpF-2AMv-XzNHepn_W5R8mNIDWAL6SGbxjGRT6qVXpy-ZGCoHowZC6nNmkVE6wiB7GVNXZlaEPnUVf-EA8HsJZULX63dLP_rS8X68wi-8ghEPYGcreImTFOFhcBu7UxkX/s640/Street+gardens+comp.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">While some areas of the city do have narrow strips of garden between building and street, it is not nearly as widespread as Lindhagen's plan called for; with a couple of exceptions, these narrow street gardens are mostly in different areas than the more "suburban" areas on the outskirts of Lindhagen's plan.</td></tr>
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<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br />
<b>Boulevards Through and Around the City</b><br />
The street grid was to march steadily across the city, but Lindhagen provided for a good bit of relief and variation to break off the potentially monotonous pattern. I don’t actually think that Lindhagen’s aim with all of the diagonal boulevards was for variation—instead, he was aiming for efficient traffic circulation—but the tree-lined boulevards did provide a break from the repetitive grid none-the-less. <br />
<br />
Because these boulevards were to serve a double purpose, both to efficiently siphon out-of-town traffic into the city and to efficiently circulate the traffic throughout the city, I have already mentioned many of Lindhagen’s boulevards above. However, it is worth going through them again and looking more closely at how they relate to the city as opposed to outlying areas. </div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjCAc86tzbcPOY4ygeCohNWNuP6lKRezCozo375_fEDt7q1J86yQDqoJqOlfyJnOAm9uPgwpw7OafNjePbsYWiHTOjmWtyYhEg0SpWJL0dQayTa4UMqzyOvAsvW-4PlY_58tJeB0JrEwRd7/s1600/Lindhagen-boulevards.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1228" data-original-width="1215" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjCAc86tzbcPOY4ygeCohNWNuP6lKRezCozo375_fEDt7q1J86yQDqoJqOlfyJnOAm9uPgwpw7OafNjePbsYWiHTOjmWtyYhEg0SpWJL0dQayTa4UMqzyOvAsvW-4PlY_58tJeB0JrEwRd7/s640/Lindhagen-boulevards.jpg" width="632" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Lindhagen's boulevard system. Red = built more-or-less as planned. Orange = unbuilt.<br />
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
</div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEho0w3hXUnCA52nu1YRiUIEltdEqWXII2A_2BmKRmEixaw94bmBpR9iz91v3y9Z50x0LfTJWBj6pPm-_NnCl3_EPk6s1HjDQutYT_TuFpecr8r1Wu77ZC2Jc6xgVeVQAJS1fiUl1nbtdQeI/s1600/Actual-Boulevards.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1072" data-original-width="1225" height="560" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEho0w3hXUnCA52nu1YRiUIEltdEqWXII2A_2BmKRmEixaw94bmBpR9iz91v3y9Z50x0LfTJWBj6pPm-_NnCl3_EPk6s1HjDQutYT_TuFpecr8r1Wu77ZC2Jc6xgVeVQAJS1fiUl1nbtdQeI/s640/Actual-Boulevards.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">The boulevard system as built</td></tr>
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<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br />
The thoroughfare leading in to town from Bromma was to be an arrow-straight boulevard across western Kungsholmen (Drottningholmsvägen). At a traffic circle and major junction at Fridhemsplan, the boulevard would change character to a narrower avenue and kink northward a bit to head straight toward a bridge over Klara Canal toward downtown and the existing street Kungsgatan. Kungsgatan would be significantly widened and would pass by a new central food market and continue through downtown. The avenue would (magically) pass through the Brunkeberg ridge, over the Champs-Elysees-like Sveavägen, kink again, and then head diagonally across Östermalm. At the park-like traffic circle of Karlaplan, the avenue would continue out of town toward the island of Lidingö.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhzUMTEX5TU0siVWSH9WGmNtw9-F6l_b7gWn_aj2DzyCgYilsfZBewZQYZ3JZqM4YGWncvudUm1W59b1VR-nDphtByp-EYHHC4adwlgxhlZmVx1FoDhiIRg_iOwQ53IUcLtuKhJXQBtAUvP/s1600/Bromma+-+Liding%25C3%25B6+comp.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1240" data-original-width="1215" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhzUMTEX5TU0siVWSH9WGmNtw9-F6l_b7gWn_aj2DzyCgYilsfZBewZQYZ3JZqM4YGWncvudUm1W59b1VR-nDphtByp-EYHHC4adwlgxhlZmVx1FoDhiIRg_iOwQ53IUcLtuKhJXQBtAUvP/s640/Bromma+-+Liding%25C3%25B6+comp.jpg" width="626" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Lindhagen's proposal vs. Today's reality</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
<br />
The park/traffic circle at Karlaplan was the only one of Lindhagen’s planned circles to actually be built, but it is not connected to these Bromma-to-Lidingö boulevards as planned. </div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgzylLk1kJRSKbsFOc-J6rxKnpRDg0JYdiuguvmrWx-o31hhdRbku5rPz-J0fXX9SNFE2jdBFoJBNdfecv1-ZcJoctWZZf1L4AceIvYPHeQQPQBonqd2JFiBHC31vHhtrYi1_2uXClXFVYs/s1600/Karlaplan+comp.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="588" data-original-width="1600" height="234" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgzylLk1kJRSKbsFOc-J6rxKnpRDg0JYdiuguvmrWx-o31hhdRbku5rPz-J0fXX9SNFE2jdBFoJBNdfecv1-ZcJoctWZZf1L4AceIvYPHeQQPQBonqd2JFiBHC31vHhtrYi1_2uXClXFVYs/s640/Karlaplan+comp.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Karlaplan</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
The connection across Kungsholmen toward Bromma was built, but the rest of the avenue cutting across downtown and Östermalm was not built. Instead, traffic from Bromma must make two 90 degree turns in order to continue into town and to Kungsgatan. Kungsgatan was widened, and it did eventually cut through the Brunkeberg ridge, but it was never extended across Östermalm.</div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjWW9RoreIH-U57WPyecYNLSRo_70Un9QA0WF3hUTj2XlNd26adGDsZHbm4xaij0yIhtOi6InEtq5BjTZ0zW_2Dt0-x4HuideqCS0bGD3QIUG03aM5V-8ogY4YVh-WP711S5LFEJuyjPcda/s1600/Kungsgatan+comp.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="588" data-original-width="1600" height="234" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjWW9RoreIH-U57WPyecYNLSRo_70Un9QA0WF3hUTj2XlNd26adGDsZHbm4xaij0yIhtOi6InEtq5BjTZ0zW_2Dt0-x4HuideqCS0bGD3QIUG03aM5V-8ogY4YVh-WP711S5LFEJuyjPcda/s640/Kungsgatan+comp.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">The older section of Kungsgatan and the more modern section breaking through the Brunkeberg ridge (the bridge is for a street atop the ridge)</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br />
On the northern side of Kungsholmen, a wide avenue would follow the waterline of Klara Canal. A similar wide avenue would also follow the north shore of the canal on the mainland. Uncharacteristically for Lindhagen, these avenues would peter out onto narrower streets. These avenues weren't built as planned, perhaps because they weren't all that well planned in the first place. <br />
<br />
Another important East-West thoroughfare was the tree-lined boulevard leading from Karlberg Palace into the middle of Norrmalm.<br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhTz3pVykAorrRpcRxNrRkvd2u4QEXw7JwrnhDclwwnxqODihio9Vpb1jGlAWI4xpR0FfNJuwYNd5yM1J7qhsoPPpS1KaeS8wo9JLXki8f0txI0tzSjAeWCsmh9r8qQ56J3j02G0cSpyyH6/s1600/Karlberg+-+%25C3%25B6stermalm+comp.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="520" data-original-width="511" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhTz3pVykAorrRpcRxNrRkvd2u4QEXw7JwrnhDclwwnxqODihio9Vpb1jGlAWI4xpR0FfNJuwYNd5yM1J7qhsoPPpS1KaeS8wo9JLXki8f0txI0tzSjAeWCsmh9r8qQ56J3j02G0cSpyyH6/s400/Karlberg+-+%25C3%25B6stermalm+comp.jpg" width="392" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Lindhagen's proposal vs. Today's reality</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
This boulevard became Karlbergsvägen and was built almost as planned. </div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiDMNYYbGc6hvzlf7JmNbyNrl2gkI4MjHEsQxq_5kc6TD1jYrYMVpZet-7KUnhf87_WuZ8kfWeBVuNQHY4sI79K-H5GsA3qIb2O-peqRVd9ywgeHnaY7H9gPk6S4FoaQjqdgncq2N9lRSxT/s1600/Karlsbergsv%25C3%25A4gen.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="810" data-original-width="1080" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiDMNYYbGc6hvzlf7JmNbyNrl2gkI4MjHEsQxq_5kc6TD1jYrYMVpZet-7KUnhf87_WuZ8kfWeBVuNQHY4sI79K-H5GsA3qIb2O-peqRVd9ywgeHnaY7H9gPk6S4FoaQjqdgncq2N9lRSxT/s400/Karlsbergsv%25C3%25A4gen.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Karsbergvagen</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Karlbergsvägen would meet up with a new major east-west thoroughfare at a new park; this second thoroughfare became today’s Odengatan. </div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiWsOtRz6B-rcaCJ92rAMTXxpbhbwcsFzIvL7hBFuZVHlsh3VeKwqDt4TfptyKwrYnNl1z_nu7uJzf0biIq_pdTXTh8elYTAlgmoPwlq-NeC7tjSkO49swCJa3E_jiiUIcILsQnWUaPwFre/s1600/Odengatan.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="810" data-original-width="1080" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiWsOtRz6B-rcaCJ92rAMTXxpbhbwcsFzIvL7hBFuZVHlsh3VeKwqDt4TfptyKwrYnNl1z_nu7uJzf0biIq_pdTXTh8elYTAlgmoPwlq-NeC7tjSkO49swCJa3E_jiiUIcILsQnWUaPwFre/s400/Odengatan.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Odengatan</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Odengatan marched across the entire Norrmalm district to end at a park in Östermalm. A variation of Karlbergsvägen had been shown by Wallström and Rudberg, but they didn’t draw an avenue similar to Odengatan. <br />
<br />
Interestingly, Lindhagen did not allow for any major public space where the two thoroughfares met up, but the triangle-shaped Odenplan was left open except for a large church occupying the center of the space. Lindhagen did plan for a new parish church in approximately this location, but not for the open junction.</div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj7ByEG88g0xGQbc9O8cSWVTXgbyQ_YWzjhLFS6E_TWIc2549cOQZ66Y9y2n8L84NL6LZKhENLYbzZc9DUPcuuJdKneojKlzBbuOilFjqyvI4GbCWQxUbbRB6FFAw_7gTfjb9f6-ghC_tui/s1600/Odenplan+and+Gustaf+Vasa+Church+comp.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="588" data-original-width="1600" height="234" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj7ByEG88g0xGQbc9O8cSWVTXgbyQ_YWzjhLFS6E_TWIc2549cOQZ66Y9y2n8L84NL6LZKhENLYbzZc9DUPcuuJdKneojKlzBbuOilFjqyvI4GbCWQxUbbRB6FFAw_7gTfjb9f6-ghC_tui/s640/Odenplan+and+Gustaf+Vasa+Church+comp.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Odenplan and Gustaf Vasa Church</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br />
A third east-west thoroughfare was planned to cut across Kungsholmen and connect to lower Norrmalm and then to march across downtown. <br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhxbdNkl6bMcOZro-uROZlN7L6Gqv6R2rNSNvOSB-mceGSA-IcUo6yIwxwhVLbMtvQW_k5wxWB3s4jlUEel0_hS4GzJX4fP_-DLeqW1ef-Ty5Rgy4SEIlqU-QOuwqMkhB7ek_h9ij5J6BLc/s1600/Ulvsunda+-+Berzelii+comp.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="748" data-original-width="975" height="490" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhxbdNkl6bMcOZro-uROZlN7L6Gqv6R2rNSNvOSB-mceGSA-IcUo6yIwxwhVLbMtvQW_k5wxWB3s4jlUEel0_hS4GzJX4fP_-DLeqW1ef-Ty5Rgy4SEIlqU-QOuwqMkhB7ek_h9ij5J6BLc/s640/Ulvsunda+-+Berzelii+comp.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Lindhagen's proposal vs. Today's reality</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
From Kungsholmen’s northwestern shore (the water here is called Ulvsunda Lake but it’s really just a large bay in Lake Mälaren), a tree-lined boulevard (approximately today’s tree-lined Lindhagensgatan, named after Lindhagen himself) would cut diagonally across the island and connect to a tree-lined boulevard following Kungholmen’s southern shore (today’s Norr Mälarstrand).<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhwleXMX6cR2BzehG48LYCJnhW6orJdybXYhy7vICaLeOu5e-nPAQ9oFm_yP8f9Bv8mbLeryG_bGBbUQYQpu0femMwPSQkhDXuD3DRdG6R2BLXE3_r1SYfKJivrJOeAJdikDJVPEeThkL6g/s1600/Lindhagensgatan+Norr+M%25C3%25A4larstrand+Comp.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="588" data-original-width="1600" height="234" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhwleXMX6cR2BzehG48LYCJnhW6orJdybXYhy7vICaLeOu5e-nPAQ9oFm_yP8f9Bv8mbLeryG_bGBbUQYQpu0femMwPSQkhDXuD3DRdG6R2BLXE3_r1SYfKJivrJOeAJdikDJVPEeThkL6g/s640/Lindhagensgatan+Norr+M%25C3%25A4larstrand+Comp.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Lindhagensgatan and Norr Mälarstrand</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
The boulevard would then connect to a bridge over Klara Canal to the traffic junction at Tegelbacken. From there, existing streets would be widened to accommodate the new through-avenue which would cross the grandiose boulevard Sveavägen, cross the park Kungsträdgården, and end at Berzelii Park and the new Birger Jarlsgatan avenue. A more kinked version of this thoroughfare had been drawn by Wallström and Rudberg, and while parts of the scheme were built, the connections were never realized. <br />
<br />
On the island of Södermalm, a ring boulevard would connect the freshwater of Lake Mälaren to the salt water of the Baltic Sea.<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjlZvcpkw354LIz_C-CQ87f7GSBGB3U1fj1SSAXRYJrwzTjhmuR_cF5HL2BTLtd8LNMG-rRa1DJugD1uBB3X3bUM_1LFNnZDtmgNez3nVyjez2h9HpNQ9bY8-Xj3N0xgBn0OeV-LOvdQ220/s1600/Ringv%25C3%25A4gen+comp.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="872" data-original-width="889" height="626" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjlZvcpkw354LIz_C-CQ87f7GSBGB3U1fj1SSAXRYJrwzTjhmuR_cF5HL2BTLtd8LNMG-rRa1DJugD1uBB3X3bUM_1LFNnZDtmgNez3nVyjez2h9HpNQ9bY8-Xj3N0xgBn0OeV-LOvdQ220/s640/Ringv%25C3%25A4gen+comp.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Lindhagen's proposal vs. Today's reality</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
This ring street was very similar to Wallström and Rudberg’s proposal, but instead of starting and ending at the steep, hilly parks of Skinarviksberget and Vita Bergen, Lindhagen’s tree-lined boulevard would somehow magically cut through the steep elevation differences to the water. Lindhagen’s proposal was generally much more realistic in regard to topography than W&R’s plan, but this was one example where the Lindhagen plan ignores topographical realities. Today, Ringvägen more-or-less dead ends into the parks like W&R’s proposal.<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiwAGyvMFQTWrHh2fUAFUV3WopJAxGjEPzCSo92eJaYewSTgpP__uKESi8e504VQVSTIUfqWvDj8xNRdMp29KwdAOYgXIZl45sE4F49MtkFGIbWP8lbEblGtn65uMyIwlL0MR4jgk3ztCru/s1600/Ringv%25C3%25A4gen+comp+%25282%2529.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="588" data-original-width="1600" height="234" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiwAGyvMFQTWrHh2fUAFUV3WopJAxGjEPzCSo92eJaYewSTgpP__uKESi8e504VQVSTIUfqWvDj8xNRdMp29KwdAOYgXIZl45sE4F49MtkFGIbWP8lbEblGtn65uMyIwlL0MR4jgk3ztCru/s640/Ringv%25C3%25A4gen+comp+%25282%2529.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Ringvägen</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
I have already written about the widened Hornsgatan and the widened Götgatan to connect with Liljeholmen and Årsta respectively, but yet another east-west thoroughfare in Lindhagen’s plan was to widen the existing street Folkungagatan. This avenue would connect the harbor and industrial area at Tegelviken and shoot straight across the island to the water of Årsta Bay. This was another connection from salt to sweet water across the island of Södermalm, and it was also shown in Wallström and Rudberg’s plan.<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiJQBI-PL6AtrTHVhckFd_waw56ZLalDbFoyWOKnXIqZF9s423z-ziq7leFMdO2ujX3HQiJ3BPijET2ZdlqwA9laLtgu546z6oD5HXRZfLKARaDnObWDfcI0Ftmi1o0Wt9lFzOPMEK_eDTw/s1600/Hornsgatan%252C-Folkungagatan%252C-G%25C3%25B6tgatan+comp.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="925" data-original-width="1105" height="534" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiJQBI-PL6AtrTHVhckFd_waw56ZLalDbFoyWOKnXIqZF9s423z-ziq7leFMdO2ujX3HQiJ3BPijET2ZdlqwA9laLtgu546z6oD5HXRZfLKARaDnObWDfcI0Ftmi1o0Wt9lFzOPMEK_eDTw/s640/Hornsgatan%252C-Folkungagatan%252C-G%25C3%25B6tgatan+comp.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Lindhagen's proposal vs. Today's reality</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
While Folkungagatan did become a major thoroughfare from the harbor at Tegelviken, it was never extended across the western half of the island.<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgQq7p2AMgFeIN2pyw5DfEY2S0xToKI0WTY9zziGjrYW3-3cXqU0WoCLpMJUlKGVSSwauB9BmQpSoKKlaBAY1wMTv3WzsXw12bQBOnlk7osEMohUGehnF8N5yMk0eO_0DDpLMl4AijmcV8v/s1600/Folkungagatan+Tegelviken+comp.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="588" data-original-width="1600" height="234" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgQq7p2AMgFeIN2pyw5DfEY2S0xToKI0WTY9zziGjrYW3-3cXqU0WoCLpMJUlKGVSSwauB9BmQpSoKKlaBAY1wMTv3WzsXw12bQBOnlk7osEMohUGehnF8N5yMk0eO_0DDpLMl4AijmcV8v/s640/Folkungagatan+Tegelviken+comp.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Folkungagatan and Tegelplan where Folkungagatan meets the sea (to the right of the photo)</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
Both the north and south shores of Södermalm would also be lined with wide avenues. <br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhmervsXbc3yfVW8zC1nc8aYFKrPsXpb3J_aCwzr44sKTCJQS3CbnI599tjYm9ytAOdazkohwYu_rCTQDDqXYvLPFVak00t3dWfpEzi_fcK1Wj9EBUPOjVHPrlamnQKFyTpPP05GT45gTeE/s1600/S%25C3%25B6dermalm-shore-avenues+comp.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="896" data-original-width="912" height="628" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhmervsXbc3yfVW8zC1nc8aYFKrPsXpb3J_aCwzr44sKTCJQS3CbnI599tjYm9ytAOdazkohwYu_rCTQDDqXYvLPFVak00t3dWfpEzi_fcK1Wj9EBUPOjVHPrlamnQKFyTpPP05GT45gTeE/s640/S%25C3%25B6dermalm-shore-avenues+comp.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Lindhagen's proposal vs. Today's reality</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
These were much like W&R’s plan, and like the waterside avenues on
either side of Klara Canal, these on Södermalm have a bit of an
indistinct character and peter out on one side without connecting to
another major thoroughfare. Söder Mälarstrand on the north side of the
island would be built, but the shore was never developed on the south
side of the island along Årsta Bay.<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjbDowOyLcuIloQIvbM1N_yG2QGDXyUXekwCOODKq09_EJWCW4Rr8OP1j77lGdjRwowDWbnQTstNR0eixEMLwvOUdeM7b-DI3Fp8q2V5iLRs3XOStDn13zGlI9POjgYDD2Y2CtZAWevc-Oq/s1600/S%25C3%25B6der+M%25C3%25A4larstrand+and+%25C3%2585rsta+bay+comp.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="588" data-original-width="1600" height="234" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjbDowOyLcuIloQIvbM1N_yG2QGDXyUXekwCOODKq09_EJWCW4Rr8OP1j77lGdjRwowDWbnQTstNR0eixEMLwvOUdeM7b-DI3Fp8q2V5iLRs3XOStDn13zGlI9POjgYDD2Y2CtZAWevc-Oq/s640/S%25C3%25B6der+M%25C3%25A4larstrand+and+%25C3%2585rsta+bay+comp.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Söder Mälarstrand did become a thoroughfare, but the southern side of the island was left undeveloped.</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
<br />
I have already covered two of the most important north-south thoroughfares of Lindhagen’s plan, but there were several more. From the southern shore of Kungsholmen, a new avenue would cross the island, cross a bridge over Klara Canal to the mainland, and continue northward into Vasastan. At a large traffic circle, one could choose to continue northward and connect to Karlbergsvägen, turn onto Odengatan, or head southeast into downtown along a new avenue eventually connecting to the parade boulevard Sveavägen.<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgu2EGnaZFYOMXpgb_5RJaiZHb4jEWI3WbLc8i_oxCx7Q7__yGxPNdEMEOqxvWUA5-ubQqy-j3w5DXB6J8rGYQSwVWfA6U0a_wxecXEAMDjqEsxVULE9wAfvHHVQ_TcNz7iBFipQtJ_maka/s1600/St+Eriksgatan+comp.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="568" data-original-width="912" height="398" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgu2EGnaZFYOMXpgb_5RJaiZHb4jEWI3WbLc8i_oxCx7Q7__yGxPNdEMEOqxvWUA5-ubQqy-j3w5DXB6J8rGYQSwVWfA6U0a_wxecXEAMDjqEsxVULE9wAfvHHVQ_TcNz7iBFipQtJ_maka/s640/St+Eriksgatan+comp.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Lindhagen's proposal vs. Today's reality</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
The southern part of St. Eriksgatan is much more of a neighborhood street than a thoroughfare, but northern St. Eriksgatan is a major thoroughfare today and corresponds to this part of Lindhagen’s plan. <br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgynqmpLuZPYxUanlNpfJGiZ5Ux2YGeHQXVxPxuLEMWgzFYcnPyWnwfL0xpgB4RV33dhfb1FlJAR8Y3Hww-E6vlhhC-MP6devYzopGqLnOOcLeev0HLI4EbfEXm4DVTM3Tsf4iO093OLtX3/s1600/St+Eriksgatan+comp.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="588" data-original-width="1600" height="234" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgynqmpLuZPYxUanlNpfJGiZ5Ux2YGeHQXVxPxuLEMWgzFYcnPyWnwfL0xpgB4RV33dhfb1FlJAR8Y3Hww-E6vlhhC-MP6devYzopGqLnOOcLeev0HLI4EbfEXm4DVTM3Tsf4iO093OLtX3/s640/St+Eriksgatan+comp.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">St. Eriksgatan. To the left/south, a neighborhood scale. To the right/north, scaled as an avenue, but without the trees. </td></tr>
</tbody></table>
Instead of a traffic circle, the square and junction of St. Eriksplan serves the same purpose of connecting Karlbergsvägen, Odengatan, and Torsgatan which does head south into downtown.<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgFw3OJZbhPxA7Z8ci9rqd4-7RU4neGmQSRpelrvdFGbbLngh3CpBIkrLqkRwN81i4jpGmJDjk6PVz8fgncKj7lckHgW-OZ7UdQJ-8g2XoKVBn0RLkyauC7tIKGtiMrgTuzJBL4TniRA20p/s1600/St+Eriksplan+comp.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="588" data-original-width="1600" height="234" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgFw3OJZbhPxA7Z8ci9rqd4-7RU4neGmQSRpelrvdFGbbLngh3CpBIkrLqkRwN81i4jpGmJDjk6PVz8fgncKj7lckHgW-OZ7UdQJ-8g2XoKVBn0RLkyauC7tIKGtiMrgTuzJBL4TniRA20p/s640/St+Eriksplan+comp.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">St. Eriksplan</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
However, Torsgatan was never directly connected to Sveavägen as in Lindhagen’s plan.<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEifWrd7jvO6iAHzXeB7RpN0Sm-iXafDF0ZKsugqZU8K84sNH5O2KFdx9ybTPBvnuLA9149vDsQB9XZIUDQt77N0i2bG_1Szwpz7pB5SZ2WEg9eCzjkLlCr8XK2OKB8JXAcw0-BF5qGXTylD/s1600/Torsgatan+north+south+comp.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="588" data-original-width="1600" height="234" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEifWrd7jvO6iAHzXeB7RpN0Sm-iXafDF0ZKsugqZU8K84sNH5O2KFdx9ybTPBvnuLA9149vDsQB9XZIUDQt77N0i2bG_1Szwpz7pB5SZ2WEg9eCzjkLlCr8XK2OKB8JXAcw0-BF5qGXTylD/s640/Torsgatan+north+south+comp.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Torsgatan</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
Like Wallström and Rudberg, Lindhagen also proposed that the square of Kungsholmstorg would continue northward as a wide avenue and terminate in a park. This was never realized.<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiTZEFfrlBkOVn_zjDVFbT5rd_RlylicUNXA_d7tBwHs-RK5Ggs7ywgnVmw2NdD792gSo-9mIbqjamsbVFB2LZyST6jxpP_aYfjB4o1O7pyK1SXdZ0AZbEcXJvA_woTjdVUY60iB8jh7bLW/s1600/Kungsholmstorg+Scheelegatan+comp.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="588" data-original-width="1600" height="234" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiTZEFfrlBkOVn_zjDVFbT5rd_RlylicUNXA_d7tBwHs-RK5Ggs7ywgnVmw2NdD792gSo-9mIbqjamsbVFB2LZyST6jxpP_aYfjB4o1O7pyK1SXdZ0AZbEcXJvA_woTjdVUY60iB8jh7bLW/s640/Kungsholmstorg+Scheelegatan+comp.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Kungsholmstorg and Scheelegatan which wasn't widened into an avenue.</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
On the northern edge of town, a tree-lined ring boulevard would follow the city’s boundary line (which until recently had also been a <a href="https://walkingstockholm.blogspot.com/2014/05/stockholms-tollhouses.html" target="_blank">toll fence</a>). Wallström and Rudberg had also drawn a ring boulevard, although their version had far more traffic circles.<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhkpvLeBrpFAVaKCn_zXzQwjKZK7q7EKNuQxXUenFmWZh2HNIwlhyphenhyphenW6y0XvRs-F_Nx6viVWFo3YL-BbTBJfjpHqwQ7Fw1JeC3hvG3gqB4D7SdGGs-KaWC2L2AOsJSgltztMgO5PhlXxlqMp/s1600/Ring+comp.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1101" data-original-width="936" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhkpvLeBrpFAVaKCn_zXzQwjKZK7q7EKNuQxXUenFmWZh2HNIwlhyphenhyphenW6y0XvRs-F_Nx6viVWFo3YL-BbTBJfjpHqwQ7Fw1JeC3hvG3gqB4D7SdGGs-KaWC2L2AOsJSgltztMgO5PhlXxlqMp/s640/Ring+comp.jpg" width="544" /></a></div>
While this ring boulevard was built, the western edge was built as more of a regular city street than as a stately boulevard.<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh0Cdv3wnUnmaCulamQ6rJ8Hb9V7OXedlhdzl9VQRDebeDw1YTX89CSgl4S0ERm-pWkDFT-zRs9F3vc5Z1aoOzk3oMYKv-Jc0v9KUo5AFe0-Qz-PKEAB4GeKHZd0jNJKJjOvGGlr5Vg1KDp/s1600/Norra+Stationsgatan+comp.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="588" data-original-width="1600" height="234" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh0Cdv3wnUnmaCulamQ6rJ8Hb9V7OXedlhdzl9VQRDebeDw1YTX89CSgl4S0ERm-pWkDFT-zRs9F3vc5Z1aoOzk3oMYKv-Jc0v9KUo5AFe0-Qz-PKEAB4GeKHZd0jNJKJjOvGGlr5Vg1KDp/s640/Norra+Stationsgatan+comp.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Norra Stationsgatan, to the right on a neighborhood scale instead of an avenue or boulevard.</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
On the east side of town, Valhallavägen<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg-OXLKBKtjm9mypL40BrEW_iha2hwkOFLoQqSfi4qRRO9w53RTy02iGpvq3v948QiKSXkM9tuj3o_0PkMnARj4J4wR2kBBs-iuw5dUp_0nffEn_wUlu-K_L7tgKIzQ4dGZ6lOS5XplOLgo/s1600/Valhallav%25C3%25A4gen+comp.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="588" data-original-width="1600" height="234" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg-OXLKBKtjm9mypL40BrEW_iha2hwkOFLoQqSfi4qRRO9w53RTy02iGpvq3v948QiKSXkM9tuj3o_0PkMnARj4J4wR2kBBs-iuw5dUp_0nffEn_wUlu-K_L7tgKIzQ4dGZ6lOS5XplOLgo/s640/Valhallav%25C3%25A4gen+comp.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Valhallavägen</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
was extended farther out of town than the toll fence, and Oxenstiernsgatan became the edge instead of the old toll boundary at Narvavägen. <br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh20PvAMouWwEqyZD4WjhiCV9hNwVEa6pj5NN6gIX7vWFfpQcbT9SSrqMy-m3jN23uvz982mGBvvFy8WKfDNIRvrrJh9zyLfIwf8mkHK0SCj19OVS5HtEYya2EDsyTBvhfmdBd0j6LMyOaq/s1600/Narvav%25C3%25A4gen+comp.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="588" data-original-width="1600" height="234" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh20PvAMouWwEqyZD4WjhiCV9hNwVEa6pj5NN6gIX7vWFfpQcbT9SSrqMy-m3jN23uvz982mGBvvFy8WKfDNIRvrrJh9zyLfIwf8mkHK0SCj19OVS5HtEYya2EDsyTBvhfmdBd0j6LMyOaq/s640/Narvav%25C3%25A4gen+comp.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Närvavägen</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
<br />
Lindhagen’s plan shows a clear hierarchy of streets. Grandest is the Champs-Elysees-wide Sveavägen at 70 meters in breadth. Several tree-lined boulevards were planned to be 40 meters wide. Avenues were about 30 meters wide, and “regular” city streets were of varying smaller widths. While the street widths do correspond to expected traffic density, Lindhagen’s boulevards aren’t only meant for rush-hour traffic. They are also meant for strolls, for pumping clean air into the city, and for providing a green counterpoint to the dense city. <br />
<br />
The plan calls for the widening of a number of existing streets. In order to keep costs down, Lindhagen proposed that one side of the street would be kept and that the street would be widened only in one direction. The city would not force the widening (thus having to spend a lot of money all at one time to buy the new rights to the needed land) but all new buildings built along the street would be built at the new lot line. The street would thus be widened successively, over time.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br />
<br />
<b>The Waterfront</b><br />
Like Wallström and Rudberg, Lindhagen proposed that every single bit of waterfront would be made public. The city would buy all the land closest to the water and fill out the shoreline to make smooth, continuous quays and streets. Stone quays would stabilize the entire shoreline (except for western Kungsholmen) and create stately waterside promenades. This is perhaps one of the most important contributions from both plans—taking the shore from private owners and giving it to the people.<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhg2hTEtP5mIGtbZHatfemcIFmgILf032u_BTUbxiv1QPr_Jqp-ogsEqCCGLVh0xOWlmOiZgUUVI21bvRYSU9YL55K__BXi_Y7ooVqqg-RqqNxgxwfnieqBj4tHy3x28SurYb_5SO7I3llu/s1600/Stone+Quays+comp.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="588" data-original-width="1600" height="234" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhg2hTEtP5mIGtbZHatfemcIFmgILf032u_BTUbxiv1QPr_Jqp-ogsEqCCGLVh0xOWlmOiZgUUVI21bvRYSU9YL55K__BXi_Y7ooVqqg-RqqNxgxwfnieqBj4tHy3x28SurYb_5SO7I3llu/s640/Stone+Quays+comp.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Stone quays by the Opera and at Nybroviken</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
Lindhagen also recognized that the omnipresence of water was one of Stockholm’s most striking and most unique features, and he planned the water as handsome “objectives” or ending points for his avenues and boulevards. One promenades toward the water and then is able to walk alongside it on the public quaysides.<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhFg15t-Tx2s04e04fsuUV6NHqJImgcvk6U0UBw4xzDCBjsZZDLaHs0CrIgiqesG1GMavF2Rgn5JY6WqYgOcUxYdBVnEXTJ_GexF-EM-iBUF2YaC6pgmwmCps6-mZ9F6H0DVNbI5wp_-C6r/s1600/Lindhagen-Views-to-Nature-and-Water.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1228" data-original-width="1215" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhFg15t-Tx2s04e04fsuUV6NHqJImgcvk6U0UBw4xzDCBjsZZDLaHs0CrIgiqesG1GMavF2Rgn5JY6WqYgOcUxYdBVnEXTJ_GexF-EM-iBUF2YaC6pgmwmCps6-mZ9F6H0DVNbI5wp_-C6r/s640/Lindhagen-Views-to-Nature-and-Water.jpg" width="632" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Lindhagen's boulevards don't lead to monumental buildings or squares; instead they lead to parks, water, and nature.</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
The quays were also pragmatic—the city already had lots of boat traffic, for the transport of both goods and of people, and stone quaysides were much more practical than muddy embankments. Solid quays also allowed for railroad spurs for the transportation of goods to and from the harbors. Filling out the land to make smooth shorelines was also a good opportunity for creating wide streets with good traffic flow in an otherwise dense city.<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgn4rgSGd0dEFbOlCpSMelNrliJ-HKROx_GlNARIgbd0Y-uHln7W-3zi1pDNPpfBKatvfhE1TyQoQMVw4XhkMJ7eZb8xakGLXhnFL-q57E_MXu8w342Cmh82St-8IA0LoiqMtK3BRdJMbxJ/s1600/Lindhagen-Quays.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1228" data-original-width="1215" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgn4rgSGd0dEFbOlCpSMelNrliJ-HKROx_GlNARIgbd0Y-uHln7W-3zi1pDNPpfBKatvfhE1TyQoQMVw4XhkMJ7eZb8xakGLXhnFL-q57E_MXu8w342Cmh82St-8IA0LoiqMtK3BRdJMbxJ/s640/Lindhagen-Quays.jpg" width="632" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">New quaysides proposed in the Lindhagen Plan</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
Lindhagen’s dual attitude toward the waterfront—he saw it both as a romantic feature and as a utilitarian link in the city’s infrastructure—has flavored much of Stockholm’s city planning ever since, and the pendulum continues to swing between function and feature.<br />
<br />
<b>Parks</b><br />
Lindhagen didn’t leave a lot of open, market or square-type spaces in his plan. He wrote that open spaces “might give a pleasant impression, but in a city plan they have little meaning compared to streets which create a well thought-out, complete system of communication.” In other words, while Lindhagen was obviously impressed by Paris’ Champs-Elysees, he wasn’t enamored of Places Vendome.<br />
<br />
However, Lindhagen’s plan does have numerous parks and green spaces. Even several existing open plazas such as Norrmalmstorg and Tegelbacken were re-envisioned with formal gardens. Like Wallström and Rudberg’s plan, the majority of Lindhagen’s parks are on hard-to-build upon areas with steep topography and bulbous outcroppings of granite. These high spaces also had the benefit of having great views and cleaner air. Large swaths of the outer areas of the city like western Kungsholmen and western Vasastan near Karlberg Palace were left completely undeveloped—I think that Lindhagen just couldn’t envision that the city would ever stretch out so far.<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEigFU6Tu32TFWuq2iccU2PgfYARlJjiRARppxU0uLxcxl69y_VrX80Ce3tqU_Md4MmdmTlySHtT28fxJ5SZHQE_RYRl3padEzYPk8zXoPeitK8J6S88zcE5h1O2dXLs9yIC8HBLKy2fejPL/s1600/Lindhagen-Pakrs.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1231" data-original-width="1215" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEigFU6Tu32TFWuq2iccU2PgfYARlJjiRARppxU0uLxcxl69y_VrX80Ce3tqU_Md4MmdmTlySHtT28fxJ5SZHQE_RYRl3padEzYPk8zXoPeitK8J6S88zcE5h1O2dXLs9yIC8HBLKy2fejPL/s640/Lindhagen-Pakrs.jpg" width="630" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Lindhagen's city parks. Red = parks today. Orange = other use today.</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
On Kungsholmen, the Lindhagen plan leaves both steep Kronoberg and the cliffs at Kungsklippan as parks. Kronoberg did in fact become a park,<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjtA7z443RF3izfooC7muXKZU4S78psmFrcvbr54SaZAtSBPiFsk1NIFSwpaelTHZY6oCLu4LPxJXuUOsNj-g_pkB2tP6enWoYj34HlAtVd2vp3HwuEg93ugpN-bF6JTQREioH2yDnGmE6M/s1600/Kronoberg+comp.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="588" data-original-width="1600" height="234" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjtA7z443RF3izfooC7muXKZU4S78psmFrcvbr54SaZAtSBPiFsk1NIFSwpaelTHZY6oCLu4LPxJXuUOsNj-g_pkB2tP6enWoYj34HlAtVd2vp3HwuEg93ugpN-bF6JTQREioH2yDnGmE6M/s640/Kronoberg+comp.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Kronobergsparken rising above the surrounding neighborhood.</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
but Kungsklippan was eventually built upon.<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiGHpKXSuihyyyy_ZBrOtlUa46U-UHBErmDXamA0b41S71YfbLf8Lot3x-wzQxnPGUj2QkOPZISVRdEwiIQlDeWojyjV8piuqI0TglHG2lstevLXobqa_snZED1L4upiOsMHziNBjixxrI9/s1600/Kungsklippan+comp.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="747" data-original-width="1600" height="298" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiGHpKXSuihyyyy_ZBrOtlUa46U-UHBErmDXamA0b41S71YfbLf8Lot3x-wzQxnPGUj2QkOPZISVRdEwiIQlDeWojyjV8piuqI0TglHG2lstevLXobqa_snZED1L4upiOsMHziNBjixxrI9/s640/Kungsklippan+comp.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Stairs up to and buildings on the high area of Kungsklippan</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
In Norrmalm och Vasastan, all of today’s parks were envisioned by Lindhagen including Vasaparken,<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgI4j2TfQHN5O9VbCYJRp5BJT9UX5YVt2KEnPW0gLcnY67DERubuZ-swfG1vRUJBrnryjqyP1rx85fSiOJIdBmXBadw2WVJcUrC-16S0YSsRYTnrJ7H72ad0KKDbP3qH-Qxlo25ZpWhE3ZB/s1600/Vasaparken+comp.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="747" data-original-width="1600" height="298" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgI4j2TfQHN5O9VbCYJRp5BJT9UX5YVt2KEnPW0gLcnY67DERubuZ-swfG1vRUJBrnryjqyP1rx85fSiOJIdBmXBadw2WVJcUrC-16S0YSsRYTnrJ7H72ad0KKDbP3qH-Qxlo25ZpWhE3ZB/s640/Vasaparken+comp.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Vasaparken rising above the neighborhood.</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
Observatorielunden, <br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjE5XN0MMd3QqqLnA9_LrCDMwcOXMZOQEJd29YatTtKf6EZTc7NaETvK6hjohL5v4C48S8ApMFfQlDtYQdR2SUaY37oTis0RUBRhIjlAosFLVQyYep-lCgh9SE6V0lYBtG5nMoNSBCZqRJ-/s1600/Observatorielunden+comp.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="588" data-original-width="1600" height="234" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjE5XN0MMd3QqqLnA9_LrCDMwcOXMZOQEJd29YatTtKf6EZTc7NaETvK6hjohL5v4C48S8ApMFfQlDtYQdR2SUaY37oTis0RUBRhIjlAosFLVQyYep-lCgh9SE6V0lYBtG5nMoNSBCZqRJ-/s640/Observatorielunden+comp.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Left: Observatorielunden is atop Brunkeberg ridge. Right: view from Observatorielunden.</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
Vanadisparken,<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjNEMGEcsv3tVH0Q3iWtC1Vee-fuGJENelpSUwR_LZ0wDYbOR3y1sDMfYo93TlqSwRxQRLr8hOEZKglb4zqZLrzQtztrOmq-72Xs2IKrn1GyMHVnn25IZWXpyBMKcc5D1OLu0s0Q05Ugu7R/s1600/Vanadislunden+comp.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="588" data-original-width="1600" height="234" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjNEMGEcsv3tVH0Q3iWtC1Vee-fuGJENelpSUwR_LZ0wDYbOR3y1sDMfYo93TlqSwRxQRLr8hOEZKglb4zqZLrzQtztrOmq-72Xs2IKrn1GyMHVnn25IZWXpyBMKcc5D1OLu0s0Q05Ugu7R/s640/Vanadislunden+comp.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Left: view from Vanadislunden. Right: green Vanadislunden.</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
and Bellvue. <br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiwbRP83NaeFdRgct1hYQDlM3rIRWAdKi4TZnAbivLtcIf6ce5Jy1kK-pFwmpRiLfnFvC_CVaWMdsP2yo1w90mgMEXWU_RfGxTR0M_geNx47uCnvis16Fudjkt4x1MlMLQ9KcYEiAgbIdXb/s1600/Bellevue+comp.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="588" data-original-width="1600" height="234" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiwbRP83NaeFdRgct1hYQDlM3rIRWAdKi4TZnAbivLtcIf6ce5Jy1kK-pFwmpRiLfnFvC_CVaWMdsP2yo1w90mgMEXWU_RfGxTR0M_geNx47uCnvis16Fudjkt4x1MlMLQ9KcYEiAgbIdXb/s640/Bellevue+comp.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Left: the ridge of Bellvue. Right: View from Bellvue.</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
Lindhagen had an additional park at Sabbatsberg where a modern hospital was eventually built.<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiIXu1Rlqd3R52GSofwfNYEFW7BOit2b0bZZlWk_jlESD3dVpQtJOF-iuv3nsyDIxH09susGLOAFpxpI18f5BW1DS5eLJcGdQn2mNPujMYxOHwX72wP77hySWCI1zXUZMTV2-Hl0UXebacD/s1600/Sabbatsberg+comp.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="747" data-original-width="1600" height="298" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiIXu1Rlqd3R52GSofwfNYEFW7BOit2b0bZZlWk_jlESD3dVpQtJOF-iuv3nsyDIxH09susGLOAFpxpI18f5BW1DS5eLJcGdQn2mNPujMYxOHwX72wP77hySWCI1zXUZMTV2-Hl0UXebacD/s640/Sabbatsberg+comp.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">The grounds of Sabbatsberg hospital are very green and parklike, but the area isn't officially a park.</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
Today’s park Tegnerlunden was the site of a new church in Lindhagen’s Plan (a replacement for Adolf Fredrik which would be demolished to make way for the extra-wide Sveavägen, but Sveavägen was never made so wide that the church had to be demolished). <br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhACRjZBDSLvbvsX75x5OPaaUdraNQtW3hNTIXnmigi7CDRLHF5k6hbCPY8Nu5pIscnuBgz6NUwsOevbnAAJZ5UHRrzmL9J1adsWYO5Asi21Wble2tpcnNUlwQJhy7aL3OmC0AbwX5AfwiU/s1600/Tegnerlunden+comp.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="588" data-original-width="1600" height="234" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhACRjZBDSLvbvsX75x5OPaaUdraNQtW3hNTIXnmigi7CDRLHF5k6hbCPY8Nu5pIscnuBgz6NUwsOevbnAAJZ5UHRrzmL9J1adsWYO5Asi21Wble2tpcnNUlwQJhy7aL3OmC0AbwX5AfwiU/s640/Tegnerlunden+comp.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Tegnerlnden rising above the surrounding streets</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
In Östermalm, <a href="https://walkingstockholm.blogspot.com/2019/02/humlegarden-mini-central-park-and.html" target="_blank">Humlegården</a> was left unbuilt and it was also connected to the large green spaces north of the city in Norra Djurgården with an extensive green wedge of park. Humlegården remains today but the wedge was not left as park.<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh_04JAbr6BxWiKviEdmCVvW4ht6I-auAFIY3FFe9382yCaA81AEECjNQMLJ3hRh427aVXTkn7-CsDC8pcJkamxT2PPXylKHVM_5haFAHTriy2RXb8133NzxZSMpk0lb7_C-CAGX9t7Og8d/s1600/Humleg%25C3%25A5rden+%25282%2529.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="588" data-original-width="1600" height="234" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh_04JAbr6BxWiKviEdmCVvW4ht6I-auAFIY3FFe9382yCaA81AEECjNQMLJ3hRh427aVXTkn7-CsDC8pcJkamxT2PPXylKHVM_5haFAHTriy2RXb8133NzxZSMpk0lb7_C-CAGX9t7Og8d/s640/Humleg%25C3%25A5rden+%25282%2529.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Humlegården</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
<br />
Extensive areas of western Södermalm such as Tanto, the area where the Söder Hospital is today, and Högalidsparken were to be left as open green spaces.<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiWmqb3voM2gWaWo-ifZTPEdJALqm0Kq64Fg8U2uDe79VEkWG4WO_QE6IHpJgTqxwHKxY6UzeVQ2wR31rPXaW1pwGfOPEsQS8uZg_sTbnzZ0Jc-oER2N0gERPQgiGsANw1lDNJqaYM9pT59/s1600/S%25C3%25B6der+sjukhuset.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="810" data-original-width="1080" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiWmqb3voM2gWaWo-ifZTPEdJALqm0Kq64Fg8U2uDe79VEkWG4WO_QE6IHpJgTqxwHKxY6UzeVQ2wR31rPXaW1pwGfOPEsQS8uZg_sTbnzZ0Jc-oER2N0gERPQgiGsANw1lDNJqaYM9pT59/s400/S%25C3%25B6der+sjukhuset.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Söder Hospital</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
All of these sections are steep and bulbous, and Lindhagen was probably leaving them unbuilt due to a combination of their topography and because they were way out on the outskirts of the city. Tanto<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhX4ViOBi4llbrXOHiglb1p586H-t9ZL8cfRKjENZf7_kgEppRhbo52MNOmpzs1O7K_fiFvIkLhuce3mc0RpZZ3CGtfiV_1pRPps2gMCe7m-tEdar8kwpAr8V8AGjNlsi-TKtvCOFLJ5aOi/s1600/Tanto+comp.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="588" data-original-width="1600" height="234" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhX4ViOBi4llbrXOHiglb1p586H-t9ZL8cfRKjENZf7_kgEppRhbo52MNOmpzs1O7K_fiFvIkLhuce3mc0RpZZ3CGtfiV_1pRPps2gMCe7m-tEdar8kwpAr8V8AGjNlsi-TKtvCOFLJ5aOi/s640/Tanto+comp.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Tantolunden</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
and Högalid are parks today.<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi_zAvXXWU01u-Y6Cu7E5tZ8PVAJ7K7iumKjOrQFSNdDZz4rM0G5l8kZyPxKXJgXBUc3wpvLNsSlX83YpIsJujIvJb19fofLE1UEh3VVSKasjEzy_gvce9O3CFVcJkNf4aVz0hRJru9pq9W/s1600/H%25C3%25B6galidsparken+comp.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="588" data-original-width="1600" height="234" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi_zAvXXWU01u-Y6Cu7E5tZ8PVAJ7K7iumKjOrQFSNdDZz4rM0G5l8kZyPxKXJgXBUc3wpvLNsSlX83YpIsJujIvJb19fofLE1UEh3VVSKasjEzy_gvce9O3CFVcJkNf4aVz0hRJru9pq9W/s640/H%25C3%25B6galidsparken+comp.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Högalidsparken</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
Even though he cut through the cliffs at Skinnarviksberget, he left the surrounding areas as parks, and they remain so today.<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhQZLrmtjHjYlMi8D2fBFEAlZX86YerD_MKe3J1szoGPLPBWiiZO81wL7w-7iFkAZPVdASwNUietYkqvLH_NYaNGkGFdFG-XwOsYDoeJBbZjy0-WB7LZjnpvRrv0t0GMps4nKiAZEKjGkTx/s1600/Skinnarviksberget+comp.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="588" data-original-width="1600" height="234" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhQZLrmtjHjYlMi8D2fBFEAlZX86YerD_MKe3J1szoGPLPBWiiZO81wL7w-7iFkAZPVdASwNUietYkqvLH_NYaNGkGFdFG-XwOsYDoeJBbZjy0-WB7LZjnpvRrv0t0GMps4nKiAZEKjGkTx/s640/Skinnarviksberget+comp.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Skinnarviksberget</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
A very steep slope leading down to the water was left unbuilt as well as two large blocks south of the Southern train station. The area next to the train station was actually swampy instead of steep and bulbous, but this park had been called for since <a href="https://walkingstockholm.blogspot.com/2019/06/to-plan-or-not-to-plan-stockholms-big.html" target="_blank">Bildt’s first plan requirements</a>.<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjyLMTSQZY3gBlYAiJ91cFttoNwfwcqPFbTpINhaUXjwWYqvhPOP5UglRt025tNFMazzi0CiBNCxZHtXAdt7wKml3AFlNnrMJkHo9oQyg1Cz9WGtt9Bv8bBYUOEvLPBfvXTk6FGt-II9Nhb/s1600/fatbursparken.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="810" data-original-width="1080" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjyLMTSQZY3gBlYAiJ91cFttoNwfwcqPFbTpINhaUXjwWYqvhPOP5UglRt025tNFMazzi0CiBNCxZHtXAdt7wKml3AFlNnrMJkHo9oQyg1Cz9WGtt9Bv8bBYUOEvLPBfvXTk6FGt-II9Nhb/s400/fatbursparken.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Fatbursparken near the old Southern train station.</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
On the eastern side of Södermalm, the high, steep areas of Mosebacke, Ersta, Vitabergen, Åsöberget, and Fåfängen were to be left open as green parks. Mosebacke became an entertainment terrace,<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjogZsdGr0tzSDSQPjLeoShM5QCP55PCr1PXOtx8_cyuBMzKpNdrBVuCtLX5J2DzSWKXQzt2hHZz1N-QFK26sh42dQaS5omgPv2yAwFkukHYF2XM7uBN0AHsgZWy0aqpU8QEox6NMNseoLt/s1600/Mosebacke+Terrace+and+view+comp.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="588" data-original-width="1600" height="234" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjogZsdGr0tzSDSQPjLeoShM5QCP55PCr1PXOtx8_cyuBMzKpNdrBVuCtLX5J2DzSWKXQzt2hHZz1N-QFK26sh42dQaS5omgPv2yAwFkukHYF2XM7uBN0AHsgZWy0aqpU8QEox6NMNseoLt/s640/Mosebacke+Terrace+and+view+comp.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Moseback terrace and view from the terrace</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
Ersta became a hospital, <br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgjP113c-OPkv0vJ5rkhmDFDy-FUMAk91Zd8FcOn_jRDHXDL3SL2AwqGld7_hiN9vjMqZivyLbLEes-90oMcLfN0Cq7SgAqn4NyunYl3KyKj88Jpmy1lhDGznAhglOWdjjn6ctAh7ciwmZM/s1600/Ersta+Hospital+comp.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="588" data-original-width="1600" height="234" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgjP113c-OPkv0vJ5rkhmDFDy-FUMAk91Zd8FcOn_jRDHXDL3SL2AwqGld7_hiN9vjMqZivyLbLEes-90oMcLfN0Cq7SgAqn4NyunYl3KyKj88Jpmy1lhDGznAhglOWdjjn6ctAh7ciwmZM/s640/Ersta+Hospital+comp.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Left: Looking up to the Ersta Hospital grounds. Right: View from the Ersta Hospital grounds with hospital chapel belltower in foreground.</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
and Åsöberget was never cleared of its small-scale worker’s housing, <br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgHKRAV8-D6vXTwl2NSOzi6aE68nmp-VGyUu0qz7vARdnV66kr_lbWdjRFlybJAA4v_G2JuQDD6bczirmuXiDFKSyqD2EEbKDujkmCjebjp9gO21Y5FPXpuM8g6-6SqhX79UQF2SNexkH-B/s1600/%25C3%2585s%25C3%25B6berget+streetscape+comp.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="588" data-original-width="1600" height="234" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgHKRAV8-D6vXTwl2NSOzi6aE68nmp-VGyUu0qz7vARdnV66kr_lbWdjRFlybJAA4v_G2JuQDD6bczirmuXiDFKSyqD2EEbKDujkmCjebjp9gO21Y5FPXpuM8g6-6SqhX79UQF2SNexkH-B/s640/%25C3%2585s%25C3%25B6berget+streetscape+comp.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Worker's housing on Åsöberget</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
but both Vitabergen<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhU39913g3pd1t0hghucPx3BT0IFNjhFB_aUep4vr71fGlSq5H-uNnVoyTa0BNXqNrfJuOVBKZAX5MHiFYDxInOyEb5e0YSHh3i3jrVczzz3AQgaT72VyHbqQLDACpgpS7zKf3PkJkUvqHj/s1600/Vitabergsparken+comp.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="588" data-original-width="1600" height="234" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhU39913g3pd1t0hghucPx3BT0IFNjhFB_aUep4vr71fGlSq5H-uNnVoyTa0BNXqNrfJuOVBKZAX5MHiFYDxInOyEb5e0YSHh3i3jrVczzz3AQgaT72VyHbqQLDACpgpS7zKf3PkJkUvqHj/s640/Vitabergsparken+comp.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Vitabergsparken</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
and Fåfängen are parks today.<br />
<br />
The unbuildable terrain was definitely a contributing factor, but Lindhagen’s other motive for proposing such a large number of green spaces was that he believed that parks should be near to all and available to all. He felt that parks were a necessary, healthy contrast to the chaos of city life and wrote that “countryside-like nature has beneficial effects”. Not just wealthy flâneurs should have access to the parks, but they were just as or perhaps even more important for the poor.<br />
<br />
At the same time as the Lindhagen plan seems to advocate for the poor with park access, it also displaces them. Despite being hard to develop, these high, rocky places were not devoid of housing—indeed, these areas had long been Stockholm’s shantytowns and housed a huge number of poor in small, ramshackle cottages. Lindhagen’s park system cleared many of these heights of the more-or-less illegally-built but long-tolerated cottages. A few examples, such as <a href="https://walkingstockholm.blogspot.com/2013/11/industrial-workers-housing-of-1700s.html" target="_blank">Åsöberget and the edge of Skinnarviksberget</a>, were allowed to remain and give glimpses of what all of these high areas once looked like. <br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgAWbpwCTRsB2FcFK-BvFWXRik7iO85bjYrfvo5-4x4kf-8Z1tJT_7PiLzn-JoVsUxGaz833T17DxbtFAtmWxRkCIfyt4ZajKM0j1a1WFb4Qqb2RHXE1YvkBWTiWpSBAS9TH3HpBVNaFE6F/s1600/%25C3%2585s%25C3%25B6berget+Skinnarviksberget+comp.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="747" data-original-width="1600" height="298" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgAWbpwCTRsB2FcFK-BvFWXRik7iO85bjYrfvo5-4x4kf-8Z1tJT_7PiLzn-JoVsUxGaz833T17DxbtFAtmWxRkCIfyt4ZajKM0j1a1WFb4Qqb2RHXE1YvkBWTiWpSBAS9TH3HpBVNaFE6F/s640/%25C3%2585s%25C3%25B6berget+Skinnarviksberget+comp.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Worker's housing at Åsöberget and Skinnarviksberget</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
While Lindhagen did propose a few more formal gardens downtown, the other parks were to have the “natural” lines of English gardens. These natural lines were felt to be important for the relaxation process. <br />
<br />
Lindhagen envisioned the tree-lined boulevards and the parks as forming a coherent system of green spaces throughout the city. Even the narrow gardens between street and building on the outskirts of the city were seen as parts of this green system. Just about every park was “extended” throughout the entire city by means of the boulevards and the narrow street-front gardens. <br />
<b><br />Markets</b><br />
Markets in the Lindhagen plan were even more scarce than in Wallström and Rudberg’s plan. Like W&R, Lindhagen proposed a new market hall near the central train station, but instead of having its own square and transport canal, Lindhagen’s proposal was that the market would share the square in front of the train station. In Östermalm, Lindhagen’s proposal was for a market hall near the water adjacent to Berzelii Park instead of being embedded in the fabric of the neighborhood. This was a very formal and prominent placement, and the Royal Theater ended up being built in that location instead. Like W&R, Lindhagen thought that a food market should share the square by the Southern railroad station. The entire island of Kungsholmen and all of Vasastan were planned without markets.<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiJihojeVySNAX5ldBKdVE1lCTgTBp3MBDtLzDFRyBVVrJQxkpQP2ntjeK__gXSsfxKImWeOE2-9Czp_N9vFlduO5tdAG3nVGP6CfyeKc2_JiBSEGIxmNd7AlTOvoreKVZtgrhnDv3dlF16/s1600/Lindhagen-Markets.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1228" data-original-width="1215" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiJihojeVySNAX5ldBKdVE1lCTgTBp3MBDtLzDFRyBVVrJQxkpQP2ntjeK__gXSsfxKImWeOE2-9Czp_N9vFlduO5tdAG3nVGP6CfyeKc2_JiBSEGIxmNd7AlTOvoreKVZtgrhnDv3dlF16/s640/Lindhagen-Markets.jpg" width="632" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Lindhagen's scant proposal for markets. Red = a market was eventually built near the proposed location. Orange = there used to be a series of market halls near the central station, but they have since been demolished.</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<b><br />Other Amenities</b><br />
In addition to markets, Lindhagen planned the location of new parish churches.<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgDqQeqP8ZJ-jlDeQa1bnS8jt4FZpaCvQ4bSG5LWet4WbUY5cSsSnlSkA9ClFThLxANRoSm_B7La6KufndBJIsPT7ou214G_v2PlAhuDiwnA-b9ipdvy6S0Kw3YRpqaDiPrumQf_w_z1YCM/s1600/Lindhagen-Churches.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1228" data-original-width="1215" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgDqQeqP8ZJ-jlDeQa1bnS8jt4FZpaCvQ4bSG5LWet4WbUY5cSsSnlSkA9ClFThLxANRoSm_B7La6KufndBJIsPT7ou214G_v2PlAhuDiwnA-b9ipdvy6S0Kw3YRpqaDiPrumQf_w_z1YCM/s640/Lindhagen-Churches.jpg" width="632" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Churches according to the Lindhagen plan. Blue = already in existance at the time of the plan. Red = built more-or-less as planned. Orange = unbuilt.
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhpnLwoMqubRP726VPNZilfvi-6sFth3q4oQkT6EVSjKg15tliahSbe0nQDWBqtiruHP2wSOo0q7FqtQyncZ1TdQ2Ik01TewJ_rTrsJMGOQjXUjMb3Y__9GmcjSpHJ5Irq5xhSaT9gjdr2P/s1600/Actual-Churches.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1072" data-original-width="1225" height="560" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhpnLwoMqubRP726VPNZilfvi-6sFth3q4oQkT6EVSjKg15tliahSbe0nQDWBqtiruHP2wSOo0q7FqtQyncZ1TdQ2Ik01TewJ_rTrsJMGOQjXUjMb3Y__9GmcjSpHJ5Irq5xhSaT9gjdr2P/s640/Actual-Churches.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Stockholm's churches today. Blue = already in existance at the time of the Plan. Red = built more-or-less according to the Lindhagen Plan. Orange = built after the Lindhagen Plan and not included on in the Plan. </td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
There was to be a new church in Norrmalm to replace Aldolf Fredrik’s Church that would have to be
demolished to make way for Sveavägen (not built since Aldolf Fredrik
was never demolished), one on Kungsholmen adjacent to Kronoberg Park (a
church was built near here but it is more of a coincidence as it is not
part of the national Swedish Church), one in the middle of Vasastan
(near the location of today’s Gustaf Vasa Church at Odenplan), one on a
steep hill in Östermalm (where St. Johannes is today), and one in the
middle of Södermalm on another hilltop (Allhelgona or All Saints
Church).<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjqcGp9UgvXrq1rSDqY5VoyeEYMdXU9ltadcqySSFFUHRrX7qJHPgRXAyhTMhtBtAep23JZfYjK-O1mmssY8ZNDDHHV7O3f32XDv7uRWEmyt9Vnn5UEgahZADxzR7MD0-p25_c0GiqrRLhK/s1600/St+Johannes+and+Allhelgona+churches.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="747" data-original-width="1600" height="298" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjqcGp9UgvXrq1rSDqY5VoyeEYMdXU9ltadcqySSFFUHRrX7qJHPgRXAyhTMhtBtAep23JZfYjK-O1mmssY8ZNDDHHV7O3f32XDv7uRWEmyt9Vnn5UEgahZADxzR7MD0-p25_c0GiqrRLhK/s640/St+Johannes+and+Allhelgona+churches.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">St'Johannes and Allhelgona churches</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
Aside from the three markets and the churches, Lindhagen did not designate the placement of any other significant public buildings. No theaters, no museums, no government buildings, no monuments were planned to anchor vistas or boulevards. Instead, Lindhagen intended Stockholm’s watery and green nature to provide the vistas.<br />
<br />
Lindhagen did, however, designate an industrial district around Hammarby Lake. This district is not visible on the map and is only defined in his written description of the plan. Lindhagen described the lake as an industrial area “designated by nature.” This area was already the site of several <a href="https://walkingstockholm.blogspot.com/2013/10/the-industrial-landscape-of-1700s.html" target="_blank">industries</a> and the intensity of industrial development would only increase over the next ~70 years. <br />
<br />
<b>Politics</b><br />
Wallström and Rudberg’s plan was reviewed and rejected in 1864, and the Lindhagen Plan was published in 1866. While W&R’s proposal had been positively received in the press, the Lindhagen Plan received mixed reviews. Reviewers found the plan compelling, but it was seen as too grand and too expensive. Unrealistic to say the least. It’s an interesting attitude because it seems that the critics would rather have a cheaper but only half-functional plan than a visionary plan that would both beautify the city and make it more efficient for transport. It was an incredibly short-sighted attitude that is unfortunately repeated again and again.<br />
<br />
The city council dillydallied without making a decision on the plan for eight years. They debated the pros and cons of the plan, but mostly they debated small, local details that were of (monetary) interest to themselves and not the plan’s vision. It is worth noting that the current voting system was probably a major contributing factor to the delay—at the time, votes were weighted according to how much land one owned. Huge landowners and building companies with large chunks of real estate probably had the most to loose with such a grandiose plan with such wide boulevards and avenues, and they were more interested in dividing their land into buildable lots than in a comprehensive plan for a functioning city. These landowners had the most influence over the city council. <br />
<br />
Another reason for the delay is that the new system of city governance (local instead of royal) was still unproven and no one knew who had the right to decide on and carry out measures. None of the departments had a budget or money to allocate. <br />
<br />
Another factor was that in the 1860’s, Sweden was experiencing an economic depression. Not much was being built anyway, so the city council probably didn’t feel a lot of pressure to decide on a plan. But by the 1870’s, the economy was in an upswing and Stockholm was experiencing a housing crisis. While the large construction companies had blocked any action on the plan in the 1860’s, the changing market meant that they were clamoring for action by the 1870’s. They were even trying to convince the city that despite the expense of expropriating land and building roads, carrying out the plan would be profitable for the city because of the increased tax base. <br />
<br />
But when the city council took up Lindhagen’s plan again in 1874, they still hemmed and hawed for another five years before deciding anything. The city still didn’t have any civil servants to carry out the plan. Also, the King had asked Lindhagen to draft an updated national building ordinance, and the city probably wanted to wait for the new legislation before voting for a plan that could soon be outdated. I’ll be writing more about the 1874 National Building Ordinance and its influence in another post. <br />
<br />
<b>Stopgap Measures</b><br />
The King had grown fed up with Stockholm’s lack of interest in a comprehensive city plan and sent in Bildt to get the show on the road in 1862. It took the city <i>seventeen years</i> to approve a plan, and in the mean time, the city was steadily expanding block by block. In order to accommodate the growth, the city council was forced to create and approve plans for smaller areas of the city. While some of the plans were small and relatively insignificant in the scheme of things, the plan for Östermalm (which I'll cover in a later post) was a shortsighted stopgap measure with consequences that still echo today.<br />
<br />
In 1861, Wallström drew up plans for a private land owner to divide a large plot of land between the streets Döbelnsgatan and Luntmakaregatan into lots and two new cross streets (Rosengatan and Kammakargatan). <br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiGFsEknu9YyhoGGQIBy6AySdnNwf9kEjK7nufYSU8rz1x8OrD7N7YrPmsHgu_fqWhWvineUVZ1PARLCYW3mtuzxVZ-6DlVDcQqlkqwlf0X8_29EzlZT-DkBRxFWUvIwKSGIaXhN2STIbJN/s1600/Plan-for-Rosengatan-with-new-streets.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="334" data-original-width="234" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiGFsEknu9YyhoGGQIBy6AySdnNwf9kEjK7nufYSU8rz1x8OrD7N7YrPmsHgu_fqWhWvineUVZ1PARLCYW3mtuzxVZ-6DlVDcQqlkqwlf0X8_29EzlZT-DkBRxFWUvIwKSGIaXhN2STIbJN/s400/Plan-for-Rosengatan-with-new-streets.jpg" width="280" /></a></div>
<br />
While Kammakargatan was eventually extended as a cross street throughout the area, Rosengatan was never extended. <br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiPrKAbPVJDAVcTlwBJiQ2FTYpL3YIDLLciE7GysphGsKdmvg5rIkDczzC8RWCpK3cUbZymnAvOuUe58cIz3ykgHOYfcjp0yPLjmUinc5MCPBxzRKLIlvvMKQvEhw6r6Jmhv0yIXaH_bLti/s1600/Rosengatan.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1334" data-original-width="769" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiPrKAbPVJDAVcTlwBJiQ2FTYpL3YIDLLciE7GysphGsKdmvg5rIkDczzC8RWCpK3cUbZymnAvOuUe58cIz3ykgHOYfcjp0yPLjmUinc5MCPBxzRKLIlvvMKQvEhw6r6Jmhv0yIXaH_bLti/s640/Rosengatan.jpg" width="368" /></a></div>
<br />
This example clearly shows that planners weren’t quite sure what an appropriate block size should be. Should they be square or should they be oblong? The cross street Rosengatan divides the block into very small blocks, and it seems that the city was transitioning from the intimate scale of the 17th and 18th centuries to a more modern 19th century scale.<br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjztlD-494BryM2I8T9kZfP3nPBO9gmuft38fw66HwirZLyLrdvenGrGaPKVMMekwDrDEZFOW-uT-cE7709M2Sx86heAEFubR_oDIiQZYLbKQFAEbfZF6zi2-WiWLfXPLPah6Sq-CFQvb_V/s1600/Rosengatan+street+view.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="810" data-original-width="1080" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjztlD-494BryM2I8T9kZfP3nPBO9gmuft38fw66HwirZLyLrdvenGrGaPKVMMekwDrDEZFOW-uT-cE7709M2Sx86heAEFubR_oDIiQZYLbKQFAEbfZF6zi2-WiWLfXPLPah6Sq-CFQvb_V/s400/Rosengatan+street+view.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">the short Rosengatan</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Another example of a stopgap plan from 1873 was at the eastern edge of Humlegården park. Here, a developer had bought a huge tract of land that needed to be subdivided into lots, blocks, and streets. First, the developer asked the city to extend Sturegatan along the eastern edge of the park as planned. The next step was to divide the extremely long block with cross streets to create more buildable street frontage. Today’s Linnégatan, Cardellgatan, and Kommendörsgatan were the result.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjIuXPNSEm3uJ95N43-NiOY0ahl7F9DMMe2SR9yYvM32g18WuelZ_4ZaL78my2UuOCO60XnVDRfJ2c281kvvHJrhqTs9Ea1D7VjFxPAXxDuV29p2govnuKbEUgwwSqLolCqJ2L62gijDV1w/s1600/Humleg%25C3%25A5rden.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1600" data-original-width="1088" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjIuXPNSEm3uJ95N43-NiOY0ahl7F9DMMe2SR9yYvM32g18WuelZ_4ZaL78my2UuOCO60XnVDRfJ2c281kvvHJrhqTs9Ea1D7VjFxPAXxDuV29p2govnuKbEUgwwSqLolCqJ2L62gijDV1w/s640/Humleg%25C3%25A5rden.jpg" width="434" /></a></div>
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<br />
These streets repeated the existing street grid and ended up setting the pattern for the newer blocks to the east. The exception is Cardellgatan, which apparently was later deemed as unnecessary since it was left out of the newer blocks, except for half a block at Nybrogatan—I’m guessing that developers were originally counting on this street to continue across the neighborhood, but then it was later removed from the plans.<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEibku9kuXnCtWNSuyqWHJkp5IfppmwNrejQp4_cQnGOzr6aItK4E8QQd7cT-62WXh0VC6cWcGlt-IPZHsh4HwzDfxJBGg_i-DusANHcQUis7aVcp99RJR8RWhWHDQ5y5CKOzQuwmRpWfvQ-/s1600/Cardellgatan+comp.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="588" data-original-width="1600" height="234" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEibku9kuXnCtWNSuyqWHJkp5IfppmwNrejQp4_cQnGOzr6aItK4E8QQd7cT-62WXh0VC6cWcGlt-IPZHsh4HwzDfxJBGg_i-DusANHcQUis7aVcp99RJR8RWhWHDQ5y5CKOzQuwmRpWfvQ-/s640/Cardellgatan+comp.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Left: The one block of Cardellgatan ending at the park. Right: A piece of the planned Cardellgatan that doesn't cut through the entire block (? on map).</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
Yet another example, again from 1873, also resulted from the need to subdivide a larger tract of land into smaller blocks to create more street frontage and thus useable real estate. At 17-19 Nybrogatan, the private developer planned to donate land to the city in order to create a cross street. <br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjVfBfCokCF_bH_HLckl1t6CdZ6Lc8tJrZZPnw6CR-5BMbJuwOJ3IBLX503-z9E-5rdUacaDSVawvu81I8EqcH_CDSudldWVNzcoc4zUqZSMWBGdTszYeWpaGMrBQ8flyHgQOSM-lq4pMjQ/s1600/Nybrogatan.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1365" data-original-width="839" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjVfBfCokCF_bH_HLckl1t6CdZ6Lc8tJrZZPnw6CR-5BMbJuwOJ3IBLX503-z9E-5rdUacaDSVawvu81I8EqcH_CDSudldWVNzcoc4zUqZSMWBGdTszYeWpaGMrBQ8flyHgQOSM-lq4pMjQ/s640/Nybrogatan.jpg" width="392" /></a></div>
Buildings were built facing onto the planned street, but the city never approved the subdivision of the block, accepted the land, or built the street. Today the street is an odd alley (though there’s a lot of untapped potential for an outdoor dining patio or an outdoor beer garden á la Munich...). <br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEinGYKAPKf-ymXgr0Ecce9sEDZ5h7IcabeJE9zGI0chRxV1KJ_TJibkuUv2GIoqrwd325amb6gedOja6gfc2DOiMEpP1Eusk0WVoFK30LATlEhk4DrtoAl_k6pDcKfHEe-SR8orlepozZjd/s1600/Nybrogatan+bild.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1080" data-original-width="810" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEinGYKAPKf-ymXgr0Ecce9sEDZ5h7IcabeJE9zGI0chRxV1KJ_TJibkuUv2GIoqrwd325amb6gedOja6gfc2DOiMEpP1Eusk0WVoFK30LATlEhk4DrtoAl_k6pDcKfHEe-SR8orlepozZjd/s400/Nybrogatan+bild.jpg" width="300" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">The not-a-street at 17-19 Nybrogatan.</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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Teatergatan on Blasieholmen is another cross street from 1873 that was initiated by a builder instead of the city. <br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiJALYuTbpZ3w0XRX5GUm8GhjzudlnvR512eBy_d7ZQs7Lz5C7hk9bxdcUqVtrS_7WoJS_JFJCmcX8GF6AU7ATLH6np-Gzn7CJRktO29XwrqgF1VOeqxMBoefbg_trCgY7oVkYIxHgVvdoa/s1600/Teatergatan.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1600" data-original-width="993" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiJALYuTbpZ3w0XRX5GUm8GhjzudlnvR512eBy_d7ZQs7Lz5C7hk9bxdcUqVtrS_7WoJS_JFJCmcX8GF6AU7ATLH6np-Gzn7CJRktO29XwrqgF1VOeqxMBoefbg_trCgY7oVkYIxHgVvdoa/s640/Teatergatan.jpg" width="396" /></a></div>
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Again, the street is only one block long and does not continue across the peninsula. <br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhU4c6IjSCu8Pb-e1GBwEpLY0M1MOWjfJzovQAqkil450NDN7ehqQ-Dke_7ooWS8p5fLk1Je3uupHFXt1rI95JkyJXx0oJlseWdafx25itD8BWGM9jBtUkqNQlFsh1Ik_sjqZnudEbH4Y0w/s1600/Teatergatan+street+view.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="810" data-original-width="1080" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhU4c6IjSCu8Pb-e1GBwEpLY0M1MOWjfJzovQAqkil450NDN7ehqQ-Dke_7ooWS8p5fLk1Je3uupHFXt1rI95JkyJXx0oJlseWdafx25itD8BWGM9jBtUkqNQlFsh1Ik_sjqZnudEbH4Y0w/s400/Teatergatan+street+view.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Teatergatan looking toward the water at Nybroviken</td></tr>
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These examples seem to point to a friction point between developers and the city council—what is the best balance between valuable street frontage and expensive street building / maintenance? Between buildable area and larger central courtyards for light and air? Even when the developers were willing to donate the land for a street to the city, the city wasn’t always willing to actually build and maintain a street. At the same time, broad streets were in vogue. It seems that the city planners were intuitively working toward a compromise with fewer but broader streets and larger interior courtyards.<br />
<br />
<b>Conclusion</b><br />
The groundbreaking aspect of the Lindhagen plan was not the street grid—the plan is essentially a continuation of the city’s existing street grid from 1636—but in the overlay of a street hierarchy and thought-out connections into and through the city. Efficient, direct transport into and through a city is such a foundational requirement of city planning today that it’s hard to appreciate that it was a new idea in the mid-1800’s. The plan’s other main contribution to city-planning discourse was that it was distinctly flavored by Stockholm’s unique traits and geography. While the plan wasn’t unlike the contemporary plans for Paris and Vienna, it did not directly copy those plans; instead of celebrating public monuments and institutions, the Lindhagen Plan celebrates Stockholm’s water and nature. <br />
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<br />
Lindhagen is given all the credit for Stockhom’s first comprehensive plan, but in reality, a very compromised version of the Lindhagen Plan was accepted and built out. A good deal of Lindhagen’s visionary concepts were lost in the subsequent plans, and several of his grand thoroughfares were never realized. For this reason, I would actually argue that Lindhagen’s National Building Ordinance and
his resulting Stockholm Building Ordinance have had just as much (or
even more) of a direct effect on the city than his plan (blog post
coming soonish). <br />
<br />
I am going to cover the debates following Lindhagen’s Plan and the resulting implementation plans in another post, but the compromises were sometimes of a more practical nature (Is it really necessary to demolish an entire geological feature <i>and</i> a historic church in order to create a 70 meter-wide boulevard which isn’t even remotely appropriate to the scale of Stockholm?) and sometimes of a more stingy nature (why build a park-like boulevard when a narrow traffic artery will do?). <br />
<br />
At the turn of the 20th century, many criticized the monotony and repetitive nature of the Lindhagen plan. If the plan had been fully carried out and all of the high, hard-to-build upon places were blasted and evened out as the Lindhagen plan seems to imply, the city would have been much poorer for it. Luckily, many of these areas of geographical variation were quite tricky and expensive to blast and build upon, so they were left empty of development. Later, when there was more pressure to exploit even these cumbersome areas, the planning cannon had changed and planners such as Hallman created curving streets that followed the geography. These neighborhoods provide charming, smaller-scale counterpoints to the regular and dense street grid of Lindhagen’s Stockholm. But in order for these neighborhoods to stand out, a consistent background was necessary. And what a beautiful the Lindhagen plan provided! <br />
<br />
It’s heresy to write it, but I think that it is actually a good thing that Lindhagen’s Plan wasn’t implemented as drawn. While his thoroughfares would certainly have made efficient paths through the city, I think that they would have made for a much more congested and car-centric city in the long run. I can’t think of a single example where one of Stockholm’s traffic-oriented streets are more pleasant or make for a better city experience compared to the city’s pedestrian-scaled streets.<br />
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That said, I think that Lindhagen’s plan did secure a future for several of Stockholm’s best features including: the celebration of natural areas as necessary and self-evident parts of the city; easy access to large tracts of nature outside of the city as well as to smaller, local city parks; a hierarchy and variation in street types; and public access and use of the entire waterfront.<br />
<br />
<b>Sources</b><br />
Gösta Selling, <i>Esplanadsystemet och Albert Lindhagen: Stadsplanering i Stockholm åren 1857-1887</i> (1970)<br />
Thomas Hall, <i>Huvudstad i Omvandling</i> (2002)<br />
Thomas Hall, <i>Stockholm: The Making of a Metropolis</i> (2009)<br />
Peter Lundewall, <i>Stockholm den planerade staden</i> (2006)<br />
<i>Alla Tiders Stockholm</i> (2014)<br />
Magnus Andersson, <i>Stockholm’s Annual Rings: A Glimpse into the Development of the City</i> (1998)<br />
<br />
<b>Images</b><br />
All images are my own except for Lindhagen's plan drawings and the plan of Rosengatan which are from Gösta Selling, <i>Esplanadsystemet och Albert Lindhagen: Stadsplanering i Stockholm åren 1857-1887</i> (1970)</div>
Rainahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03436765499184988845noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2772821807884282561.post-65967596396779696612019-11-19T20:58:00.000+01:002019-11-20T20:25:51.074+01:00Tyskbagarbergen: Topography Vanished Without a Trace<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjG0YE8ppxuS4w3B8ahh-x9mH3-yQ7j2aYdF_5wmsBNGkkHWRfmFiO4iEyyFKNcu8RkcS3jCKCp7oqPG5ZFIeGVEYJWv8Ko9DKmduxw1914pdt7cSvFiqVRshcPfEZeOLyDon3wkK26NI6N/s1600/Nybrogatan.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="810" data-original-width="1080" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjG0YE8ppxuS4w3B8ahh-x9mH3-yQ7j2aYdF_5wmsBNGkkHWRfmFiO4iEyyFKNcu8RkcS3jCKCp7oqPG5ZFIeGVEYJWv8Ko9DKmduxw1914pdt7cSvFiqVRshcPfEZeOLyDon3wkK26NI6N/s400/Nybrogatan.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Nybrogatan today: no trace of the hills of Tyskbagarbergen</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
This blog is essentially concerned with what is visible today, with the layers of development that are still physically traceable. I don’t usually deal with invisible, long-demolished stratums; with the thousands of buildings and even entire streets and neighborhoods that have disappeared over time. I don’t dwell on vanished forests and farmscapes. But this time, I’m going to write about a hill that was dynamited away in the late 1800’s.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjd-2KLz7iUD7qHluhFycHDA_X4-UENK5MgUEJemTPieDVu2-STMdh6kGhPIhOg54k7fKPLCMte-eBLG_iOauB-siiFY0yFFDhjDDXjX4hKGWiH1BjqCl-_mDpFiAk-843gSb97Vgd8yQ9J/s1600/Tyskbagarbergen-Maps.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="846" data-original-width="541" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjd-2KLz7iUD7qHluhFycHDA_X4-UENK5MgUEJemTPieDVu2-STMdh6kGhPIhOg54k7fKPLCMte-eBLG_iOauB-siiFY0yFFDhjDDXjX4hKGWiH1BjqCl-_mDpFiAk-843gSb97Vgd8yQ9J/s640/Tyskbagarbergen-Maps.jpg" width="408" /></a></div>
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If one looks closely, Stockholm is covered in reminders that the city’s topography wasn’t always conducive to city-building. Some old streets are impossibly steep and there are more than a few signs of older buildings and streets sitting atop inconvenient granite topography that was later blasted away on adjacent lots. I’ve written a bit about the new invention dynamite and its effects on the city’s development before, especially in conjunction with the <a href="https://walkingstockholm.blogspot.com/2018/05/the-railroad-comes-to-stockholm.html" target="_blank">railroad</a>, but I think it’s worth “tunneling” in and looking a little closer at dynamite and its impact on the city.</div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhywvG-d_mk_pa-gAdSGkXOxtOXgJQDgB8JKUhP7BRw1zN4ArvdLgBoq3-Uv_ZtQCpV2XTccSUYbi2GwxLqWYjcbIzwDsBipOCzB3bvQXX9ur9G6CoVNlcWSPD81DM5iOTrqaUA6j6Ef4F2/s1600/Topography.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="747" data-original-width="1600" height="298" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhywvG-d_mk_pa-gAdSGkXOxtOXgJQDgB8JKUhP7BRw1zN4ArvdLgBoq3-Uv_ZtQCpV2XTccSUYbi2GwxLqWYjcbIzwDsBipOCzB3bvQXX9ur9G6CoVNlcWSPD81DM5iOTrqaUA6j6Ef4F2/s640/Topography.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Two examples on Södermalm where newer streets were blasted through granite topography leaving older buildings high and dry.</td></tr>
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First of all, dynamite: It’s a Swedish invention, and Alfred Nobel was the scientist who created it. Before dynamite, blasting rock was an inexact science, extremely dangerous, and very time consuming. Blasting with chemicals wasn’t Nobel’s contribution: the Chinese had been using black powder since the 9th century and Europeans had been using a more modern form of gunpowder for blasting rock for at least a century before Nobel. Nobel’s contribution was making blasting predictable, calculable, and safe. He patented the chemical and the process in 1864 and became almost overnight one of the world’s wealthiest men. It is dynamite that funded the Nobel Prize which was created and still operates according to Nobel’s will.<br />
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Dynamite has of course been used in all manner of ways—from tunneling mines to explosives in war—but I am primarily interested in how it affected Stockholm. Suddenly, bothersome granite bulbs could simply be removed. Hills were no longer impediments requiring traffic to either climb steeply or circumvent. Streets could continue marching in their orthogonal grid without interruption. Lots which were previously “useless” could be made buildable. <br />
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According to my sources, the removal of the hills at Tyskbagarbergen was the first major dynamite undertaking in the world. The blasting began in 1861, three years before Nobel’s patent, so there does seem to be an experimental element to the project and it very well could be the first example of dynamite being used to create or enhance a cityscape. <br />
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Tyskbagarbergen was a series of steep, granite bulbs sticking out of the relatively flat topography of northern Östermalm. The name of the hills literally translates to “German Baker Mountains” and refers to a windmill for grinding flour situated on a high point that was apparently run by a German baker at one point in time. These hills were steep and tall enough to create an inconvenient barrier between the neighborhood of Östermalm and the green, open park spaces of Norra Djurgården. </div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiTW6XvUY_Mts2y-FwrVVPzKNT96zJICIdkHTX52xiZ58GxkSy8Thcs_XSMhJJxdjYUmK6h-egA7S8TePDUt2TEH8k-4kUI5Qp7XMDPiFzDa1sRX-pW-UcBc4M-3P_eLTKK2nLTYIfDcJYA/s1600/Akrel+2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="554" data-original-width="553" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiTW6XvUY_Mts2y-FwrVVPzKNT96zJICIdkHTX52xiZ58GxkSy8Thcs_XSMhJJxdjYUmK6h-egA7S8TePDUt2TEH8k-4kUI5Qp7XMDPiFzDa1sRX-pW-UcBc4M-3P_eLTKK2nLTYIfDcJYA/s400/Akrel+2.jpg" width="398" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">I've enhanced Akrel's map from 1805. The red street is Nybrogatan, which dead ends into the hills at Tyskbagarbergen. The orange area covers a series of obstructive hills depicted on Akrel's map. *</td></tr>
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The city did not initiate the blasting away of the Tyskbagarbergen hills. Instead, a private citizen built up a group of investors who lobbied the city (the king?) for permission to blast. The investors were hoping to make money by selling the granite leftovers as street cobbles, and park access was a good justification (although contemporary maps show that the neighboring street already reached through toward the park). The city (king?) granted permission and the blasting commenced. Nybrogatan, an already existing street, was in fact extended northward, but the investors lost money in the deal. </div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiVaA4d-sIJHmrmUKxHhAtzuyaSQAR_Fqki8J6yHBlbP0yHzNvA0hOomGd-DrVCEw9Dgx5DvdjxrjCgkJhdNg4oidqnWJz0VVLW4iI0ax_D5Nu-s_tWCnCZEStvZYip1bQ0Qn7CP3MPOMh3/s1600/Karl_XVs_port%252C_1890.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="821" data-original-width="1416" height="370" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiVaA4d-sIJHmrmUKxHhAtzuyaSQAR_Fqki8J6yHBlbP0yHzNvA0hOomGd-DrVCEw9Dgx5DvdjxrjCgkJhdNg4oidqnWJz0VVLW4iI0ax_D5Nu-s_tWCnCZEStvZYip1bQ0Qn7CP3MPOMh3/s640/Karl_XVs_port%252C_1890.JPG" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">The granite canyon through the hills at Tyskbagarbergen and the extention of the street Nybrogatan. Photo taken around 1890. **</td></tr>
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The new canyon through the granite was named after the current king (who officiated the opening ceremony) and was heralded “Carl XV:s Port” or “Carl XV’s Gate.” The “gate” through the granite didn’t last long—once the street was blasted through, the adjacent property became more valuable and the lots on either side of the street were successively blasted down to street level. <br />
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Today, there isn’t even a hint that this streetscape was once a large, obstructive granite hill. Today, the block seems like a perfectly natural extension of the Östermalm city grid. An entire topographical feature has been irrevocably lost, and a cityscape has been built on top of it. </div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhYPzJontXDJMRQ0YSL12o_8TyBSbjVrQBQgDt8OiYOas8nLDYYCu6e9ISwbAF9aYaanBMfLdzlmm95AGPqpv0yH-NFHBj3GannWEqpV6Nns765gf16W1iYqLd4bx-T33L_kd52GEPKsJmH/s1600/Nybrogatan.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="810" data-original-width="1080" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhYPzJontXDJMRQ0YSL12o_8TyBSbjVrQBQgDt8OiYOas8nLDYYCu6e9ISwbAF9aYaanBMfLdzlmm95AGPqpv0yH-NFHBj3GannWEqpV6Nns765gf16W1iYqLd4bx-T33L_kd52GEPKsJmH/s400/Nybrogatan.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
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At the end of the 1800’s, city planners started working with the topography instead of blasting it away. This trend lasted in different manifestations well into the 1950’s when suburban apartment blocks were carefully and individually situated amongst ancient trees and granite bulbs. But by the 1960’s, all respect for nature and topography was lost when efficiency became the most important dictator over architecture and city planning. Suddenly, giant suburban zones were completely leveled to allow for repetitive and efficient buildings and neighborhoods. Even though the last 40 years have more-or-less been a constant backlash against such planning and architecture tenets of the 60’s and 70’s, Swedes are still quick to wield dynamite and blast away significant tracts of topography in the name of progress and growth. <br />
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Case in point: Nya Gatan in Nacka (a suburb community outside of Stockholm) which, until a year ago, was a 40 meter-high tree-covered granite bulb. The area is now reduced to a flat landscape of rubble. Sure, an entire new neighborhood is going to be built on top of it, holding up Nacka’s part of the deal which will grant them a much-needed extension of the subway in return for building 13,500 much-needed new apartments. But did the development have to be so destructive and brutal? Weren’t there <i>any</i> other more creative solutions that would have yielded new apartments while still retaining the unique character of the topography? It’s not the new neighborhood that I’m reacting against in this case—I’m all for development in these types of areas that are already relatively spoiled and too isolated to be very valuable as natural reserves—what I’m reacting against is the lack of creativity. Nacka is creating a neighborhood of apartment buildings that will be just like every other recent neighborhood built in Sweden, when it could have developed something unique, something place-based, and something much more appealing than the current plan. </div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhcguqHHUIx4Crn5T6lqTdCHOvARxPTRzC90D3kjE4JJAOMAgomjzfDNMI1d9FtEXokAFI7thxYgZ37LwVKZUxVgicJ5y0ljly-poqmK5YshEEbY8wIJNFBq0zlIWFbZas3J7odC8OOoKB1/s1600/Nya+Gatan%252C+Nacka+3.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="810" data-original-width="1216" height="266" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhcguqHHUIx4Crn5T6lqTdCHOvARxPTRzC90D3kjE4JJAOMAgomjzfDNMI1d9FtEXokAFI7thxYgZ37LwVKZUxVgicJ5y0ljly-poqmK5YshEEbY8wIJNFBq0zlIWFbZas3J7odC8OOoKB1/s400/Nya+Gatan%252C+Nacka+3.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Nya Gatan, Nacka ***</td></tr>
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<b>Sources:</b><br />
Gösta Selling, <i>Esplanadsystemet och Albert Lindhagen: Stadsplanering i Stockholm åren 1857-1887 </i>(1970)<br />
Raoul F. Boström, <i>Ladugårdslandet med Tyskbagarbergen blir Östermalm</i> (2008)<br />
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Images are my own except for: <br />
* <a href="https://sv.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historiska_kartor_%C3%B6ver_Stockholm">https://sv.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historiska_kartor_%C3%B6ver_Stockholm</a><br />
** <a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_XV:s_port">https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_XV:s_port</a><br />
*** <a href="http://nackastadblogg.skanska.se/">http://nackastadblogg.skanska.se/</a> </div>
Rainahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03436765499184988845noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2772821807884282561.post-26711009684504964512019-09-10T22:23:00.000+02:002021-12-10T20:16:03.166+01:00Wallström and Rudberg’s 1864 General Plan for Stockholm<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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In my <a href="https://www.blogger.com/LINK%20https://walkingstockholm.blogspot.com/2019/06/to-plan-or-not-to-plan-stockholms-big.html" target="_blank">last post</a>, I wrote about how the City of Stockholm debated, for decades, about the need for a general city plan. In the end, the King’s representative to the city council Bildt more or less forced the council to agree to commission a plan with the following guidelines:</div>
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1) Sufficient and appropriate traffic routes from the periphery to the center of the city <br />2) Sufficient and appropriate cross-streets<br />3) Quays at all waterfronts<br />4) The continuation and widening of existing streets, especially Klara Västra Kyrkogatan, Klara Norra Kyrkogatan, and Vasagatan which Bildt proposed would become the main arteries into Norrmalm from Gamla Stan<br />5) A new food market at the new train station in Norrmalm<br />6) A new street on the eastern side of Humlegården which would provide a route out of the city to the north to the natural areas of Norra Djurgården (this street would become Sturegatan)<br />7) A new street to replace Träskrännilen, the very polluted creek running down into the bay at Nybroviken (this street would become Birger Jarlsgatan)<br />8) New streets and public spaces in the Fatburen area where the lake had been filled in for the new railroad station<br />9) Due to expropriation and financing difficulties, Gamla Stan should regretfully be excluded from the plan <br />10) Because the city’s civil servants were already overwhelmed with their own work, the city council should appoint a special task force</div>
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The city council commissioned City Engineer A. W. Wallström to create a proposal and cost estimate in consultation with Rudberg “who has created <a href="https://walkingstockholm.blogspot.com/2017/11/threats-to-stockholms-old-town-gamla.html" target="_blank">a commendable plan for [Gamla Stan]</a>.” Wallström and Rudberg worked feverishly and in less than two years, they created a masterplan for the entire city. This masterplan was delivered in seven parts which mostly corresponded to Stockholm’s parish divisions.</div>
<br /><b>Klara Parish (Today known as Norrmalm, or City)</b><br />
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Top: Wallström and Rudberg's plan for Norrmalm (1). Bottom: Normalm today.</td></tr>
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The first parish delivered by Wallström and Rudberg was Klara parish. Aside from the Old Town Gamla Stan, this was Stockholm’s most heavily developed area. Wallström and Rudberg were reluctant to propose any larger changes to the area that would require the demolition of “large and expensive” buildings. This was directly against Bildt’s directive, but given Rudberg’s experience with a new plan for the Old Town which had been set aside because its radical rebuilding of the area was too complicated and expensive for the cash-strapped city to undertake, it’s not too surprising that he was reluctant to propose yet another radical reformation which would be too expensive to realize. <br /><br />Perhaps the most short-sighted aspect of this proposal is that the new railroad line isn’t given an area of its own. Instead, the tracks cut right through the middle of the city center and would require that all street traffic be stopped every time a train came into or left the station (Map A). Wallström and Rudberg clearly didn’t foresee today’s level of train traffic where a train comes through almost every 60 seconds! One benefit of having the tracks integrated into the city was that trains would easily be able to deliver goods to the planned Food Market (<i>Saluhall</i>) (Map B) just to the north of the station. A canal (Map C) would make boat deliveries possible, and the street past the Central Station, Vasagatan, was extended to the market (Map D). </div>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Vasagatan north of the Central Station</td></tr>
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The Market was to be surrounded by open space (Map E), and to the north, the open character would continue with three breezy blocks which would contain a park (Map F), a school (Map G), and a bathhouse (Map H). The market, canal, and bathhouse never became reality, but Vasagatan was extended northward and the school and park were built and remain today. </div>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Norra Latin school</td></tr>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjyvi-rG7-5ba2eWB3BFNGfy6vR1Y9aXpJh4s5olJY26POrlXH3GqRIMfgCiRaQ5mbnoeikNMmVnPyuANDjxo4j0-R4Cbnqni1VPltK3EpE8__poBblD2-QjLkIq0KJ05N1mDnygMemCT3Q/s1600/Norra+Bantorget+comp.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="588" data-original-width="1600" height="234" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjyvi-rG7-5ba2eWB3BFNGfy6vR1Y9aXpJh4s5olJY26POrlXH3GqRIMfgCiRaQ5mbnoeikNMmVnPyuANDjxo4j0-R4Cbnqni1VPltK3EpE8__poBblD2-QjLkIq0KJ05N1mDnygMemCT3Q/s640/Norra+Bantorget+comp.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Park at Norra Bantorget</td></tr>
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One aspect of this plan that was not realized, due to the realities of the railroad and later due to new highways, was that Wallström and Rudberg planed for a stone quay to line the Klara Canal to the west of the railway station (Map I). Today, this area is one of Stockholm’s most unfortunate areas as the waterfront is completely given over to infrastructure. Wallström and Rudberg may not have given enough space to the realities of infrastructure, but the pendulum would later swing to the other extreme where people were completely left out of the area’s planning. </div>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Lots of infrastructure (and no space for pedestrians) lining Klara Canal</td></tr>
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Wallström and Rudberg decided not to follow Bildt’s directive regarding widening streets close to Klara Church. They felt that these streets were lined with expensive buildings and that they would never become major through streets, anyway (Map J). </div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg7s-tSe5wsqxpuDBSJ4pEQL3p3tfQ62YEXI8hdJ7aHtMxeXsUnPpLtFpEdR7qMrwNDs-qsPGslz6MvGXCLcYhfmLYd3emua4JQsS7p-qGStjgW5fXw670GuileGnZqbmDmg8V3BcYWkSGF/s1600/Klara+streets+comp.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="747" data-original-width="1600" height="298" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg7s-tSe5wsqxpuDBSJ4pEQL3p3tfQ62YEXI8hdJ7aHtMxeXsUnPpLtFpEdR7qMrwNDs-qsPGslz6MvGXCLcYhfmLYd3emua4JQsS7p-qGStjgW5fXw670GuileGnZqbmDmg8V3BcYWkSGF/s640/Klara+streets+comp.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">A couple of the streets in Klara that Wallström and Rudberg did not widen</td></tr>
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<br />
<div style="text-align: justify;">
One of the major shortcomings of Wallström and Rudberg’s plan was the lack of east-west through streets. This had always been a challenge as the high, steep ridge Brunkebergsåsen had always been an obstacle for east-west traffic. </div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg_S8cBsJ2kmYs9drjk9CGzw8qh2_dcMZD6hoWgcfeTlujt0RvXX5TVM4RSor6ycBJIkKgQqNOxFOG8JpRqHMjT7iOch1xB1j3s_AJhEBEtEVSj0i6ZEBY7q7ICjWVUGcX6QXQyTiJRMKJr/s1600/Brunkeberg+ridge+and+stair+comp.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="747" data-original-width="1600" height="298" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg_S8cBsJ2kmYs9drjk9CGzw8qh2_dcMZD6hoWgcfeTlujt0RvXX5TVM4RSor6ycBJIkKgQqNOxFOG8JpRqHMjT7iOch1xB1j3s_AJhEBEtEVSj0i6ZEBY7q7ICjWVUGcX6QXQyTiJRMKJr/s640/Brunkeberg+ridge+and+stair+comp.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Brunkeberg Ridge was traditionally navigated by stairs</td></tr>
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The major street leading from Kungsholmen into town, Kungsgatan (Map K), was to be widened, but it wasn’t continued into Östermalm. </div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgsUDwLkYUBdyhWlL7S7FhPIab_IelpasN9iwa4Ca6Prf3fwYkIevnGQ5mdZx3qePXSXkvjS2MSgJ22nWYB8xoz3aJOezot9IHWIkJu3zry8g-88o1M7QGfi75jq0kuTfzUV2FVqTO_8cuU/s1600/Kungsgatan.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="810" data-original-width="1080" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgsUDwLkYUBdyhWlL7S7FhPIab_IelpasN9iwa4Ca6Prf3fwYkIevnGQ5mdZx3qePXSXkvjS2MSgJ22nWYB8xoz3aJOezot9IHWIkJu3zry8g-88o1M7QGfi75jq0kuTfzUV2FVqTO_8cuU/s400/Kungsgatan.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">the older section of Kungsgatan</td></tr>
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<div style="text-align: justify;">
Instead, Wallström and Rudberg proposed a tunnel through the ridge. However, the tunnel’s location didn’t really meet up with any other east-west streets. Additionally, the tunnel’s width would be limited and would never be able to accommodate the amount of traffic needed. While the tunnel was in fact eventually built (a block away from the original proposed location) and is still used as a pedestrian and bicycle shortcut today, it never became a major east-west thoroughfare (Map L). </div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhR1Fbz1vyKlcdzobe4vg1JO4mRoVs_bJycG9IP1v5I3rtW1UbXWx3T2lC0rzE5CufCbJJK7ZwA4t8K36BfflJVzH6H9CUwpeazs7G8YbBGIqwjt26AW6IgNLHSy2Ef_Zt_FqmmA5BdAA1o/s1600/Brunkeberg+tunnel+comp.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="588" data-original-width="1600" height="234" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhR1Fbz1vyKlcdzobe4vg1JO4mRoVs_bJycG9IP1v5I3rtW1UbXWx3T2lC0rzE5CufCbJJK7ZwA4t8K36BfflJVzH6H9CUwpeazs7G8YbBGIqwjt26AW6IgNLHSy2Ef_Zt_FqmmA5BdAA1o/s640/Brunkeberg+tunnel+comp.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Brunkeberg tunnel</td></tr>
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<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
To the north and the south of the ridge, wider connections between Norrmalm and Östermalm were easier to achieve. To the south, Wallström and Rudberg proposed a wider quay near the Opera house (Map M) and to widen the street Arsenalgatan (Map N). North of the ridge, a ring boulevard at the city’s edge would connect the two areas.</div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEihW_TLmaEaJfPVni2q7UYcXEHmuVKcEsrbM-ocyOzxNR6wkVoj-w7WTU7eSR-_xyRd7h45bFwKQybUOjwCQdoW0m4fsUl8Y4j-zMmxEtpMrAYquQkoW69ap1NmnW8CtGVX-kqZWYJ9QuOQ/s1600/Quay+by+opera%252C+Arsenalgatan+comp.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="588" data-original-width="1600" height="234" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEihW_TLmaEaJfPVni2q7UYcXEHmuVKcEsrbM-ocyOzxNR6wkVoj-w7WTU7eSR-_xyRd7h45bFwKQybUOjwCQdoW0m4fsUl8Y4j-zMmxEtpMrAYquQkoW69ap1NmnW8CtGVX-kqZWYJ9QuOQ/s640/Quay+by+opera%252C+Arsenalgatan+comp.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Left: the quayside by the Royal Opera House. Right: Arsenalgatan doesn't appear to have ever been widened.</td></tr>
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</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<b><br />Hedvig Eleonora Parish (Today known as Östermalm)</b></div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh2RB7C0T7DLaUtbMom3Xz2YVsyvWhZ3Yf90s_pAW_1QQrnXTV08lStIODwhuxHwzxNCALmfxMMtG2jqFl0zs0_5iBmbzA0TOfq7QhffPgTmuifLoCwzmue4v-otRC6Ww9a6uDFq9VYJ_yY/s1600/%25C3%2596stermalm-Comparison-Maps.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="676" data-original-width="1076" height="402" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh2RB7C0T7DLaUtbMom3Xz2YVsyvWhZ3Yf90s_pAW_1QQrnXTV08lStIODwhuxHwzxNCALmfxMMtG2jqFl0zs0_5iBmbzA0TOfq7QhffPgTmuifLoCwzmue4v-otRC6Ww9a6uDFq9VYJ_yY/s640/%25C3%2596stermalm-Comparison-Maps.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Left: Wallström and Rudberg's plan for Östermalm (1). Right: Östermalm today</td></tr>
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After Klara, I’m not sure in what order Wallström and Rudberg created their proposals, but I’ll continue with Östermalm and head westward from there.<br /><br />Perhaps the most prescient proposal in this area of town was the boundary boulevard. Other major cities like Paris and Berlin were building such boundary boulevards where the removal of ancient city walls left an empty, green space in the city fabric. Stockholm didn’t have any such fortifications, but it did have the toll fence. Wallström and Rudberg’s boundary boulevard followed, in large part, the toll fence. The boundary boulevard, today’s Narvavägen (Map A), </div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjYPbBDTMSg21Z8cG5mTrrCTVzEc4kUSdIdRIh8KHpT-7k7Wl7CHX3uV08rPZVlVw873qK-D1QpcgvEJ2c2-NCehgQ9QwCzUETU1bZunADTZNuY7xYcGiu3Vb-TkIHwpQa0CY8ODbFQVvpl/s1600/Narvav%25C3%25A4gen+comp.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="588" data-original-width="1600" height="234" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjYPbBDTMSg21Z8cG5mTrrCTVzEc4kUSdIdRIh8KHpT-7k7Wl7CHX3uV08rPZVlVw873qK-D1QpcgvEJ2c2-NCehgQ9QwCzUETU1bZunADTZNuY7xYcGiu3Vb-TkIHwpQa0CY8ODbFQVvpl/s640/Narvav%25C3%25A4gen+comp.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Narvavägen: much of the center aisle is now occupied by cars instead of flaneuring Stockholmers. Narvavägen was meant as the boundary between city and countryside, but today Östermalm continues a few blocks past the boundary boulevard. Buildings, sidewalk, street, row of trees, walking path, row of trees, walking aisle/parking, row of trees, walking path, street, sidewalk, buildings.</td></tr>
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<div style="text-align: justify;">
started at and connected to the <a href="https://www.blogger.com/Strandv%C3%A4gen%20https://walkingstockholm.blogspot.com/2018/10/strandvagen-stockholms-park-avenue.html" target="_blank">Strandvägen Boulevard</a> (Map B) at the bridge to Djurgården. It continued to a new half <i>rond-point</i> at the location of the <a href="https://walkingstockholm.blogspot.com/2014/05/stockholms-tollhouses.html" target="_blank">former tollhouse</a> and where streets would radiate back into the city (today’s Karlaplan, Map C).</div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjk57zyLMUpu6LNi0aE2GWWw3h65peStbHBmqxgPpWFI4FkG9H7RPxOheihObIXULUE7hz4JKr_Yr4VYF5ul0MZoeUUFAacLsQw5KaYAIqVHVeHkvxlzKhXLAp15feazaqK7DPmLvqIkb2i/s1600/Karlaplan+comp.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="588" data-original-width="1600" height="234" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjk57zyLMUpu6LNi0aE2GWWw3h65peStbHBmqxgPpWFI4FkG9H7RPxOheihObIXULUE7hz4JKr_Yr4VYF5ul0MZoeUUFAacLsQw5KaYAIqVHVeHkvxlzKhXLAp15feazaqK7DPmLvqIkb2i/s640/Karlaplan+comp.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Karlaplan: The city eventually asked the Crown for additional land east of the old tollhouse so that the rond-point could actually be round and so that Östermalm could continue a couple more blocks to the east. </td></tr>
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<div style="text-align: justify;">
From there, the boundary boulevard continued, almost like today’s Valhallavägen (Map D). </div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg4UJymgY-mkc9XD8Jap_QoDFG0wsLwtLIcBAk1O74RJnU8KV13pdAcJDjYyEzgeEh4-NjAo-J0__5RamGmoLLxLIY-Cv9xXAXoZmcDUUhokJakWtktMGcJSJKq-NjfnqBo5vUDuZClTRgx/s1600/Valhallav%25C3%25A4gen+comp.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="588" data-original-width="1600" height="234" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg4UJymgY-mkc9XD8Jap_QoDFG0wsLwtLIcBAk1O74RJnU8KV13pdAcJDjYyEzgeEh4-NjAo-J0__5RamGmoLLxLIY-Cv9xXAXoZmcDUUhokJakWtktMGcJSJKq-NjfnqBo5vUDuZClTRgx/s640/Valhallav%25C3%25A4gen+comp.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Valhallavägen: Much of the boulevard's center aisle is taken up by parking. Left: South of Valhallavägen, densly developed city blocks. Right: North of Valhallavägen, institutions in park landscapes (more on these later). Buildings, sidewalk, traffic thoroughfare, row of trees, walking path, row of trees, parking, row of trees, parking, row of trees, traffic thoroughfare, bike lane, sidewalk, grassy lawns.</td></tr>
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<div style="text-align: justify;">
This tree-lined boundary boulevard continued north of the city to another <i>rond-point</i> at the tollhouse at Roslagstull (Map E) and into Norrmalm. </div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjK-iQQqPfDSV13iP3sVjumAMKFP4hQkrNdSF59oJEVHwuzuDQuzWxtAd7og2BOCHP-8IWM9h-Wu5yDNtuRjlKn5fKg5KHVq0VVV6iMsB-C56ptl5dIssOhSmEWEohsq3tIKUSkqWG_HIzW/s1600/Roslagstull+today+comp.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="588" data-original-width="1600" height="234" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjK-iQQqPfDSV13iP3sVjumAMKFP4hQkrNdSF59oJEVHwuzuDQuzWxtAd7og2BOCHP-8IWM9h-Wu5yDNtuRjlKn5fKg5KHVq0VVV6iMsB-C56ptl5dIssOhSmEWEohsq3tIKUSkqWG_HIzW/s640/Roslagstull+today+comp.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Roslagstull: On one side of the traffic circle, city. On the other side, car-dominated suburbs.</td></tr>
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<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
It seems that Wallström and Rudberg set out to give every area of the city its own food market, and Östermalm was no exception. Grouping the main public functions of the area together, they proposed an open square with a food market cattycorner to the church. It would be so (Map F).</div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiPTuhyphenhyphenfWDom_AMnm0jRRRoIHHcgYVzcqVf8wfpVqgs0Xv_Dib3znpkbLW6xuUUBbYRM01RDurC8WtD9b35o5LximYtAO2dCe2a1srmHHqnY7-7X8DyrNTu3mSlo95558JmjkOAivvD2QDu/s1600/Saluhall+%25C3%2596stermalmstorg+comp.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="726" data-original-width="1600" height="290" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiPTuhyphenhyphenfWDom_AMnm0jRRRoIHHcgYVzcqVf8wfpVqgs0Xv_Dib3znpkbLW6xuUUBbYRM01RDurC8WtD9b35o5LximYtAO2dCe2a1srmHHqnY7-7X8DyrNTu3mSlo95558JmjkOAivvD2QDu/s640/Saluhall+%25C3%2596stermalmstorg+comp.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Left: Östermalm's Saluhall (market) (2). Right: Östermalmstorg or Östermalm Square (3).</td></tr>
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<br />All of the waterfrontage, including Blaiseholmen, was to be made into publicly accessible stone quays (Map G). </div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEguwoQpXiTRRP-NXXNEKOiV5RJq67YBmn3Gpm1QCL0ROCsnlCRsZnQC15c003BhkDtN04ybjAXndb8e7FxpTb94xBi-Lj7Y2519_7nWVodcVi12i01iQaRb0asAUzkQ8X3fWWuh_BUKByLa/s1600/quays+Blaiseholmen.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="810" data-original-width="1080" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEguwoQpXiTRRP-NXXNEKOiV5RJq67YBmn3Gpm1QCL0ROCsnlCRsZnQC15c003BhkDtN04ybjAXndb8e7FxpTb94xBi-Lj7Y2519_7nWVodcVi12i01iQaRb0asAUzkQ8X3fWWuh_BUKByLa/s400/quays+Blaiseholmen.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Stone quay at Blaiseholmen's waterside</td></tr>
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<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br />In addition to the boundary boulevard, several other streets were to be created or widened into major thoroughfares. The extension of the tunnel from Norrmalm (Map H) was to go south of the park Humlegården and connect to the existing major street, Storgatan (Map I). A new, wide street north of Humlegården (Karlavägen, but W&R’s proposal didn’t include the park strip in the middle of the boulevard, Map J) </div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjawEl0qrz9DKtrBNujeEW2O02D0soieaPFt62-NCDFr3Q4NdBDWaobNOHH5kbrZ5ZrdqlZrefsZA0J72lvUue4DGyHSkDMxNDYZK7xrAXf90ITSbC9a4hMsCrBUR74ITj-DwYqf7ssTZbj/s1600/Karlav%25C3%25A4gen+comp.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="588" data-original-width="1600" height="234" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjawEl0qrz9DKtrBNujeEW2O02D0soieaPFt62-NCDFr3Q4NdBDWaobNOHH5kbrZ5ZrdqlZrefsZA0J72lvUue4DGyHSkDMxNDYZK7xrAXf90ITSbC9a4hMsCrBUR74ITj-DwYqf7ssTZbj/s640/Karlav%25C3%25A4gen+comp.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Karlavägen: Park/buildings, sidewalk, street, row of trees, park with walking and biking path, row of trees, street, sidewalk, buildings.</td></tr>
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<div style="text-align: justify;">
would awkwardly bend at a <i>rond-point</i> to connect to the new Birger Jarlsgatan (Map K). Birger Jarlsgatan was planned to be a major north-south thoroughfare, filling in the swampy creek Träskrännilen. The creek had been the effective boundary between Östermalm and Vasastan, and the street still serves that purpose today. </div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgC5o0vdZGZY1qRvR8kiouddA14dHGnZnmGZyxKfJduas8qaF9FJL0KpwYbG-6WM4iM6xuFlGD1gz5v-BcG_ZcEQLTxNfB0boSKNd036L5kf-ggvIo_B96Epa10-ljiGX43fz9XgOUntAvw/s1600/Birger+Jarls+gatan.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="810" data-original-width="1080" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgC5o0vdZGZY1qRvR8kiouddA14dHGnZnmGZyxKfJduas8qaF9FJL0KpwYbG-6WM4iM6xuFlGD1gz5v-BcG_ZcEQLTxNfB0boSKNd036L5kf-ggvIo_B96Epa10-ljiGX43fz9XgOUntAvw/s400/Birger+Jarls+gatan.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Birger Jarlsgatan</td></tr>
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<div style="text-align: justify;">
This same <i>rond-point</i> would also connect to the newly extended street Norrlandsgatan which would edge the park Humlegården to the west (today’s Engelbrektsgatan, Map L). Norrlandsgatan was envisioned as connecting the city to the green, leafy
areas of Norra Djurgården. To the east of Humlegården, the new street
Sturegatan (Map M) would completely enclose the park. This last street,
Sturegatan, was explicitly called for in Bildt’s plan requirements
although Bildt had thought that it would be Sturegatan and not
Norrlandsgatan that would connect the city to Norra Djurgården. Sturegatan won out and continues today into the park areas of Norra Djurgården.</div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh5IIexXq-dJGXGXy5YAR0eb_92vcaJ9xWBeqU06Rjdp4byoDsOQ_eOzxeGNUHikydJ3LYtGyz7c-cg7Zbl4eFQxcWSPiW0p_f1f9M-YE6Mh5XAC5gnc-XVKwMknaTvD7DMxut1fy80mimI/s1600/Engelbrektsgatan+Sturegatan+comp.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="588" data-original-width="1600" height="234" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh5IIexXq-dJGXGXy5YAR0eb_92vcaJ9xWBeqU06Rjdp4byoDsOQ_eOzxeGNUHikydJ3LYtGyz7c-cg7Zbl4eFQxcWSPiW0p_f1f9M-YE6Mh5XAC5gnc-XVKwMknaTvD7DMxut1fy80mimI/s640/Engelbrektsgatan+Sturegatan+comp.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Left: Engelbrektsgatan. Right: Sturegatan</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br />Aside from these new and widened streets, Östermalm’s existing street grid would simply be continued northward and eastward, marching until it came to an end at the boundary boulevard. </div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<b>Johannes and Adolf Fredrik Parishes (Today known as Vasastan)</b></div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEghmehH6UgzJG9xWayahRE2E5bndOqH7GZ90v7yryNC_a5fmQNO474GKx-NHNeZmXBaYf8SZwlTC6uTqjlki6NlyQAt-UHuY0bXCTifTq4XVUbA1XS7otpRVFcKMbo2D14SSxxU3a7OMmzr/s1600/Vasastan-comparison-maps.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1040" data-original-width="658" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEghmehH6UgzJG9xWayahRE2E5bndOqH7GZ90v7yryNC_a5fmQNO474GKx-NHNeZmXBaYf8SZwlTC6uTqjlki6NlyQAt-UHuY0bXCTifTq4XVUbA1XS7otpRVFcKMbo2D14SSxxU3a7OMmzr/s640/Vasastan-comparison-maps.jpg" width="404" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Top: Wallström and Rudberg's plan for Vasastan (1). Bottom: Vasastan today</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
From the roundabout at Roslagstull (Map A), the boundary boulevard would continue from Östermalm into the Vasastan area. This road is known as Norra Stationsgatan (Map B) today, and while it the northern section is a major traffic artery, it is hardly the beautiful tree-lined boulevard that Wallström and Rudberg were envisioning. </div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjJJ0c3ID8XuZYZcfUIYcmntBuksqnjgMQl93_szjqYCz3HB7q_jZyoK5bFBBgKYBVOhX_MC8_wVIfBSx8jJhDyHjosLFzOcQYhHjwbyqXKnVwF2bpV9INRRCT1z-o1e8hpA_1PyYon29Jg/s1600/Norra+Stationsgatan+comp.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="588" data-original-width="1600" height="234" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjJJ0c3ID8XuZYZcfUIYcmntBuksqnjgMQl93_szjqYCz3HB7q_jZyoK5bFBBgKYBVOhX_MC8_wVIfBSx8jJhDyHjosLFzOcQYhHjwbyqXKnVwF2bpV9INRRCT1z-o1e8hpA_1PyYon29Jg/s640/Norra+Stationsgatan+comp.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Norra Stationsgatan. Left: Until last year, there were no buildings on the "suburb" side of this boundary "boulevard." Right: Still no buildings on the"suburb" side of this boundary "boulevard." </td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Still following the toll fence, the boulevard would continue until making another turn at another <i>rond-point</i> at today’s Torsplan (Map C). </div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj0zBrBngNMSivlTtOAbW0ttIyxW2NrjTTqSh6BXmgndGGk2vi4XQvYIK51aqJMO7euAGTCoPZzb48D8X4xjMvDvBcVDRc1jC31H3UM63RK-qEPnWFpEzeifpZDpvsz8se0TQPjJzegJR_Y/s1600/Torsplan+comp.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="588" data-original-width="1600" height="234" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj0zBrBngNMSivlTtOAbW0ttIyxW2NrjTTqSh6BXmgndGGk2vi4XQvYIK51aqJMO7euAGTCoPZzb48D8X4xjMvDvBcVDRc1jC31H3UM63RK-qEPnWFpEzeifpZDpvsz8se0TQPjJzegJR_Y/s640/Torsplan+comp.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Torsplan, or Tor's Square. No square here, just a busy traffic intersection. Two rounded buildings does not create a square, literally or figuratively.</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Then, instead of continuing to follow the toll fence over too-rocky terrain, the boulevard would turn southward, becoming Torsgatan (Map D) today. Torsgatan would continue until it met the water’s edge at Klara Canal,
where it would turn and connect to Vasagatan leading to the central
station, much as Torsgatan does today (Map E). </div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi0svhHF8_sw7NnkUGb7TTVvWIuq80oWWe_uGlmngpvMkH290NcNGI9LBUuRXpH954aFhIOSvOElaLEif2u1KvpizdOXmW_0tFFJzjOU-gEM5Dd_qN1Twe3pCTci_ddoaqGmIZLJgAg5n0Q/s1600/Torsgatan+north+south+comp.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="588" data-original-width="1600" height="234" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi0svhHF8_sw7NnkUGb7TTVvWIuq80oWWe_uGlmngpvMkH290NcNGI9LBUuRXpH954aFhIOSvOElaLEif2u1KvpizdOXmW_0tFFJzjOU-gEM5Dd_qN1Twe3pCTci_ddoaqGmIZLJgAg5n0Q/s640/Torsgatan+north+south+comp.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">The northern and southern sections of Torsgatan.</td></tr>
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<div style="text-align: justify;">
</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br />This boundary boulevard would cross a widened Karlsberg allé (Map F) leading from town out to the palace at Karlsberg. Buildings were to be set back from this street and a “flower terrace” was to be planted between the street and the buildings. Both the tree-lined street and the set back buildings were built according to W&R’s plan, though the flower terraces are more like lawns today.</div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhP9cry7RLrH84I_QnpM1c4uGLOfRulH_73AGzz6zkvNQGivtfo4m41RHffDdsTTiEUIF0C0nnnS7zghIw9uR60O24B4S2AJgM6PRmb9pgopfkGIJWPVYXsb_1fRzl7UN52wjygcQkp8vCJ/s1600/Karlsbergsv%25C3%25A4gen+comp.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="747" data-original-width="1600" height="298" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhP9cry7RLrH84I_QnpM1c4uGLOfRulH_73AGzz6zkvNQGivtfo4m41RHffDdsTTiEUIF0C0nnnS7zghIw9uR60O24B4S2AJgM6PRmb9pgopfkGIJWPVYXsb_1fRzl7UN52wjygcQkp8vCJ/s640/Karlsbergsv%25C3%25A4gen+comp.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Karlsbergsvägen: Buildings, lawn terrace, row of trees, sidewalk, street, sidewalk, lawn terrace, building.</td></tr>
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<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br />Wallström and Rudberg proposed that Karlsberg Allé should be extended as a new east-west thoroughfare cutting across Vasastan. The thoroughfare would cut across a new food market square. The extended street, Odengatan, was built, but the food market square was not (Map G). </div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj2OOSBil_5Vn2zmcxYlStaNuGXAgRT2Hny_HG6u0TU0lynFgM0PaCzDjOEy-87TI4Z9xz8zCNcaVGAqzpiprLyVLk5uokhrtQUyZuwbjir3-jBnHtwE2uUSfxiJ_Za9ICZJbIpawKdLYEq/s1600/Odengatan.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="810" data-original-width="1080" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj2OOSBil_5Vn2zmcxYlStaNuGXAgRT2Hny_HG6u0TU0lynFgM0PaCzDjOEy-87TI4Z9xz8zCNcaVGAqzpiprLyVLk5uokhrtQUyZuwbjir3-jBnHtwE2uUSfxiJ_Za9ICZJbIpawKdLYEq/s400/Odengatan.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Odengatan</td></tr>
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<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br />The terrain south of Karlsberg Allé was considererd too rocky and steep to build upon, so it was to be set aside as a park (Map H). North of the allé, the terrain was also rocky and steep, but instead of being a park, it would be built with villas “to give healthy, sound, and pastoral housing not too far from the movement of the city” (Map I). Not only were Wallström and Rudberg differentiating types of streets in their plan (tree-lined boulevards, tree-lined allées with set back buildings, wide thoroughfares, narrower local streets) as well as different types of open spaces (parks, squares, market squares, roundabouts, churchyards), but they also began to differentiate where different types of housing should be built—large villas on the periphery and tighter blocks closer into the city. Neither the villas nor the park would become reality; instead, these areas would eventually be developed into city blocks, albeit more adapted to the terrain than a pure grid system. <br /><br />At the northern edge of the city, the water’s edge at Brunnsviken (Map J) would be developed into a harbor with a storage depot (the harbor was never built). </div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhLBJwI5eobK55TvXFA1SlWszcLCJkuwh9RkRE3FyGs_CWDAULNoO-F8OqwEVzHHSleDsc_Tm-x9iUQVn7GPXP4hhWaW7bWTHhGnZGZBAmuQf2j8mf8VrMcncZjt59YY1crMyvKfRumGNY1/s1600/Brunnsviken.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="810" data-original-width="1080" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhLBJwI5eobK55TvXFA1SlWszcLCJkuwh9RkRE3FyGs_CWDAULNoO-F8OqwEVzHHSleDsc_Tm-x9iUQVn7GPXP4hhWaW7bWTHhGnZGZBAmuQf2j8mf8VrMcncZjt59YY1crMyvKfRumGNY1/s400/Brunnsviken.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Brunnsviken never became an industrial shipping harbor.</td></tr>
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<div style="text-align: justify;">
Drottninggatan (Map K), the city’s traditional north-south thoroughfare, would be extended all the way to the new harbor at Brunnsviken. </div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgHxRZo1AZVa8X1XupJZjY-GSiiAYUAIygAG7oAXIgXQdZ-SeU9B5V0eLmeVnc-XTo9tV_6H1oyH31cz0subCkaWHWpM0D9O2_IrX3BkzPDoGib7Jv-XU083NFiIIs13JIIsiqnYzOTL8iw/s1600/Drottninggatan+comp.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="588" data-original-width="1600" height="234" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgHxRZo1AZVa8X1XupJZjY-GSiiAYUAIygAG7oAXIgXQdZ-SeU9B5V0eLmeVnc-XTo9tV_6H1oyH31cz0subCkaWHWpM0D9O2_IrX3BkzPDoGib7Jv-XU083NFiIIs13JIIsiqnYzOTL8iw/s640/Drottninggatan+comp.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Drottninggatan</td></tr>
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<div style="text-align: justify;">
This would require the complete removal of the giant, steep ridge at Observatoriekullen (Map L), but W&R considered this ridge to be “ugly and obstructing” anyway. The 18th century observatory on Observatory Hill could be moved to a more convenient spot. The newly flattened areas on either side of Drottninggatan would be made into a park. </div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiRknJdVFwNKw8F1IZQWlnIQFTekmPDBFGzaKD_71hAcSHCFZz33PVKw2ZlIONdeDk6TplYUXYFPlT4XjrFHM8uYovoXwQUsbnjBdCkhYq1QwtD-r_wHPkQzxtmgHP5RfzPwAO599VszUzq/s1600/Brunkeberg+Oservatoriet+comp.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="554" data-original-width="1600" height="220" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiRknJdVFwNKw8F1IZQWlnIQFTekmPDBFGzaKD_71hAcSHCFZz33PVKw2ZlIONdeDk6TplYUXYFPlT4XjrFHM8uYovoXwQUsbnjBdCkhYq1QwtD-r_wHPkQzxtmgHP5RfzPwAO599VszUzq/s640/Brunkeberg+Oservatoriet+comp.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Left: Brunkeberg Ridge. Right: The observatory on top of the ridge (4). All to be removed according to W&R's plan.</td></tr>
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<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br />Just a few blocks west of Drottninggatan, the street Upplandsgatan (Map M) would be widened giving access from the central city and station to the boundary boulevard to the north. Additionally, Roslagsgatan (Map N), just a few streets east of Drottninggatan, would be widened, similarly connecting the boundary boulevard and the central parts of the city. One can wonder why Wallström and Rudberg thought that all three thoroughfares were necessary, especially when the extension of Drottninggatan would require the removal of an entire geological feature. </div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
</div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjKhjPM0e5L94s3zZGXKUO5k2oyhVv0WKMDzjQAAT7SMu7Tiw_IJHFLeBVgo-ul66yzMn9L0W0wkEAYOgJFhIFF9m3xS8S9p6jDAzIv7_n2tLFqbQm0elH4F8KS3fUa8jGh7MJbt0wM9uN1/s1600/Upplandsgatan+Roslagsgatan+comp.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="588" data-original-width="1600" height="234" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjKhjPM0e5L94s3zZGXKUO5k2oyhVv0WKMDzjQAAT7SMu7Tiw_IJHFLeBVgo-ul66yzMn9L0W0wkEAYOgJFhIFF9m3xS8S9p6jDAzIv7_n2tLFqbQm0elH4F8KS3fUa8jGh7MJbt0wM9uN1/s640/Upplandsgatan+Roslagsgatan+comp.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Left: Upplandsgatan. Right: Roslagsgatan. Neither became the north-south thoroughfares that W&R planned.</td></tr>
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<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br />With so many parallel streets, it’s hard to read a hierarchy into the plan. The streets are all connecting different destinations, but in awkward ways. Wallström and Rudberg were seemingly trying to create a Baroque plan with axis and monumental perspectives, but the destinations were just too numerous, too un-monumental, and too out of alignment to really work. Later planners also found this part of their proposal preposterous and all three streets were combined into the future thoroughfare of Sveavägen (Map O) which, being just to the side of the ridge, did not require so much earthworks.</div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiTYP90QK3zRiUTlWCOZTQI2n6NtbhbJOUpUvassnd_EXYemsi48MnEbJSfMP3Pnof0qRrjktu_Wg7ozkKoD3JZ1UHyoRbe6bKScSDfFIIpmURycg66gs6YfOxcI_Ki-ZuNLEErEa-E1XgP/s1600/Sveav%25C3%25A4gen.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="810" data-original-width="1080" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiTYP90QK3zRiUTlWCOZTQI2n6NtbhbJOUpUvassnd_EXYemsi48MnEbJSfMP3Pnof0qRrjktu_Wg7ozkKoD3JZ1UHyoRbe6bKScSDfFIIpmURycg66gs6YfOxcI_Ki-ZuNLEErEa-E1XgP/s400/Sveav%25C3%25A4gen.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Sveavägen.</td></tr>
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br />Another difficult area of terrain to the east of the hospital of Sabbatsberg was to be turned into a small park. This area would eventually become the park of Tegnerlunden (Map Q).</div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhAVA-avM2RIo6sHICj1JtC_V-dmYxBcWxygMFBxg8cT7plp3BgHBNXOPWZ-XEpNcASoy7RDfe-jhR_UQLQzlBrO4Pek5WDceCaI6clsDDiwT3fOBJXPtygRmED16bRYBnCY6FjV0d1-6m8/s1600/Tegnerlunden+comp.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="588" data-original-width="1600" height="234" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhAVA-avM2RIo6sHICj1JtC_V-dmYxBcWxygMFBxg8cT7plp3BgHBNXOPWZ-XEpNcASoy7RDfe-jhR_UQLQzlBrO4Pek5WDceCaI6clsDDiwT3fOBJXPtygRmED16bRYBnCY6FjV0d1-6m8/s640/Tegnerlunden+comp.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Tegnerlunden: a park planted on a high, hard-to-build-upon knob of granite.</td></tr>
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
<br /><b>Ulrika Eleonora Parish (Today known as Kungsholmen)</b> <br />
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Top: Wallström and Rudberg's plan for Kungsholmen (1). Bottom: Kungsholmen today.</td></tr>
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Wallström and Rudberg paid very litte attention to Kungsholmen. In fact, they only planned the eastern half of the island, excusing themselves by writing that the terrain of the western half of the island was too rocky and steep and that it was better suited to pastoral summer houses. The boundary of what they did and did not plan followed the old toll fence, and the planned area ended at today’s Fridhemsplan (Map A). </div>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Fridhemplan</td></tr>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Fridhemsplan is still a clear boundary between dense city and spread-out suburb. Left: on the "city" side of Fridhemsgatan, dense city blocks. Right: On the "suburb" side of the same street, towers in a park.</td></tr>
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None-the-less, several of Wallström and Rudberg’s Kungsholmen proposals eventually came to pass. They planned a tree-lined boulevard and stone quayside along the southern shore of the island; this would become Norr Mälarstrand (Map B). </div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhgYYVA3H4kcUSYJzUSv6fu9QfNIKKBd7ZmrxTfHHb3VQuvYz4azOg0QT8e91YCPJea2XI7hMMi4OROZFDZlO52nbHxfy3yWCJFuyBH48jugM5c1WyOLckiUdSUfOmmqYZzShkrcyxVKUVx/s1600/Norr+M%25C3%25A4larstrand+comp.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="588" data-original-width="1600" height="234" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhgYYVA3H4kcUSYJzUSv6fu9QfNIKKBd7ZmrxTfHHb3VQuvYz4azOg0QT8e91YCPJea2XI7hMMi4OROZFDZlO52nbHxfy3yWCJFuyBH48jugM5c1WyOLckiUdSUfOmmqYZzShkrcyxVKUVx/s640/Norr+M%25C3%25A4larstrand+comp.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Norr Mälarstrand: Buildings, road, parking, bike lane, strip of park, then walking path by the water. The water's edge is left "natural" without hard, stone quays.</td></tr>
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Half of the water’s edge at Norr Mälarstrand would eventually be developed into a stone quay, the other half would be left natural. </div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgrhviM0nDZd3O-vd3n-pAaFHyRDgGa8Ry-fDLW3e2GTs4j8Aj3riu1q9-htFllGRG133o2cr90HZpv6HSxI7v0QQ72DnXx5hxZ0UaDqF8efIzWkn0DJIyuWy4zgInxhiz_EOgN1eUDO0ZY/s1600/Norr+M%25C3%25A4larstrand+boats.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="810" data-original-width="1080" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgrhviM0nDZd3O-vd3n-pAaFHyRDgGa8Ry-fDLW3e2GTs4j8Aj3riu1q9-htFllGRG133o2cr90HZpv6HSxI7v0QQ72DnXx5hxZ0UaDqF8efIzWkn0DJIyuWy4zgInxhiz_EOgN1eUDO0ZY/s400/Norr+M%25C3%25A4larstrand+boats.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Toward the city, Norr Mälarstrand has hard stone quays.</td></tr>
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This boulevard would turn northward (Mariebergsgatan, Map C) at a <i>rond-pointe</i> and then swing eastward to the widened,
extended, tree-planted Fleminggatan (Map D). These streets would
eventually be built, but they were never connected in a continuous loop.
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjxBomlOOnXMO9v_5MatP-BKPke3LY9H7v3rz8hRj55u-91qE6tT1hjyxq4HBTBCh0DbrbEFekQhN3IrZdlJMFcurqlkohWwP9agURQt-52MX37jZMEwcZQC3jSlYsWJ8TcrMdFFvq8FRwv/s1600/Mariebergsgatan+Fleminggatan+comp.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="588" data-original-width="1600" height="234" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjxBomlOOnXMO9v_5MatP-BKPke3LY9H7v3rz8hRj55u-91qE6tT1hjyxq4HBTBCh0DbrbEFekQhN3IrZdlJMFcurqlkohWwP9agURQt-52MX37jZMEwcZQC3jSlYsWJ8TcrMdFFvq8FRwv/s640/Mariebergsgatan+Fleminggatan+comp.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Left: Mariebergsgatan. City on one side, suburbs on the other side. Right: Fleminggatan. The tree-lined aspect of this street seems to be a struggle.</td></tr>
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<br />Strangely, Wallström and Rudberg left Kungsholmen with only one bridge to the mainland (Map E) despite the short distance across the canal. Even more strangely, their ring of boulevards awkwardly connects to the bridge—there is no straight shot from the bridge and onto the boulevard system. In short, Kungsholmen is very badly connected to the rest of the city in this plan. <br /><br />A small boat harbor was included in their plan for Norr Mälarstrand (Map F). The harbor is on the inland side of the boulevard, so it is unclear how the boats were supposed to get into the harbor. While this protected harbor was not built, there is a small dock and boat harbor out on the water today (Map G).<br /><br />Wallström and Rudberg also planned for a boulevard and quay on the north shore of the island, and while a road was built here (today’s Kungsholms Strand, Map H), it never became a big thoroughfare. The stone quay was not built; the shore on this side of the island is still somewhat natural. They drew a half-hearted attempt to connect the two boulevards, but the level difference between the water’s edge and Fleminggatan is too great to allow for such a direct connection; today, the level difference is negotiated by a four-story staircase (Map I). </div>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Left: Kungsholmsstrand with it's "natural" shoreline, row of trees, bike path, street, sidewalk, buildings. Right: Staircases navigate the height difference between the waterside and the interior of the island.</td></tr>
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<br />They also ignored the steep, rocky terrain at Kronoberg and drew two roads that cut straight across the height. Today, this hard-to-build-upon area is set aside as a park (Map J).</div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhuO_OtS4vo5KrJg-4qx0krb_qpULVpQwM9Oond07lxWlNkoowoEWDzYqUHQ65dpn3gY3nn5TD_EucoRkI1V-3F6_0594rCmlaSenzjIRoe8yBZEFyrKSyXrfj2FFRnF17pSDwLzom_Zhm5/s1600/Kronobergspark+comp.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="588" data-original-width="1600" height="234" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhuO_OtS4vo5KrJg-4qx0krb_qpULVpQwM9Oond07lxWlNkoowoEWDzYqUHQ65dpn3gY3nn5TD_EucoRkI1V-3F6_0594rCmlaSenzjIRoe8yBZEFyrKSyXrfj2FFRnF17pSDwLzom_Zhm5/s640/Kronobergspark+comp.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Kronobergsparken: another park planted on a high, hard-to-build-upon knob of granite.</td></tr>
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<br />Another connection between Norr Mälarstrand and the newly widened Fleminggatan was planned for the eastern end of the island where Kungsholmstorg (Map K), a square, would be extended into a major street, Scheelegatan. This was built, but according to W&R's plan, Scheelegatan would never connect further to bridges or ring boulevards. </div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhRiu5kq8SMhDv7VTSeS51-N7SnwAzcsTrEaORPXzA_TTarY8D0wWDMv6CEkeEubd66okeh3mRy3zXYtbPmJAGvzm2-Y3MOqqLErHrdlHi2m-WeSuCQNULASndlngUme94j_0EBB0NH7uQH/s1600/Kungsholmstorg+Scheelegatan+comp.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="588" data-original-width="1600" height="234" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhRiu5kq8SMhDv7VTSeS51-N7SnwAzcsTrEaORPXzA_TTarY8D0wWDMv6CEkeEubd66okeh3mRy3zXYtbPmJAGvzm2-Y3MOqqLErHrdlHi2m-WeSuCQNULASndlngUme94j_0EBB0NH7uQH/s640/Kungsholmstorg+Scheelegatan+comp.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Left: Kungsholmstorg or Kungsholmen's Square (buildings, sidewalk, row of trees, strip of park with walking path, row of trees, street, sidewalk, buildings). Right: Scheelegatan, the direct extention of the square.</td></tr>
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<br />While Wallström and Rudberg did draw a grid system of blocks on the area, the blocks are much larger than of Norrmalm and Östermalm. The blocks get bigger and bigger farther from the city center. It’s like W&R ran out of steam and just got tired of drawing streets on the map. Their plan for Kungsholmen is particularly uninspired and unrealistic. <br /><br /><b>Katrina and Maria Parishes (Today known as Södermalm)</b></div>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Top: Wallström and Rudberg's plan for Södermalm (1). Bottom: Södermalm today.</td></tr>
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Like Kungsholmen, Södermalm had traditionally gotten very little attention from city authorities. Not only were the two areas the domain of the poorer populations of the city as well as of the polluting industries, but their topography made planning and building difficult. But Wallström and Rudberg finally gave Södermalm some attention. They praised the area as Stockholm’s most beautiful and healthiest area. Healthiest was definitely a stretch, but all of the heights did catch a lot of fresh breeze. Their view of Södermalm as a healthy area of town is a bit ironic because much of their plan for Södermalm involved bringing more industry to the island. <br /><br />Like on Kungsholmen, W&R planned to regularize Södermalm’s shoreline and to build roads and quays along the water’s edge. But while Kungsholmen’s quays were to be tree-lined boulevards, Södermalm’s quays were to be much more industrial in character. The quay along the Baltic sea at Stadsgården (maps A), easily accessible to all the large ships coming in and out of the Stockholm harbor, was to be made especially wide with storage depots and a railroad spur with four parallel tracks. </div>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Stadsgården: Cliff, traffic thoroughfare, bike thoroughfare, walking path, huge parking lots for the ferry terminals, ferry terminals, then water. Humans have very little access to the waterside today; the water's not even visible from the sidewalk for long stretches.</td></tr>
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On the Lake Mälaren side of the island, another quay with depots was to be built; this would become Söder Mälarstrand (maps B). </div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjwbb4UahkztKJKsUhoRuXWXsrtDIHWDwEjDIHjqOvh1xeILoX7zazWO-vYg1rWZv4RApLDKRy6uhsuwZZTq1Zry1eb-ozf-9c-iDxOzWQIq62fCVn-9jc0HAQMGxY-4X3ArSS-vsN7q7D1/s1600/S%25C3%25B6der+M%25C3%25A4larstrand.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="810" data-original-width="1080" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjwbb4UahkztKJKsUhoRuXWXsrtDIHWDwEjDIHjqOvh1xeILoX7zazWO-vYg1rWZv4RApLDKRy6uhsuwZZTq1Zry1eb-ozf-9c-iDxOzWQIq62fCVn-9jc0HAQMGxY-4X3ArSS-vsN7q7D1/s400/S%25C3%25B6der+M%25C3%25A4larstrand.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Söder Mälarstrand: Water, stone quay with walking path, row of trees, bike path, parking, traffic thoroughfare, sidewalk, cliff.</td></tr>
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And on the south side of the island along Hammarbysjö or Hammarby Lake (maps C) </div>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Quay along Hammarby Lake with traces of the previous industrial character.</td></tr>
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and along Årstaviken (maps D), another long quayside with depots was to be built to encourage new industries to establish themselves here. While the quays were built at Stadsgården, along Söder Mälarstrand, and along Hammarby Lake, the shoreline along Årstaviken, while regularized, was left natural.</div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiRxg9eRTEgOZ5CArQoSMoP3JF-gQrmoh5fwspWbEtOe3GVYLMUGsLmVZkjtdVFj-qko9yaCgsBQtcxE-NQESHK_D6C3OQqMffBnPnSW9XZjtDoV9Gb8cGIoCAj91CZfRiTNiKu6RtfxwkD/s1600/%25C3%2585rstaviken+comp.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="588" data-original-width="1600" height="234" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiRxg9eRTEgOZ5CArQoSMoP3JF-gQrmoh5fwspWbEtOe3GVYLMUGsLmVZkjtdVFj-qko9yaCgsBQtcxE-NQESHK_D6C3OQqMffBnPnSW9XZjtDoV9Gb8cGIoCAj91CZfRiTNiKu6RtfxwkD/s640/%25C3%2585rstaviken+comp.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Park and walking paths along Årstaviken.</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br />Another effort to encourage the foundation of more industries along Hammarby Lake was the proposal for a canal (Map E) to be blasted through to the Baltic Sea at Danvik. This would come to pass.</div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg_1FaaXVJJdbTX-pybtIdIb15fmDT6MZV_okOVuwC5IcM0oRPxoDyk6n6-cG9ZDE6U4hjJeR8jYHDatAq80sXWti8ZBZTO9-c0PC9VJNm2tZ55VEce4vliNj81dZqXb6448Xj3hSRZrT76/s1600/Danvikskanalen+comp.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="588" data-original-width="1600" height="234" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg_1FaaXVJJdbTX-pybtIdIb15fmDT6MZV_okOVuwC5IcM0oRPxoDyk6n6-cG9ZDE6U4hjJeR8jYHDatAq80sXWti8ZBZTO9-c0PC9VJNm2tZ55VEce4vliNj81dZqXb6448Xj3hSRZrT76/s640/Danvikskanalen+comp.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Danvik's Canal. Left: looking out to the Baltic Sea. Right: looking inland toward Hammarby Lake (which wasn't really a lake after the canal was blasted).</td></tr>
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<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br />Wallström and Rudberg proposed that the islands out in the middle of the Årstaviken Bay should be used as a zoo, and that a bridge should be built out to them. Ironically, a very high bridge would eventually be built <i>over</i> the islands, but the bridge would never give access <i>to</i> the islands (Map F).</div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgPW14y7CstvJrljNvkj38Eory8y0dGRXscxEBrjfsVu9tW4-cJqgTaQLbsBrKnVYN6nuQStc77TL9brxOHnSfDxOTduLLk3soKrhjViKT73PmYmdTRchqQj7lGaDfBraesXqb7Q5vRz1dT/s1600/%25C3%2585rstaholmar+comp.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="588" data-original-width="1600" height="234" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgPW14y7CstvJrljNvkj38Eory8y0dGRXscxEBrjfsVu9tW4-cJqgTaQLbsBrKnVYN6nuQStc77TL9brxOHnSfDxOTduLLk3soKrhjViKT73PmYmdTRchqQj7lGaDfBraesXqb7Q5vRz1dT/s640/%25C3%2585rstaholmar+comp.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Årstaholmar: today, a tiny nature reserve in the middle of the city only accessible by boat.</td></tr>
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<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br />In addition to providing infrastructure for new industries, Wallström and Rudberg’s other focus on Södermalm was to finally provide good access from the waterside up into the main area of the island. Historically, there had only been one road and several staircases up from the lock at Slussen. The topography and granite cliffs remained, however, so W&R’s proposal involved two tunnels. One tunnel would start at the quay at Söder Mälarstrand and once up on the plateau (Map G), the street would continue south and then (awkwardly) turn to the quay at Årstaviken (Map H). The second tunnel (Map I) would start from the quay at Stadsgården and then continue south, eventually awkwardly connecting to the island’s existing square at Nytorget (Map J). The Nytorget square would be doubled in size to the west, and then a new boulevard (sort of today’s Katarina Bangata, Map K) would connect the square to the quay at Hammarby Lake. Neither of these tunnels were built; instead, dynamite was eventually used to blast winding roadways up onto Södermalm’s heights including at Torkel Knutssonsgatan (Map G). </div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgG0d3iBKXgMoHRkTA4wj2lwvpBdid7sHpmhMNpmn5hKiO8Vgoro9HEbwYG4JdtLqJsEH3dlt3Iij1Z7gQfVwidlFIRDx8S6Q_3ukokRJmwUZkR8veAMCnCHKcci_GR1YcF1goLN5MZTUy6/s1600/Torkel+comp.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="588" data-original-width="1600" height="234" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgG0d3iBKXgMoHRkTA4wj2lwvpBdid7sHpmhMNpmn5hKiO8Vgoro9HEbwYG4JdtLqJsEH3dlt3Iij1Z7gQfVwidlFIRDx8S6Q_3ukokRJmwUZkR8veAMCnCHKcci_GR1YcF1goLN5MZTUy6/s640/Torkel+comp.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Torkel Knutssonsgatan: an open-air tunnel through Södermalm's bedrock.</td></tr>
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<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br />A third route up would also start from Stadsgården at a bay called Tegelviken. A new square and storage depot would be built at Tegelviken, which had always been a hive of industrial and harbor activity, </div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi6v7zbq6_V3dqrtvmH3PWBPnGTqJWjc5f6CwvANLlAdhZWUzVGmn5b3WmUfTVm5Vh6Yl4Hu5HxGEaFU1iZeP6icrxlzl4oHek3Cz-1CkqhBXXBGgAUX8bEzwuOw5sVjDvhAmm4SNHbuRpA/s1600/Tegelviken.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="810" data-original-width="1080" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi6v7zbq6_V3dqrtvmH3PWBPnGTqJWjc5f6CwvANLlAdhZWUzVGmn5b3WmUfTVm5Vh6Yl4Hu5HxGEaFU1iZeP6icrxlzl4oHek3Cz-1CkqhBXXBGgAUX8bEzwuOw5sVjDvhAmm4SNHbuRpA/s400/Tegelviken.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">The bay of Tegelviken has been filled in and is now used as a massive ferry terminal.</td></tr>
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<div style="text-align: justify;">
and then the existing road, taking advantage of the relatively gentle topography here, rose up to the plateau (today’s Folkungagatan, Map L).</div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj0jNlzBlsOeQtyQoXwPBHwgsMsqoPAJh3m7k11EyYKqFq5Iehd8iY1ITlAN0rhODu3ji-D4_Kl7Z8fP2qOJEjJPs8WUrkkDz9u5F24vm-s4n4unVJHA3FhYMyH9p4utrYK-K330r1nhpx4/s1600/Tegelplan+comp.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="588" data-original-width="1600" height="234" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj0jNlzBlsOeQtyQoXwPBHwgsMsqoPAJh3m7k11EyYKqFq5Iehd8iY1ITlAN0rhODu3ji-D4_Kl7Z8fP2qOJEjJPs8WUrkkDz9u5F24vm-s4n4unVJHA3FhYMyH9p4utrYK-K330r1nhpx4/s640/Tegelplan+comp.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Once a hive of industrial brick-making activity (<i>tegel </i>means "brick"), Tegelviken is now a series of left-over spaces between the cliffs and the various traffic infrastructures. </td></tr>
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<div style="text-align: justify;">
A new open square would be placed where the road finally reached the plateau (Map M). </div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEglRfjSVTBGHNXBCmSC2FkURo_v9IfXp_mRF_ZMRKheXmQaA4lyEt53wAtd44lidvO9W2l0y6w8Egv6oZzKdqQcaiLAXZ5VXWbwVM5h7EW1JzWBqlXAZVv45OizO7AyKPjNqx-i_pI0sJVG/s1600/Folkungagatan+square.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="810" data-original-width="1080" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEglRfjSVTBGHNXBCmSC2FkURo_v9IfXp_mRF_ZMRKheXmQaA4lyEt53wAtd44lidvO9W2l0y6w8Egv6oZzKdqQcaiLAXZ5VXWbwVM5h7EW1JzWBqlXAZVv45OizO7AyKPjNqx-i_pI0sJVG/s400/Folkungagatan+square.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">This nameless open space is now being built up; an extension of the nearby hospital is to open in a couple of years.</td></tr>
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<div style="text-align: justify;">
From the plateau square, the road would continue across the island all the way to Årstaviken. The "square" at Tegelviken, the "square" up on the plateau, and the road up from Tegelviken all exist today, but the road was not continued across the island. Today, the two open areas do not feel at all like city squares; rather, they feel more like parts of the city’s traffic apparatus.<br /><br />While Södermalm didn’t get the same kind of boundary boulevard that encircles Östermalm and Norrmalm, a boulevard system was planned for the island. First of all, the main east-west axis Hornsgatan was to be widened and planted with trees (Map N). </div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiZODdEo8EExXYi9aN2psR_IfjCaaHovQlRA05C4rkUy_Tlb5o_2qgeoR38BPSNidWO9rNqu93eS0CSXCR2wh4JhaECi4AE7iKtcX9Tn_j4XkmapaGGyVs8jKM5_LLCeU4p40bwZ5ymPq_L/s1600/Hornsgatan+comp.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="588" data-original-width="1600" height="234" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiZODdEo8EExXYi9aN2psR_IfjCaaHovQlRA05C4rkUy_Tlb5o_2qgeoR38BPSNidWO9rNqu93eS0CSXCR2wh4JhaECi4AE7iKtcX9Tn_j4XkmapaGGyVs8jKM5_LLCeU4p40bwZ5ymPq_L/s640/Hornsgatan+comp.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Hornsgatan: Some blocks are tree-planted, others are not. Too much concrete for the trees to thrive.</td></tr>
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<div style="text-align: justify;">
A new ring boulevard (Map O) was to swoop from the northern end of the island around to the southeastern area of the island. </div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjrnwbh6yv-iQmskv5j4az1Kf6iQRVjSBz6nkyGACYAAHqceMjkILRO-qzrAEa83kLRkyJoQ010uKPJCmro9uCbGki5biBEwxusmDO-pOC78KAzEbaVr1qZeRNSdQL61aI8HmTP2PGnSMSd/s1600/Ringv%25C3%25A4gen+comp.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="588" data-original-width="1600" height="234" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjrnwbh6yv-iQmskv5j4az1Kf6iQRVjSBz6nkyGACYAAHqceMjkILRO-qzrAEa83kLRkyJoQ010uKPJCmro9uCbGki5biBEwxusmDO-pOC78KAzEbaVr1qZeRNSdQL61aI8HmTP2PGnSMSd/s640/Ringv%25C3%25A4gen+comp.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Ringvägen: Buildings, sidewalk, access road, row of trees, green strip, row of trees, traffic thoroughfare, row of trees, green strip, row of trees, access road, sidewalk, buildings.</td></tr>
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<div style="text-align: justify;">
Strangely, the ring boulevard was to dead end at both ends into high, rocky areas—Skinnarviksberget to the north (Map P) and Vita Bergen to the southeast (Map Q). This ring boulevard was
eventually built with the strange dead ends and is today called
Ringvägen. It is still an odd, disparate part of the city circulation.
This is the one awkward connection in W&R's plan that was
actually built; most of the other awkward joints were reworked in later
plans.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Both rocky areas at Skinnarviksberget (Map P) </div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj14ShRjYT-jrot65jweE-_sysGkjH2uIWCnEUgOwI4KzqDWQ0FcEXOTHcufMSTiqh7krQMwNhfnqVSRHRi2w1UTMsN7-BvZVJDryqkdvZpx6OKbLpZpmc-Tqt4b2HuTfEl8IF0TJtc6g6J/s1600/Skinnarviksberget+comp.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="588" data-original-width="1600" height="234" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj14ShRjYT-jrot65jweE-_sysGkjH2uIWCnEUgOwI4KzqDWQ0FcEXOTHcufMSTiqh7krQMwNhfnqVSRHRi2w1UTMsN7-BvZVJDryqkdvZpx6OKbLpZpmc-Tqt4b2HuTfEl8IF0TJtc6g6J/s640/Skinnarviksberget+comp.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Park at Skinnarviksberget. The only one of Stockholm's high, granite knobs that has been left bald. </td></tr>
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<div style="text-align: justify;">
and Vita Bergen (Map Q) </div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi5pfX-AD7Dm7B5ZPfzsRr9_NGk8A3zoQrmU77TnSfT0lZlnmeMJd93XLmChRnFisquz7LGO-PVNYtbz10MBJA4QEBGW6gN1cfF9Koj9BnZ2HfYjI8CzP9PGvuKyFO9tT-vIgwk6cxYQIdI/s1600/Vitabergsparken+comp.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="588" data-original-width="1600" height="234" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi5pfX-AD7Dm7B5ZPfzsRr9_NGk8A3zoQrmU77TnSfT0lZlnmeMJd93XLmChRnFisquz7LGO-PVNYtbz10MBJA4QEBGW6gN1cfF9Koj9BnZ2HfYjI8CzP9PGvuKyFO9tT-vIgwk6cxYQIdI/s640/Vitabergsparken+comp.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Park at Vita Bergen. Rounded, planted and green, the original bald knob is hidden under lots of dirt and trash which provided a base for the verdant plantings seen today.</td></tr>
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<div style="text-align: justify;">
were to become parks. However, Wallström and Rudberg didn’t like the bleakness of the barren granite and they proscribed that the rock should be covered and planted. Both of these heights would eventually become parks, but Skinnarviksberget would be left as barren rock. They also planned for a park on the small height above today’s Björns trädgården (not built, Map R) and, as proscribed in Bildt’s plan requirements, for a park in the swampy area at Fatburen (eventually buit, Map S).</div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhpMeMs4WFOq4aQpg2As6Plqq584p-BYaoW2rDBg5BULlvmJy0Uzi4WLqQvL2wwsSRMfaZhDsWKifE4hj7pt9ppQ89d8FFT5-eqleDrQ4IxtEkDKE2_Rj2A3AVyLUgcq2QPDjdxAePlmu67/s1600/fatbursparken.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="810" data-original-width="1080" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhpMeMs4WFOq4aQpg2As6Plqq584p-BYaoW2rDBg5BULlvmJy0Uzi4WLqQvL2wwsSRMfaZhDsWKifE4hj7pt9ppQ89d8FFT5-eqleDrQ4IxtEkDKE2_Rj2A3AVyLUgcq2QPDjdxAePlmu67/s400/fatbursparken.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Fatbursparken: not realized until the 1990's.</td></tr>
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<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br />A food market was planned along the main thoroughfare Götgatan. More than a century later, this food hall would eventually be built at Medborgarplatsen (Map T). </div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiezdoikIgtO4kpZ5CZolSsTMO7JfjMK9c608PY5OHJ4yV5RinoFK3XFo-Tij-r2jyMFcfnQyBrcflyAjq_YOpl_psVywrOfjmtd_WOZSuUulsZJhq7rVq21rlvVwUAth-4TK3ykG5dmkWs/s1600/Medborgarplatsen.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="810" data-original-width="1080" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiezdoikIgtO4kpZ5CZolSsTMO7JfjMK9c608PY5OHJ4yV5RinoFK3XFo-Tij-r2jyMFcfnQyBrcflyAjq_YOpl_psVywrOfjmtd_WOZSuUulsZJhq7rVq21rlvVwUAth-4TK3ykG5dmkWs/s400/Medborgarplatsen.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Medborgarplatsen</td></tr>
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<div style="text-align: justify;">
</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br />Like on Kungsholmen, Wallström and Rudberg’s plan peters out to the west. The high, rocky area with views out over the bay at Årstaviken was set aside for villas (Map U), but the other western areas of the island were just left unplanned. It’s like W&R couldn’t even imagine that the city would ever need to expand that far.<br /><br /><b>Critique</b><br />In my more detailed area-by-area descriptions of Wallström and Rudberg’s plan above, I’ve included critiques about specific aspects of the plan. But looking at the plan as a whole, some parts of it seem much more developed while other parts are more two dimensional, not taking topography or important connections into consideration. Large portions of the plan are just clumsy and the traffic planning non-existent. There is no consideration of any sort of public transportation, although to be fair, few other cities in the world were starting to develop any sort of organized system at that time, either. <br /><br />The plan is full of Baroque-inspired <i>rond-pointes</i> but these are little more than large traffic circles in W&R’s plan—nowhere are they developed into <i>places</i>. Additionally, the straight-as-an-arrow boulevards and thoroughfares lack axes and landmarks to draw one forward. A limited number of blocks have been left open as squares, and a number of parks occupy otherwise undevelopable land, but there seems to be little thought as to a more civic-oriented city either in the form of public spaces or new cultural institutions. <br /><br />It seems that Wallström and Rudberg have given each area of the city a food market, a school, and a hospital, but I find it strange that the outer areas of the plan entirely lack schools, medical facilities, markets, and churches. W&R plan for Stockholm’s land area to more than double, but they do not plan for corresponding services. From the northwestern area of Vasastan, one would have to walk at least two miles to the nearest market. <br /><br />Wallström and Rudberg were very diligent about setting aside land at the water’s edge for quays and roads. While the waterfront had been mostly privately owned in the past, they gave the public access to the water. Instead of expropriating private land for this purpose, they planned to fill out and even out the natural contours. Before them, most of Stockholm’s waterfront had always had a jagged edge, but they planned the smooth, even contours that we are still familiar with seeing on maps today. </div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjQ7SQbkBylTDmLLvcFHz_ijahjZNsyYmb3MEdUzahxlHpikPMflxkFpREdKdQ2Zr45DGgM8YuE1J881zKk40lBRlLvEejUOZyMULSYEZTB7cmEep05OKvVC7NYEZfmfeEks-egThu-Q2U8/s1600/Kungsholmen+shoreline+comp+2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="692" data-original-width="1600" height="276" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjQ7SQbkBylTDmLLvcFHz_ijahjZNsyYmb3MEdUzahxlHpikPMflxkFpREdKdQ2Zr45DGgM8YuE1J881zKk40lBRlLvEejUOZyMULSYEZTB7cmEep05OKvVC7NYEZfmfeEks-egThu-Q2U8/s640/Kungsholmen+shoreline+comp+2.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Comparison of the original, jagged shoreline edged by private lots (5) and the rounded, smoothed, public shoreline introduced in W&R's plan. (South side of Kungsholmen).</td></tr>
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<br /><b>Politics</b><br />Incredibly, Wallström and Rudberg completed their plan for the entire city within 17 months. It is no wonder that parts of the city like western Kungsholmen were just left out and that parts of the plan were so clumsily connected. Even so, both the press and the city council were very positive and praised the plan. <br /><br />It’s important to remember that the entire municipal machinery was brand new—none of the new processes had been tested yet and none of the new councils, committees, or departments fully understood who was responsible for what, or who had responsibility <i>over</i> others.<br /><br />The council approved the plan and turned it over to Bildt, the King’s representative on the council. Bildt also approved the plan and turned it over to the municipal department which would actually implement the plan. But here, progress stopped. The public works department reacted negatively to being handed a finished plan and told to implement it. They decided that instead of merely implementing a plan that the council had approved, they should first review the plan. Having been given the plan in a top-down process, the department’s review was sure to be negative...<br /><br />And negative it was. First, the department criticized that the inner city was left almost completely intact as is and that the plan really only touched new, unbuilt areas. Parks and tree-lined boulevards were mostly relegated to the new, outer areas of the city. They also criticized that the plan was very detail-oriented, and that the parts didn’t make a unified whole. The awkward connections between major streets were especially criticized. The plan solved some specific problems, sometimes well and sometimes less well, but it lacked a comprehensive vision that would unify the city’s various landmasses into a cohesive cityscape. <br /><br />Instead of reviewing the plan and asking for a new iteration, the department completely rejected Wallström and Rudberg’s plan and decided to make one of its own. <br /> <br /><b>Conclusion</b><br />Wallström and Rudberg’s plan was eventually critiqued and discarded, but elements of their plan did live on in the future Lindhagen Plan. However, it is hard to separate Wallström and Rudberg’s creativity from Bildt’s top-down list of plan requirements, and I would argue that many of the plan elements which are credited to Lindhagen actually date back Wallström and Rudberg and then even farther back to Bildt. I’m getting ahead of myself, I’ll be writing about the Lindhagen plan in a future post, but my point is: Even if Wallström and Rudberg’s plan was discarded, it provided one more layer upon which Stockholm’s future plan was based. The mid-nineteenth century process of creating a general plan for Stockholm is often oversimplified and boiled down to the Lindhagen Plan of 1866, but there were actually many more steps along the way. The Lindhagen Plan may be a much better result, but it is a distillation of Bildt’s requirements as well as Wallström and Rudberg’s plan. </div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEifhGA_n08r4Pkd1GhjnY6BssCvAS0nY9VM3DSD_8QEb9zvNdFUbcF3FHpb9L48hmqo_68JaS1lqlAN6w7Fc6SDSLXgObKlfl_9igPHvlYZ4s8cGBNPkCAFzZB2NPW-d2IGbIiv8oHb98bx/s1600/Stockholm+Map.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1600" data-original-width="1438" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEifhGA_n08r4Pkd1GhjnY6BssCvAS0nY9VM3DSD_8QEb9zvNdFUbcF3FHpb9L48hmqo_68JaS1lqlAN6w7Fc6SDSLXgObKlfl_9igPHvlYZ4s8cGBNPkCAFzZB2NPW-d2IGbIiv8oHb98bx/s640/Stockholm+Map.jpg" width="574" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Red: Boundary boulevards that were more-or-less built according to Wallström and Rudberg's General Plan. Orange: Cross streets and thoroughfares that were more-or-less built according to Wallström and Rudberg's General Plan.</td></tr>
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<br /><br /><b>Sources </b><br />Thomas Hall, <i>Huvudstad i Omvandling</i> (2002)<br />Gösta Selling, <i>Esplanadsystemet och Albert Lindhagen: Stadsplanering i Stockholm åren 1857-1887 </i>(1970)<br /><br /><b>Images</b> are my own except for: <br />1) W&R maps: <a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lindhagenplanen">https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lindhagenplanen</a><br />2) Östermalm's Saluhall: <a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%96stermalms_saluhall">https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%96stermalms_saluhall</a><br />3) Östermalmstorg: <a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%96stermalmstorg">https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%96stermalmstorg</a><br />4) Observatoriet: <a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stockholms_gamla_observatorium">https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stockholms_gamla_observatorium</a></div>
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5) 1847 map of Kungsholmen: <a href="https://stockholmskallan.stockholm.se/post/28706">https://stockholmskallan.stockholm.se/post/28706</a>Rainahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03436765499184988845noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2772821807884282561.post-72768249933089077002019-06-15T16:03:00.000+02:002019-06-28T11:02:42.530+02:00To Plan or Not to Plan: Stockholm’s Big Question of the Mid-1800’s <div style="text-align: justify;">
It is incredible to me that Stockholm spent several decades in the mid-1800’s dithering about the need for city planning. This, in a city that had been dedicatedly building according to the same city plan for over two hundred years. This, in a city that was literally wallowing in its own feces. But despite its history of planning and the deadly epidemics, many city authorities considered planning too expensive, too inconvenient, too invasive, too socialist, and entirely unnecessary.<br />
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<b>Outgrowing the Original Plan</b><br />
First, a little background information on <a href="https://walkingstockholm.blogspot.com/2011/11/stockholms-earliest-urban-plan.html" target="_blank">Stockholm’s first urban plan</a>: <a href="https://walkingstockholm.blogspot.com/2013/01/stockholms-earliest-urban-plan-revisited.html" target="_blank">Örnehufvud/Torstensson’s plan</a> was drawn up in 1636 and the initial regularization was implemented over a couple of decades. After the plan was implemented, all new development (within the planned area) was built according to this grid plan. Throughout the 1700’s and the first half of the 19th century, Stockholm grew incredibly slowly and the city didn’t begin to outgrow the original plan until the 1800’s. </div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj7ZXL-c7Lc7C7UPCKBP1-fd1-g5VFX6mn7zu3XK8bZHanQfOABzWKsWvSBwqvReCeWmzBA7IquXamk-cGe2UtQlE223-NKkclogqRKD_nMul15T2s67Z0Nwi7mdBLDYMNKbDdZAWA-i3zW/s1600/Stockholm+Map+Extents+of+1600%2527s+plan.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1397" data-original-width="1600" height="558" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj7ZXL-c7Lc7C7UPCKBP1-fd1-g5VFX6mn7zu3XK8bZHanQfOABzWKsWvSBwqvReCeWmzBA7IquXamk-cGe2UtQlE223-NKkclogqRKD_nMul15T2s67Z0Nwi7mdBLDYMNKbDdZAWA-i3zW/s640/Stockholm+Map+Extents+of+1600%2527s+plan.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Approximate extents of Örnehufvud/Torstensson’s plan from 1636 </td></tr>
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Most new development outside of the original plan just extended the same grid pattern, so most of Stockholm’s building activity was still a relatively organized affair. The problem wasn’t orderliness so much as overpopulation: extending city streets that were sized according to the needs of a small city in the 1600’s didn’t translate well to a medium-sized city in the 1800’s. The streets were narrow and clogged with traffic.</div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhu6Rd9Jr2ptPrMUW3T_sBtOTyT8JlNe_3EMamg7Q-S3RAkK38zbgi6rvOPoYaXDgDMICBTlMhnH6kyXnv2_tBRrNFCuWutZc-b32a9NZXhe0iBGSOCMA011FWxizmW0cwQg432gnFufgB9/s1600/1836+map+vs+1600s+planning.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1325" data-original-width="1600" height="530" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhu6Rd9Jr2ptPrMUW3T_sBtOTyT8JlNe_3EMamg7Q-S3RAkK38zbgi6rvOPoYaXDgDMICBTlMhnH6kyXnv2_tBRrNFCuWutZc-b32a9NZXhe0iBGSOCMA011FWxizmW0cwQg432gnFufgB9/s640/1836+map+vs+1600s+planning.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">This map from 1836 shows, in grey, how much of Stockholm had been built up. In red, the approximate area covered by Örnehufvud/Torstensson’splan from 1636. In essence, all of the blocks outside of the red outlines represent Stockholm's growth over 200 years. *</td></tr>
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Not only the streets were full to bursting, but the buildings themselves were over capacity. While the city’s building stock had hardly grown at all from 1800-1840, it grew from a population of 84,160 in 1840 to 100,000 in 1856 and 126,200 in 1865. Most of the newcomers were of the working class and couldn’t afford much in the way of housing. At the time, small buildings with relatively cheap rents were being razed to make way for larger, fancier buildings with higher rent. So while the population was expanding, the selection of housing available to the newcomers was actually shrinking. The result was severe overcrowding as several families crammed into a single room in order to meet the rent. <br />
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The other major problem was <a href="https://walkingstockholm.blogspot.com/2018/08/stockholm-transitions-into-modern-era.html" target="_blank">health</a>. In the mid 1800’s, Stockholm had no water or sewage treatment and was one of Europe’s deadliest cities—the water sources were polluted and abundant swampy areas were breeding grounds for disease. Epidemics were common and more people died each year in Stockholm than were born. A third of all infants died in their first year. The only factor keeping Stockholm’s population somewhat stable was a constant stream of immigration from the countryside to the city. <br />
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<b>Politics</b><br />
There were three major factors contributing to the stagnation of Stockholm’s development. The first factor seems to be a simple matter of laziness and dogma—the city authorities adopted a laissez-faire attitude toward the city and they were extremely reluctant to interfere. This laissez-faire attitude was largely a matter of class politics—the wealthier classes could afford to import clean drinking water from the countryside and to escape to their country retreats during the deadly summer epidemics. The city’s poorer inhabitants suffered more from the city’s health and overcrowding issues, but the city authorities didn’t really care—the poor, working-class population was seen as disposable and replaceable. <br />
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Even when city authorities did admit a need for action, the rhetoric was often focused on the choked traffic and the need to create a better traffic flow to enable better business opportunities. Others emphasized the danger of the ramshackle neighborhoods as the breeding ground of socialism. In short, unhindered commerce was a much more important driver for change than the health of the poor. <br />
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The second major factor contributing to stagnation was money: Due to Sweden’s constant state of near-bankruptcy since the early 1700’s, very little had been built or developed in the city for 150 years. The third factor was city administration: Before 1862, the royal seat was directly under the control and financing of the cash-strapped monarchy. But in 1862, the city was finally granted the power to control its own fate and both the administration of the city and the city’s tax base were turned over to a new, modernized city government complete with salaried, full-time employees. While the whims of the monarchy still played a defining role in the city’s development, the city now had the mandate, the formal power, and some funding to act on its own. <br />
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There is an important asterisk to the city’s new self-governance. While the new city government was <i>mostly</i> democratically elected, the King still had the right to appoint a representative to the city council. <br />
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<b>Early Calls for Planning</b><br />
Since the worst conditions were to be found in Gamla Stan, the earliest proposals were focused on Stockholm’s Old Town. I have covered these proposals in depth in my post “<a href="https://walkingstockholm.blogspot.com/2017/11/threats-to-stockholms-old-town-gamla.html" target="_blank">Threats to Stockholm’s Old Town, Gamla Stan</a>.” The most famous proposal was Rudberg’s plan from 1862 which proposed to raze all of the Old Town to make way for a new, orderly grid development. Although the proposal seems preposterous today, it was warmly received and the only thing stopping the city was money: expropriating all of the land and all of the buildings of Gamla Stan in order to redevelop it was just too daunting and expensive. </div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEglV7ZYHkumdrk1ZRel1CtEyibaXBKY5V81P6rAN_kyFjZSfjNtQLJEBsGpZhMcGNbaNWI6gzU4EhEvr4WXeAcd2Rz7XIyfBRdaJ2sbc-s7xwk_HWFmBzMLW30XD8xeRHGHuyYyL0gUNup_/s1600/1862+Rudberg.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1535" data-original-width="1541" height="636" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEglV7ZYHkumdrk1ZRel1CtEyibaXBKY5V81P6rAN_kyFjZSfjNtQLJEBsGpZhMcGNbaNWI6gzU4EhEvr4WXeAcd2Rz7XIyfBRdaJ2sbc-s7xwk_HWFmBzMLW30XD8xeRHGHuyYyL0gUNup_/s640/1862+Rudberg.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Rudberg’s plan from 1862 to rebuild the Old Town. **</td></tr>
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There were a lot of factors and new technologies at work during this time period. There was an acute need for clean water and sewage treatment. The railroad was moving in. Regular public transportation following set routes and timetables in the form of horse-drawn trams was being introduced. Sturdier quays were needed to anchor larger and larger ships. There was a severe housing shortage. Yet all of these challenges were being solved, one by one, and no one was looking at the bigger picture. No one was thinking about how certain solutions could benefit more than one problem at a time. (Water and sewage pipes weren’t even laid simultaneously.) Problems were being solved for a very short time horizon and no one was thinking long-term. The city was systematically choosing the smallest and cheapest action possible.<br />
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The first person to suggest a more holistic study of the city was A.E. Schuldheis in 1857. His motion to the city council called for “a project plan for Stockholm City’s future appearance . . . not in respect to architecture but in respect to city planning.” He understood that this plan would benefit future generations more than those currently living: “We should act like farmers who plant oaks not to rest in the shade of the oak’s branches themselves but to leave it to our children and progeny to reap the fruits of our efforts.” One of his most powerful arguments was that tourists would be coming in on the railroad and that the city should offer them a reason to come: tourists do not flock to ugly cities. Schuldheis’s most concrete suggestion was that all of Stockholm’s waterfront should be lined with grand public walkways. <br />
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At the time, this last comment was so unlikely and utopian that he was practically laughed out of the council chamber, but the idea found some support. In the end, the council voted to form a committee to investigate the possibility of a more holistic city plan. In 1859, the committee’s formal opinion was that a more holistic city plan should, in fact, be created. The committee understood that given current legislation, the plan couldn’t be binding, but that it would help the city to make more informed decisions about infrastructure and such. The committee recommended that the plan should include:</div>
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1) the entire waterfront should be made public and developed into engineered quays<br />
2) all existing streets and public spaces should be straightened out to match the city’s grid pattern<br />
3) proposals for future streets and public spaces according to the grid<br />
4) proposals for better air circulation, more trees, public urinals, and other measures for the city’s health<br />
5) a deadline for when the above measures should be complete.<br />
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The committee’s proposal for a proposal wasn’t heard by the city council until 1860, and it was voted down. The time wasn’t considered ripe, especially because there was no up-to-date city map on which a new urban plan could be based. So instead of an urban plan, the city council ordered that a new city map should be drawn up. By 1862, no progress on a new map had been made. <br />
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<b>The King Steps In</b><br />
There had been at least three recent instances when the King had become tired of the City Council’s dithering stinginess, set his royal foot down, and made a decree that spurred the city to action. The first was in 1821 when the King decreed that the smelly fishing harbor at <a href="https://walkingstockholm.blogspot.com/2017/08/stockholms-first-public-park.html" target="_blank">Strömparterren</a> on Helgandsholmen should be removed and that a park should be planted instead. Then, in 1837, the King insisted that instead of a new bridge over the stinking, unhealthy bay at <a href="https://walkingstockholm.blogspot.com/2017/08/at-junction-of-geography-geology-and.html" target="_blank">Nybroviken</a>, the swampy inner areas of the bay should be filled in and made into a park and that a stone quay should be built at the water’s new edge. In 1861, the city council had rejected a proposal for a new quay and grand boulevard heading eastward from the city center. The King ordered the city to proceed with the project that is now <a href="https://walkingstockholm.blogspot.com/2018/10/strandvagen-stockholms-park-avenue.html" target="_blank">Strandvägen</a>. </div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiUuwD6tyUVKQJoDEGQUgzKnW_mT_Y7nJCgK25LqkH-bZ58J-cHyh8-2BEGqXYklZLepqZOJntQKHGpqCDhKifgBzTpwbrzDmuXkBhyphenhyphenANpIugWIx1YvsC_ikB_Cik-4CZN_FvZuSJ1HKfkn/s1600/Strandv%25C3%25A4gen+comp.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="588" data-original-width="1600" height="234" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiUuwD6tyUVKQJoDEGQUgzKnW_mT_Y7nJCgK25LqkH-bZ58J-cHyh8-2BEGqXYklZLepqZOJntQKHGpqCDhKifgBzTpwbrzDmuXkBhyphenhyphenANpIugWIx1YvsC_ikB_Cik-4CZN_FvZuSJ1HKfkn/s640/Strandv%25C3%25A4gen+comp.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Strandvägens quay and boulevard</td></tr>
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I don’t actually have a source that says outright that the King stepped in on Stockholm’s dithering about a new urban plan. Unlike with Strömparterren, Nybroviken, and Strandvägen, there was no royal decree that forced the city council into action. Instead, in 1862 the King appointed a new royal representative (Överståthållare) to the city council. The day after his appointment, Gillis Bildt (a somewhat conservative noble and a military officer) forced the hand of the city and work on a new city map was begun. <br />
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<b>Bildt’s Motion for a Plan </b><br />
In 1863, Bildt took further action. He realized that the need for a new urban plan was so urgent that the city simply could not wait for a fully updated map which would of course be somewhat outdated before it was even finished. Instead, an existing map from the 1840’s would suffice. Bildt understood that so drastic an action would never pass by the new, democratically elected council unchallenged, so he phrased his “decree” as a “motion.” <br />
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By the 1860’s, Stockholm’s population was exploding and new areas were being developed every day. Bildt defended the need for an urban plan writing that “there are still countless empty spaces in the city’s outer areas that will soon be developed.” Therefore there was an urgent need for a “comprehensive, pre-determined plan that would be followed in the future.”<br />
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Bildt’s motion for a comprehensive urban plan included several more general and several very specific requirements:<br />
1) Sufficient and appropriate traffic routes from the periphery to the center of the city </div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiOofjJEfOPcH2UWCpskYHLs-3BnWTqBA1bSL8f1TNrqXwgKFM23Z5dnmV6wiZJZP-3pORD-V3v5HLqzC3DTTwTREyfbP-2tcjKq7k0fp2iX3XuW4JVHqKFKll5JMxocR7IC4JYoJ5m588a/s1600/Sveav%25C3%25A4gen+comp.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="635" data-original-width="1600" height="254" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiOofjJEfOPcH2UWCpskYHLs-3BnWTqBA1bSL8f1TNrqXwgKFM23Z5dnmV6wiZJZP-3pORD-V3v5HLqzC3DTTwTREyfbP-2tcjKq7k0fp2iX3XuW4JVHqKFKll5JMxocR7IC4JYoJ5m588a/s640/Sveav%25C3%25A4gen+comp.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Today's Sveavägen was eventually a direct result of Bildt's decree.</td></tr>
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<div style="text-align: justify;">
2) Sufficient and appropriate cross-streets</div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiPSwsCEcV92NmDKP4phXVAB-xLYpuqCcbbVH-Vj-gwOeQgtuSRWQ6-yIkpxwplOudGdRRs0fsEHqwxKxqB0fmqoZqZR3R6k1HrWIunHWO_Q7yj4Is0GS_x5EBy-X0arovBG4hIPXmlyC_j/s1600/Odengatan+comp.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="635" data-original-width="1600" height="252" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiPSwsCEcV92NmDKP4phXVAB-xLYpuqCcbbVH-Vj-gwOeQgtuSRWQ6-yIkpxwplOudGdRRs0fsEHqwxKxqB0fmqoZqZR3R6k1HrWIunHWO_Q7yj4Is0GS_x5EBy-X0arovBG4hIPXmlyC_j/s640/Odengatan+comp.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Today's Odengatan was eventually a direct result of Bildt's decree.</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
3) Quays at all waterfronts</div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjsxF7WvyDv415YSuFPQoUy3xNtJVBTLz3RLpK6Q83DVPy5zo4NaiErwpGAmkayvLF4y9LZy3vGo1YwijrkPilkbrCyefnbsdjy694sdf0mul5VDdXwHy7H4oYjive_DJY7yDA7XsWTXQb9/s1600/quays+along+the+waterfronts.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="810" data-original-width="1080" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjsxF7WvyDv415YSuFPQoUy3xNtJVBTLz3RLpK6Q83DVPy5zo4NaiErwpGAmkayvLF4y9LZy3vGo1YwijrkPilkbrCyefnbsdjy694sdf0mul5VDdXwHy7H4oYjive_DJY7yDA7XsWTXQb9/s400/quays+along+the+waterfronts.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Today's stone quays were eventually a direct result of Bildt's decree.</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br />
4) The continuation and widening of existing streets, especially Klara Västra Kyrkogatan, Klara Norra Kyrkogatan, and Vasagatan which Bildt proposed would become the main arteries into Norrmalm from Gamla Stan.</div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiCnyz0Gndt48K9VmDA04YY4ta9ToHwy5USawlN9uvaYCjL6VWJabQL9hjdl8f8-yFaBIJ68MafMegGFxL-90oJqRknC9lz_QXZBFE6dfWro-aeaWd17KGrzv_dxxc8bNxQxhHJZVodv-Kz/s1600/Klara+v%25C3%25A4stra+kyrkogata+comp.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="810" data-original-width="1577" height="328" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiCnyz0Gndt48K9VmDA04YY4ta9ToHwy5USawlN9uvaYCjL6VWJabQL9hjdl8f8-yFaBIJ68MafMegGFxL-90oJqRknC9lz_QXZBFE6dfWro-aeaWd17KGrzv_dxxc8bNxQxhHJZVodv-Kz/s640/Klara+v%25C3%25A4stra+kyrkogata+comp.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Klara Västra Kyrkogatan and Klara Norra Kyrkogatan were never
developed into main arteries. The 1700's meet the 2000's on Klara Västra Kyrkogatan.</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhazFT26QAbs4fyQ5yTaNk7UNOXsIN_tS9ScgQ6QJs7F37flw_VsxhPQZOJfNCe81OKF02a-dELvHSSBT_vTAW_cGfiXm3Ex6BZrz34IWXlHrvKv5kkKpM8aPn17MjiomwZOxbmKyBBQz71/s1600/Klara+norra+kyrkogata+comp.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="588" data-original-width="1600" height="234" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhazFT26QAbs4fyQ5yTaNk7UNOXsIN_tS9ScgQ6QJs7F37flw_VsxhPQZOJfNCe81OKF02a-dELvHSSBT_vTAW_cGfiXm3Ex6BZrz34IWXlHrvKv5kkKpM8aPn17MjiomwZOxbmKyBBQz71/s640/Klara+norra+kyrkogata+comp.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">The southern end of Klara Norra Kyrkogatan did eventually get widened, but not until the 1960's. The northern end retains it's pre-industrial scale. </td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEipOgXYA0aMPek8Ezi8NVkqGExdt3nBf0yXss4UudN1FaoN_SiGcqXFCH_CyHywCFSzzAGvI17s4FzHM-CZ8ue0n0MlZEHCcVwzk07pMfVsfyfzvic4E_y9Tphcw13sLtyuY3spd-ScUB5H/s1600/Vasagatan+comp.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="635" data-original-width="1600" height="252" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEipOgXYA0aMPek8Ezi8NVkqGExdt3nBf0yXss4UudN1FaoN_SiGcqXFCH_CyHywCFSzzAGvI17s4FzHM-CZ8ue0n0MlZEHCcVwzk07pMfVsfyfzvic4E_y9Tphcw13sLtyuY3spd-ScUB5H/s640/Vasagatan+comp.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">While Klara Västra Kyrkogatan and Klara Norra Kyrkogatan were never
developed into main arteries, Vasagatan was. However, it was never
extended much past the city of the 1600's.</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br />
5) A new food market at the new train station in Norrmalm</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
6) A new street on the eastern side of Humlegården which would provide a route out of the city to the north to the natural areas of Norra Djurgården (this street would become Sturegatan)</div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhOr7wqK6C2W6Z5KyAybDHOv7WeVefqc-vid9dAoGq4igrq9l5RZaTIg18amXE0IaQy2sYZao7InpgI9mP_NV9MSiy-UdVykME9Sd_qMdjKyLQpS2r0LjXiQv8dvTPGU9DG8IZJqZFdlX4v/s1600/Sturegatan+comp.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="638" data-original-width="1600" height="254" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhOr7wqK6C2W6Z5KyAybDHOv7WeVefqc-vid9dAoGq4igrq9l5RZaTIg18amXE0IaQy2sYZao7InpgI9mP_NV9MSiy-UdVykME9Sd_qMdjKyLQpS2r0LjXiQv8dvTPGU9DG8IZJqZFdlX4v/s640/Sturegatan+comp.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Today's Sturegatan was eventually a direct result of Bildt's decree.</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
7) A new street to replace Träskrännilen, the very polluted creek running down into the bay at Nybroviken (this street would become Birger Jarlsgatan)</div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjKNk2uP1QtR7Jp9fJUPcEwlk0pBHTD_8AP9F-BQDL4bm4KEJv01b73vv9MN0U1ixhJlXDrLTVdkfdCIUwoKJHu8NChyWSGxmSYtJbRNCg_WRdjsxSxcKkzDYrt09xqx4601iZOJCn1nseG/s1600/Birger+jarlsgatan+comp.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="635" data-original-width="1600" height="254" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjKNk2uP1QtR7Jp9fJUPcEwlk0pBHTD_8AP9F-BQDL4bm4KEJv01b73vv9MN0U1ixhJlXDrLTVdkfdCIUwoKJHu8NChyWSGxmSYtJbRNCg_WRdjsxSxcKkzDYrt09xqx4601iZOJCn1nseG/s640/Birger+jarlsgatan+comp.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Today's Birger Jarlsgatan was eventually a direct result of Bildt's decree.</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br />
8) New streets and public spaces in the Fatburen area where the lake had been filled in for the new railroad station.</div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjbO9pFyBt5a-8RGZBjJlY0IDU4rt2gVxsHWN_N4Oyysrp30vJfFRsAEvjCpaQEfEnSMIdUz3MLHUlfQOQhuSuCQ9k-LfLI_2CHi-hZ_2PtkCTkNiHtS-Rqkv08znMfHAiPA2iCSMkuVhUO/s1600/Fatbursparken+comp.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="636" data-original-width="1600" height="254" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjbO9pFyBt5a-8RGZBjJlY0IDU4rt2gVxsHWN_N4Oyysrp30vJfFRsAEvjCpaQEfEnSMIdUz3MLHUlfQOQhuSuCQ9k-LfLI_2CHi-hZ_2PtkCTkNiHtS-Rqkv08znMfHAiPA2iCSMkuVhUO/s640/Fatbursparken+comp.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">It took about 100 years longer than the above street examples, but Fatburen park was eventually established in the old lake bed.</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
9) Due to expropriation and financing difficulties, Gamla Stan should regretfully be excluded from the plan </div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
10) Because the city’s civil servants were already overwhelmed with their own work, the city council should appoint a special task force <br />
<br />
I am curious about how Bildt’s list of requirements was formulated. Was it given to Bildt from the King? Or did Bildt write the list? Was Bildt well traveled or well read on matters of city planning? Did he consult an engineer or an architect? It is said that Bildt wished to be Stockholm’s Haussman, but had he ever even been to Paris? <br />
<br />
Aside from the more general requirements, Bildt more-or-less ignored Södermalm and entirely ignored Kungsholmen; Norrmalm and Östermalm were at the forefront of his list. This is probably partly due to the fact that the new central railroad station was slated to be located in Norrmalm, making that area the new central area of the city. Bourgeoisie commerce was already more centered in Norrmalm than on Södermalm. Also, Södermalm’s topography with its sheer cliffs facing toward the city were always a challenge, and aside from a few steep, long staircases and a couple of unreasonably steep streets, no one had yet proposed a good way to connect Södermalm to the rest of the city. Since both Södermalm and Kungsholmen were the poorer areas of town, Bildt was probably less interested in those areas, anyway. <br />
<br />
The council agreed to Bildt’s motion and the City Engineer A. W. Wallström was asked to create a proposal and cost estimate in consultation with Rudberg “who has created a commendable plan for [Gamla Stan].” <br />
<br />
The city was more or less forced into agreeing to create a new urban plan. Bildt’s less-than-democratic approach would later partly backfire, but the ball had none-the-less started rolling and there was no more denying the need for a new urban plan. Furthermore, the majority of Bildt’s plan requirements would eventually be worked into the new, comprehensive city plan, and they would even eventually get built. More on Walström and Rudberg’s plan in my next post...<br />
<br />
<b>Sources </b><br />
Gösta Selling, <i>Esplanadsystemet och Albert Lindhagen: Stadsplanering i Stockholm åren 1857-1887 </i>(1970) <br />
Per Kallstenius, <i>Minne och vision: Stockholms stadsutveckling i dåtid, nutid och framtid</i> (2010)<br />
<br />
<b>Images</b><br />
All images are my own unless marked with<br />
* underlying map: <a href="https://stockholmskallan.stockholm.se/post/9160">https://stockholmskallan.stockholm.se/post/9160</a><br />
** Gösta Selling, <i>Hur Gamla stan överlevde</i> (1973) </div>
Rainahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03436765499184988845noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2772821807884282561.post-62961285081916044762019-03-25T21:53:00.000+01:002019-03-25T22:08:30.147+01:00Mosebacke Torg: A Rent in the Urban Fabric Becomes an Early Pocket Park<div style="text-align: justify;">
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhL63xpfTB_28bSw6NLPsF7ToF4YR_qJFAd86pxdEqALEbG2PzPiy_jet2xFSGxicqLIvyn-tK8gSbA7InRUOVdtwpA9H65n3FWPKsyubT085PsNsCT8edbk-lsDWdmjv-TZz995IUY84M9/s1600/first+comp.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="588" data-original-width="1600" height="234" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhL63xpfTB_28bSw6NLPsF7ToF4YR_qJFAd86pxdEqALEbG2PzPiy_jet2xFSGxicqLIvyn-tK8gSbA7InRUOVdtwpA9H65n3FWPKsyubT085PsNsCT8edbk-lsDWdmjv-TZz995IUY84M9/s640/first+comp.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
Looking through a series of historic maps from the 1600s to the mid 1800’s, one can see that there has always been a slight fissure or opening in the dense urban fabric of Katarina Parish at Mosebacke Square (<i>torg</i> = square). </div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhaUHGSa-IigsuxSjvH5QOally31hBpIVBfZOWgb2PEkDtst0JwS192SMUqG5FxEpPFxVwcyFupFqb5gGNV-ePnd_404GL8rmPFKg4Y76oHS1XTJr_H4h8cN6MrNczcMHa1xhCtp42_l6Sp/s1600/map-comp.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="424" data-original-width="1600" height="168" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhaUHGSa-IigsuxSjvH5QOally31hBpIVBfZOWgb2PEkDtst0JwS192SMUqG5FxEpPFxVwcyFupFqb5gGNV-ePnd_404GL8rmPFKg4Y76oHS1XTJr_H4h8cN6MrNczcMHa1xhCtp42_l6Sp/s640/map-comp.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Maps from 1731, 1818 and 1805 show a small disruption in the urban fabric at Mosebacke. The full-fledged square is visible on the map from 1861. *</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
The oddly shaped space resulted from the junction of two street systems: the right-angled grid following the Götgatan (map 1) artery leading from Gamla Stan (map 2) and the terraced streets following the cliff face along Södermalm’s edge at the Stadsgården harbor. </div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhoXdkqWACgqxiLxPivKCq6ZMk3JeKQ9yjAi_ZdmXwdsMLxP_oXV_fYFKdQJZ7JQda3I3HwVQz9dCC_skQ3Xp6Cnmf2o_BJ6ad2uYBPCL9Jc8osQ0L0HVLgLknBblUJNDhOyENlX7PANv_R/s1600/Mosebacke-Torg-Maps.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="805" data-original-width="609" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhoXdkqWACgqxiLxPivKCq6ZMk3JeKQ9yjAi_ZdmXwdsMLxP_oXV_fYFKdQJZ7JQda3I3HwVQz9dCC_skQ3Xp6Cnmf2o_BJ6ad2uYBPCL9Jc8osQ0L0HVLgLknBblUJNDhOyENlX7PANv_R/s640/Mosebacke-Torg-Maps.jpg" width="484" /></a></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br />
Apparently the city already had plans to make this fissure into an official square when a large part of the parish burned down in 1857. The fire made space for a much larger square than the original left-over wedge—now an entire city block is left unbuilt for this neighborhood oasis. The square was planted with trees in a symmetrical arrangement and was from the beginning meant to be a green haven. </div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgwUGhyphenhyphengQy3nbqid73MWj7lKavwhvQ2xmmDz5aHyc4g67hD2r8VBLYePjFTRcdywAWBUMMiHY9WMQRkq3jAbThd3kZIAP34ZCz-RNsFAey0a2Qk98BSsB-FBeWTy8RCMQvb2f8IJarL7OCx/s1600/1897.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="687" data-original-width="903" height="303" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgwUGhyphenhyphengQy3nbqid73MWj7lKavwhvQ2xmmDz5aHyc4g67hD2r8VBLYePjFTRcdywAWBUMMiHY9WMQRkq3jAbThd3kZIAP34ZCz-RNsFAey0a2Qk98BSsB-FBeWTy8RCMQvb2f8IJarL7OCx/s400/1897.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Plan of the square drawn in 1897 **</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br />
The building stock directly around Mosebacke Square was for the most part built after the Katarina Fire cleared away the smaller-scaled, more rural landscape, but just a block away, a number of buildings from the 1700’s survived.</div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiCIPjE2N-9vcqPd4AuJb7fDELKw-YE5cO133-lD1iPx3TxVKZIWS8cL5ulr6aiFHmF7rZ8ng4iGzLoLcGTOHyUZIL81QWRiW1_YLSjrXd2D7_rgCy6Jqd3KwiuZW_b5gZeDEB-NmeZUIS0/s1600/1700s+1800s+comp.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="588" data-original-width="1600" height="234" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiCIPjE2N-9vcqPd4AuJb7fDELKw-YE5cO133-lD1iPx3TxVKZIWS8cL5ulr6aiFHmF7rZ8ng4iGzLoLcGTOHyUZIL81QWRiW1_YLSjrXd2D7_rgCy6Jqd3KwiuZW_b5gZeDEB-NmeZUIS0/s640/1700s+1800s+comp.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Buildings from the 1700's and 1800's</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br />
The neighborhood’s mostly poor residents certainly had use of a central green space, but I surmise that the city’s original motivation for creating a small park here had more to do with the large theater, Södra Teatern (map 4), which was built the same year that the square was first planned. The original theater was damaged in the fire, but it was rebuilt by architect Johan Fredrik Åbom in 1859. </div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg06ZZXHwXQKoYSXc-11fUiBGooQF_THfn-d4oy8zovbUhiRjaIJWXBIhN49tlHH5rPIhhuf-awk5fz835KXm1-oLQQGPt6KwVMWBkzlzVJByvb-R2C_ZVjmbKhd_v0_tKqgBIJ6Zp6cxA5/s1600/s%25C3%25B6dra+teatern+comp.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="588" data-original-width="1600" height="234" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg06ZZXHwXQKoYSXc-11fUiBGooQF_THfn-d4oy8zovbUhiRjaIJWXBIhN49tlHH5rPIhhuf-awk5fz835KXm1-oLQQGPt6KwVMWBkzlzVJByvb-R2C_ZVjmbKhd_v0_tKqgBIJ6Zp6cxA5/s640/s%25C3%25B6dra+teatern+comp.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Södra Teatern</td></tr>
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</div>
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Södra Teatern wasn’t just a theater but was an entertainment center with
a main and several smaller stages, five bars including a champagne bar,
a restaurant, a bowling alley, and in the summer, a very popular
terrace with live music, dancing, and a bar. The theater was frequented
by a much more cultured and elite set than the local neighborhood
residents who had a tough time affording enough to eat, much less
theater tickets. </div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjXN8JjqCMb6-f67iw-cSKFDRiko-rQybN2ut3kqTiNeYer6rXRERmQllgulRyrsX00x7-X5vLuB_M7SbGzaPQmE2FzCbCjsPHDzRyYkgi_uUV6s1I0HDYPdILV_4Fn47jaMcXVIhruxToI/s1600/Terrace+and+view+comp.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="588" data-original-width="1600" height="234" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjXN8JjqCMb6-f67iw-cSKFDRiko-rQybN2ut3kqTiNeYer6rXRERmQllgulRyrsX00x7-X5vLuB_M7SbGzaPQmE2FzCbCjsPHDzRyYkgi_uUV6s1I0HDYPdILV_4Fn47jaMcXVIhruxToI/s640/Terrace+and+view+comp.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Mosebacke Terrace and view</td></tr>
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Mosebacke Torg wasn’t Stockholm’s first public green space—<a href="https://walkingstockholm.blogspot.com/2017/08/stockholms-first-public-park.html" target="_blank">Strömparterren</a> opened in 1832 and <a href="https://walkingstockholm.blogspot.com/2017/08/at-junction-of-geography-geology-and.html" target="_blank">Berzelli Park</a> was planted in 1852, but even so, Mosebacke was one of Stockholm’s earliest parks or planted squares. If one accepts my conjecture that Mosebacke was planned in conjunction with the new theater, then all three of Stockholm’s earliest public parks were designed concurrently with the establishment of Stockholm’s nightlife. Strömparterren featured a café and music pavilion; Berzelli featured Bern’s Salon with its bar, café, and music pavilion; and Mosebacke featured the theater, bars, restaurant, bowling alley, and summer dance terrace. These green spaces were built with public funding from the city, but they were made successful and popular due to the private entertainments associated with them. I have no proof of their influence but I can’t help but wonder if the entertainment men also sat on the park planning committees or perhaps contributed funds in some legal or illegal way.</div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiBAMMfXUZH725QnRzrey0x1o4tf0IEvWvQXXjvyFnr2-hsVD6Bs59RgKkYZlBM1Ncsv2yatyeTsFnxPFcY-Jv1fPLu4OXSiRVbhGGYo4hqQZr_Kx3MUjUXH7AsIVRnEOMJv673Q5EeGRxk/s1600/square+comp+2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="588" data-original-width="1600" height="234" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiBAMMfXUZH725QnRzrey0x1o4tf0IEvWvQXXjvyFnr2-hsVD6Bs59RgKkYZlBM1Ncsv2yatyeTsFnxPFcY-Jv1fPLu4OXSiRVbhGGYo4hqQZr_Kx3MUjUXH7AsIVRnEOMJv673Q5EeGRxk/s640/square+comp+2.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
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<br />
Four local streets circulate around the square, but a fifth street, Fiskargatan (Fisherman’s Street), dead-ends into the square with a terraced staircase (map 5). The square itself has only a mild slope, but this staircase is evidence of the area’s extreme topography. </div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgbjuQchrz6fX2XErDatqyXQ_FReymtdnLUsgWRAvvNCkGDSacdCm017sXobWUJTtO_FNKcAAUNf74zQPkv_q4Lt_gcaX3-p3GPFP2tMVq7qTfEtmrjG0kAK0YOHaCJtyX0YWyxok914f5G/s1600/terraces+comp.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="747" data-original-width="1600" height="298" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgbjuQchrz6fX2XErDatqyXQ_FReymtdnLUsgWRAvvNCkGDSacdCm017sXobWUJTtO_FNKcAAUNf74zQPkv_q4Lt_gcaX3-p3GPFP2tMVq7qTfEtmrjG0kAK0YOHaCJtyX0YWyxok914f5G/s640/terraces+comp.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">The terraced stair leading down from Fiskargatan to Mosebacke Torg</td></tr>
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At the top of the staircase looms a National Romantic <a href="http://walkingstockholm.blogspot.com/2018/08/stockholm-transitions-into-modern-era.html" target="_blank">water tower</a> designed in 1895 by architect Ferdinand Broberg.</div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiQg0hwkAa_-h1CyNL2FByHOUxaDwJ8ecet22urawjuTqyIQ1UJXx1Ow_eCvxzW-l7yJB7u4boTBcYWIKW1ftVYJJZgu_4b6wmo7mjsvodoD4yxucMtXIMKZS3psuKtW_vXYKE7Yo1nQ9pN/s1600/Mosebacke+vattentorn+comp.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1038" data-original-width="1600" height="414" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiQg0hwkAa_-h1CyNL2FByHOUxaDwJ8ecet22urawjuTqyIQ1UJXx1Ow_eCvxzW-l7yJB7u4boTBcYWIKW1ftVYJJZgu_4b6wmo7mjsvodoD4yxucMtXIMKZS3psuKtW_vXYKE7Yo1nQ9pN/s640/Mosebacke+vattentorn+comp.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
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In 1945, the square’s landscape design was renewed. The trees were kept but a large section of square was covered in small paving stones. </div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiDcqz3WI1a_k3IkSpE68pq17Jkxp73LVJi5BlFe5eyFICSrHZfBZ-Pc-WuGiRSWxyZ_MG8seacRwjnBFPFb894Qrf3YC5hub68l8s3u5dhzbZTFfcFmRKLMkNeS41o97h8i3SrbgVe02m_/s1600/Plan+and+Railing+comp.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="583" data-original-width="1600" height="232" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiDcqz3WI1a_k3IkSpE68pq17Jkxp73LVJi5BlFe5eyFICSrHZfBZ-Pc-WuGiRSWxyZ_MG8seacRwjnBFPFb894Qrf3YC5hub68l8s3u5dhzbZTFfcFmRKLMkNeS41o97h8i3SrbgVe02m_/s640/Plan+and+Railing+comp.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">New plan for the square drawn u in 1941 **</td></tr>
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Sculptures, a small splash pool, benches, and an artistic railing were installed. The square remains much as it was in 1945, complete with the original telephone booth.</div>
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Like nearby <a href="https://walkingstockholm.blogspot.com/2013/06/maria-parish-after-fire-of-1759.html" target="_blank">Mariatorget</a>, Mosebacke is an interesting blend between a square and a park. It is too green and lush to be a city square in the traditional sense, but it is too small for leisurely summer picnics and kite flying. It just might be a forerunner to today’s “pocket park.” Mosebacke Square provides just enough open space and just enough greenery to make the densely built-up neighborhood more livable and less claustrophobic. </div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgK8wy_kooRl7fkSZsGxw-aCayp46-Qw-yK7ogtHKGVBNzQPmrbGSNOzZuKRjR8IG5Xut4rgrrsHbOvFuT4j3IC0Z1G-bYZ1lczgiDvZS0_zqqe_liBg-5oj2vIxqbsUOOGEObxYUj7sKr6/s1600/Mosebacke.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="810" data-original-width="1080" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgK8wy_kooRl7fkSZsGxw-aCayp46-Qw-yK7ogtHKGVBNzQPmrbGSNOzZuKRjR8IG5Xut4rgrrsHbOvFuT4j3IC0Z1G-bYZ1lczgiDvZS0_zqqe_liBg-5oj2vIxqbsUOOGEObxYUj7sKr6/s400/Mosebacke.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
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<b>Sources</b><br />
Bengt Edlund, <i>Vårt gröna Stockholm Parker, parklekar, promenader och konst</i> (2018).<br />
Bertil Asker,<i> Stockholms parker innerstaden </i>(1986).</div>
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<b>Images</b></div>
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All images are my own except for<br />
* Nils-Erik Landell,<i> Stockholmskartor</i> (2000).</div>
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** Bertil Asker,<i> Stockholms parker innerstaden </i>(1986).<br />
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P.S. My winter photos don't do the square justice--Mosebacke Torg really is a lovely and well-used space in the summer! </div>
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Rainahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03436765499184988845noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2772821807884282561.post-41299711075307737812019-02-24T17:52:00.001+01:002019-02-24T17:55:47.502+01:00Humlegården: A Mini Central Park and Sweden’s Library of Congress<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj8AiYTDhWld8JbQss_vDsLmDQvda5rI1LfLzqDYVmkCBHjVn-B8mzHi3z0MnDQPIqXXXvOV2q1x88Nq5rJRjscpiuF92tFJlJKXO4JJVK5th9pDJkAHFTlqdzAPyRm9oOMYYSBiRX4UPrx/s1600/first+comp.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="588" data-original-width="1600" height="234" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj8AiYTDhWld8JbQss_vDsLmDQvda5rI1LfLzqDYVmkCBHjVn-B8mzHi3z0MnDQPIqXXXvOV2q1x88Nq5rJRjscpiuF92tFJlJKXO4JJVK5th9pDJkAHFTlqdzAPyRm9oOMYYSBiRX4UPrx/s640/first+comp.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
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Today, Humlegården is a green oasis at the edge of the densely built-up Östermalm area. It’s not the only park in the area, but it’s the largest by far and is enormously popular for slow strolls and picnics and birthday parties and sunbathing in the summer, sledding in the winter, and playground visits year round. Its position at the junction between Östermalm’s and Norrmalm’s street grids would lead one to think that the park was planned in as a green break between the two dense neighborhoods, but in fact, the park existed centuries before dense development reached so far. Today’s public park is a remnant of the once much larger private royal park.</div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiE3dtGI8sUp77UNIwtDsJPK1hn10IKZ8OhsEmgHEXlPvH39ReSSNLFZytnIMognVor7_qTRMksP4FwkHpzhK141vjjQUCyjCzrx3Y4HVhPsPrmYYetFLKdrScfloeOqmdSYFVY0PZcdk5f/s1600/Humleg%25C3%25A5rden+Maps.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1600" data-original-width="1512" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiE3dtGI8sUp77UNIwtDsJPK1hn10IKZ8OhsEmgHEXlPvH39ReSSNLFZytnIMognVor7_qTRMksP4FwkHpzhK141vjjQUCyjCzrx3Y4HVhPsPrmYYetFLKdrScfloeOqmdSYFVY0PZcdk5f/s640/Humleg%25C3%25A5rden+Maps.jpg" width="604" /></a></div>
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<b>History</b><br />
Humlegården translates as “Hops Farm.” Hops, the key ingredient in beer making, was in the late Middle Ages practically more valuable than gold. Sweden imported so much hops that a huge portion of the nation’s iron exports went to paying for hops (considering that Sweden was Europe’s largest iron exporter, this equated to a <i>lot</i> of hops (see <a href="http://walkingstockholm.blogspot.com/2018/08/stockholm-transitions-into-modern-era.html" target="_blank">Locks</a>)). By 1442, farmers were required to pay their taxes to the Crown, 10% of their income, in hops. To further combat the need to import hops to the capitol, King Gustav II Adolf set aside a large parcel of land outside of the city for hops cultivation in 1619. This coincided with the conversion of the very central <a href="https://walkingstockholm.blogspot.com/2012/10/kungstradgarden-kings-garden.html" target="_blank">Kungsträdgården</a> from a kitchen garden supporting the castle with vegetables, fruits and herbs to a royal pleasure park. In addition to hops, Humlegården also took over Kunsträdgården’s roll in providing the castle with fresh produce. </div>
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It turned out that Stockholm’s climate is just a touch too cold to successfully grow hops. As the hops died out, Humlegården’s kitchen gardens took over larger areas of the farm. By the 1640’s, the farm had 709 apple trees, 494 cherry trees, 241 plum trees, 203 pear trees, and 320 damson trees. (Hops grows well just a bit inland, and Svarsjö and Ultuna became the new centers of royal hops cultivation.) Additionally, fields were converted into meadows for the grazing of royal livestock and barns were built to house the livestock over the winter. The farm was completely enclosed by wooden fences both to keep the riffraff out of the gardens and to keep the livestock from roaming. <br />
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In 1648, Queen Kristina imported the French landscape architect André Mollet and charged him, among other royal projects, with turning Humlegården from a humble kitchen garden into a royal pleasure park. Mollet drew up plans for a fancy baroque garden, but I haven’t been able to find a copy of his original drawings. </div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj_qHws4s5Q_1NIyW9ICVYhe51n5jh3q-guXrD63WoSpxNiZGXywWNLfBHQlxGP9bn74LRGgCXP6jAdX_FSCgOjECdaR5IUw76izbPRO28awI2hXs_0s02Qz5FOXNa64kYfm7MIUKd2QCfB/s1600/1774+bertil.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="993" data-original-width="921" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj_qHws4s5Q_1NIyW9ICVYhe51n5jh3q-guXrD63WoSpxNiZGXywWNLfBHQlxGP9bn74LRGgCXP6jAdX_FSCgOjECdaR5IUw76izbPRO28awI2hXs_0s02Qz5FOXNa64kYfm7MIUKd2QCfB/s400/1774+bertil.jpg" width="370" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">This drawing of the park from 1774 shows Mollet's eight radiating linden allés.*</td></tr>
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Only part of the garden was converted before Mollet left Sweden in 1653
and Kristina abdicated the throne in 1654, but Mollet’s radiating linden
allés are still the dominant feature of the park today. </div>
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For the next 50 years, Humlegården was a beloved outing for the Court. In 1686 Queen Ulrika Eleonora had a pavilion built at the center of the allé crossing, and she frequently took her children, including the future King, to play in the park.<br />
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However, the park was largely ignored during the 1700’s due to a lack of funding for upkeep and a lack of interest from the monarchy. By 1763, it was decided to rent out the land to private entrepreneurs who were to maintain the park and keep it open to the public without an entrance fee. In return, the entrepreneurs could use the meadows for grazing of private livestock, sell the fruits and vegetables, and run entertainments such as a theatre, a carousel, a dancehall, and a café. Several businesspersons tried to make the arrangement profitable, but to no avail. </div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh8IBzWuwZUX2RXc69hpS4YCtWtxeKvScTL9-Z76W1_rGNkIiLE_Ffad9XjS1eXRdc0m8sGfkCYq65JV3_9Ibzf3clM0TODOih4h5zL-4mCkQ7JQRPIY0osXZK2rJ8uvrG_q8sD8XBhcqrP/s1600/cafe+comp.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="588" data-original-width="1600" height="234" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh8IBzWuwZUX2RXc69hpS4YCtWtxeKvScTL9-Z76W1_rGNkIiLE_Ffad9XjS1eXRdc0m8sGfkCYq65JV3_9Ibzf3clM0TODOih4h5zL-4mCkQ7JQRPIY0osXZK2rJ8uvrG_q8sD8XBhcqrP/s640/cafe+comp.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">There are still a couple of cafés on the edge of the park.</td></tr>
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I find it surprising that the monarchy, despite a lack of interest and funding for the park, chose to hold onto this parcel of land while simultaneously donating large sections of Östermalm to the city to be developed into housing blocks. Why did the monarchy want to hold on to Humlegården when it was so expensive to maintain and so obviously hard for private leaseholders to make a profitable go of? Did the monarchy already foresee that this green space would eventually be needed in order to keep the densely built-up city humane and livable? </div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg4MqHqjP9aKqYJji1dz5oAoGPGuKn0UrfTr3RS8kdhVq2f8k4u4aCif-98fFJEFi9DYYqQ0U0J8E4HFNrzYdrEAOsvWdTST940GcPmjbSioGw4ygjvpDeXuYK8JM3mx2GV7rQaD6sx5DAX/s1600/Humleg%25C3%25A5rden+satelite.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="915" data-original-width="1600" height="366" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg4MqHqjP9aKqYJji1dz5oAoGPGuKn0UrfTr3RS8kdhVq2f8k4u4aCif-98fFJEFi9DYYqQ0U0J8E4HFNrzYdrEAOsvWdTST940GcPmjbSioGw4ygjvpDeXuYK8JM3mx2GV7rQaD6sx5DAX/s640/Humleg%25C3%25A5rden+satelite.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">(image from google earth)</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
<div style="text-align: justify;">
In 1837, the Linnésällskapet, a non-profit botanical organization, became the new caretakers of the park. The northern part of the park was redesigned into an English garden with meandering paths and clusters of exotic trees, but four of the original eight Baroque linden allés were preserved thanks to the King who stopped the total destruction of the historic allés. The non-profit even operated a small zoo on the premises, but they, too, couldn’t make the park pay for itself, not least due to hooligans which constantly destroyed the park’s fences and stole animals from the zoo.<br />
<br />
Once it was opened to the public, Humlegården became a popular outing
for the working class. These patrons couldn’t afford much in the way
of refreshments and brought their own picnic baskets. As the park
became more and more well-known as the haunt of the working class, those
that could afford tickets to the entertainments and refreshments at the
café stayed away. The park became more and more worn and dilapidated
in a downward spiral. Soon, the park became the notorious haunt not of
the working class, but of thieves and prostitutes. As development of
Östermalm and Norrmalm marched closer and closer toward the park, it
became clear that the lease-holding arrangement wasn’t working and that
something must be done to correct Humlegården’s downward spiral.<br />
<br />
The
solution was no half-measure. In 1869, it was decided that the Royal
Library and Archive would be moved from the Stockholm Castle to a new
building at the edge of Humlegården. This was very much in keeping with
the era’s idea that intellectual activity is enhanced by nature, air,
and light. Humlegården became Stockholm’s first Institution Park, a
trend which would continue for the next 50+ years. </div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiA_A46ps4O3a2SNKXJ6snNYFmyqKVBIqpOp22uJNBYFOB3Yj3AMIWeVCN8CtFuimC0378Ymhpqsrx4xVHFzzpq45hyphenhyphenWPUxaZxfvUIr8VfA5TeIR4Q8FOfZzPBE6xmDkR61MXZRHp1sWDPW/s1600/1870s+bertil.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1369" data-original-width="1194" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiA_A46ps4O3a2SNKXJ6snNYFmyqKVBIqpOp22uJNBYFOB3Yj3AMIWeVCN8CtFuimC0378Ymhpqsrx4xVHFzzpq45hyphenhyphenWPUxaZxfvUIr8VfA5TeIR4Q8FOfZzPBE6xmDkR61MXZRHp1sWDPW/s400/1870s+bertil.jpg" width="348" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">This drawing from the 1880's shows the curving paths from the English Romantic garden as well as the new library.*</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br />
In addition, the State asked the City to take over park maintenance. The park was no longer required to pay for its own upkeep; now taxes could make up the difference. In 1877, the park was completely renovated. The general structure with curving Romantic paths between the three surviving Baroque allés was kept, but much of the vegetation was removed—both to eliminate hiding spots for petty criminals and to create open, sunny lawns which would be inviting to a broader cross-section of Stockholm’s population. A large statue of Carl von Linné, Sweden’s beloved botanist from the 1700’s, was placed amidst flower beds at the crossing of the allés. The renovation had its intended effect and Humlegården became a popular place to promenade for respectable citizens. </div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgO7AZuGoNTT31oX6u32hRGswCdX8kS3L8su2FozDscj0JZWkUDoLViZ8roIJNq2uIfUO5yDfNisnMGAjj-6maVgIU0BACA4Des-iJUKeizVODb6D89QI5FfXC9PCfBFuEHLiZ_XgjFkQOd/s1600/Linne.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1080" data-original-width="810" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgO7AZuGoNTT31oX6u32hRGswCdX8kS3L8su2FozDscj0JZWkUDoLViZ8roIJNq2uIfUO5yDfNisnMGAjj-6maVgIU0BACA4Des-iJUKeizVODb6D89QI5FfXC9PCfBFuEHLiZ_XgjFkQOd/s400/Linne.jpg" width="300" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Carl von Linné</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
<div style="text-align: justify;">
It was at about this time that the park was reduced to its current size when the tree-lined Karlavägen was built.</div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgJZYYCcIepNwbinYVcFoyJlLVyFtyDYm2bIqDC3s71nL7Eo0j1pF5sDIiuuCQapIw9pWS1KO-YZZYLtOftHacBs-wOQIWuffwbW3VwBdFHcc9KjihNunvdwcTfP4G8mE8nE_R3Ef5-lOsd/s1600/Karlav%25C3%25A4gen+comp.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="588" data-original-width="1600" height="234" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgJZYYCcIepNwbinYVcFoyJlLVyFtyDYm2bIqDC3s71nL7Eo0j1pF5sDIiuuCQapIw9pWS1KO-YZZYLtOftHacBs-wOQIWuffwbW3VwBdFHcc9KjihNunvdwcTfP4G8mE8nE_R3Ef5-lOsd/s640/Karlav%25C3%25A4gen+comp.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Karlavägen has a linear park running down the middle of the street. South of Karlavägen, the city structure is a dense grid. North of Karlavägen, the block structure breaks up with large villas.</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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<div style="text-align: justify;">
It wasn’t until the 1920’s that a playground was built in the northern section of the park. The playground has grown over the last century and it is now one of Stockholm’s most popular playgrounds with specific areas dedicated to different age groups. <br />
<br />
Playground equipment, pavilions, and flower beds have all come and gone with the changing times over the decades, but today’s park is very much the same as the Humlegården of the 1880’s.</div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgaO6zycaEUWa6A9r_ZLuXJgpUHwuwDsuiPmSXgR4dWn-YaJaLvcGnfW1D1jLrJofFqad8qobXzVHReGSl8Imz_0J5Sz24x9eGeYG9AdGkHdhwsAbzsn6WbOD4a9Aufw-YZ0lvrfLUb75nI/s1600/flowers+comp.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1038" data-original-width="1600" height="414" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgaO6zycaEUWa6A9r_ZLuXJgpUHwuwDsuiPmSXgR4dWn-YaJaLvcGnfW1D1jLrJofFqad8qobXzVHReGSl8Imz_0J5Sz24x9eGeYG9AdGkHdhwsAbzsn6WbOD4a9Aufw-YZ0lvrfLUb75nI/s640/flowers+comp.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
<br />
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<b>The Royal Library</b><br />
The Royal Library serves much the same purpose as the Library of Congress in the U.S. as its archive holds a copy of every Swedish publication since 1661. In addition to books and periodicals, it also collects photographs, films, advertisements, music recordings, tv programs, etc. Even Swedish websites are archived in the library’s servers for future research purposes.<br />
<br />
Sweden’s monarchy has been collecting books since the 1500’s, but much of the original collection was lost when the <a href="https://walkingstockholm.blogspot.com/2012/12/stockholms-castle-and-environs.html" target="_blank">Stockholm Castle</a>, Tre Kronor or Three Crowns, burned in 1697. In an effort to save as much as possible, the librarians threw books from the fourth-story windows to the street below. Sadly, two-thirds of the collection burned, totaling 17,000 lost books and 1,000 lost letters. The library was eventually returned to the rebuilt castle but the collections ultimately outgrew the new space. <br />
<br />
The library was moved to Humlegården partly to civilize the park and partly to provide a natural, open setting for research. The southern end of the park was dedicated to the library, and the southern linden allé was felled in order to make room for the new building. The building is on axis with the remaining northern allé and it sits on a slight artificially raised platform. The library was designed by architect Gustaf Dahl and the Classical, massive exterior hides an open and light interior supported by thin, cast-iron columns—Sweden’s first use of a cast-iron structure. </div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgLWrTP7zJV9xGC1X2YIQJUpYOWsoAIFQJKWck8sETcYl-rmIH5stlFzuD_D_a9gPqk-g1HrfyKu5IOq7pSxrVimDJFEkgDDEknNcHaX7b3G55AnJ8QNmEPjbGOyl_-701-A0D_enN7iYM2/s1600/Kungliga_Biblioteket_planritningar_1897+wikepeida.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1334" data-original-width="1570" height="542" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgLWrTP7zJV9xGC1X2YIQJUpYOWsoAIFQJKWck8sETcYl-rmIH5stlFzuD_D_a9gPqk-g1HrfyKu5IOq7pSxrVimDJFEkgDDEknNcHaX7b3G55AnJ8QNmEPjbGOyl_-701-A0D_enN7iYM2/s640/Kungliga_Biblioteket_planritningar_1897+wikepeida.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Gustaf Dahl's 1897 plans for the library.** </td></tr>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg7AEi0pK4kZ3SQ3_nhztx6HIE43byPWOIm3j0D03BjnlkiKZXaH_L0ouC9Sf2AUPBtiLHvjIYSspgz220n0lQQX6HjQUesyA1yMs0b2XIpMLtTRhYoqb0NeVtyHvElZKZ4T0H36vEliWqR/s1600/1280px-Kungl_Biblioteket_l%25C3%25A4ssalen_1897+wikepedia.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="791" data-original-width="1080" height="292" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg7AEi0pK4kZ3SQ3_nhztx6HIE43byPWOIm3j0D03BjnlkiKZXaH_L0ouC9Sf2AUPBtiLHvjIYSspgz220n0lQQX6HjQUesyA1yMs0b2XIpMLtTRhYoqb0NeVtyHvElZKZ4T0H36vEliWqR/s400/1280px-Kungl_Biblioteket_l%25C3%25A4ssalen_1897+wikepedia.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">**</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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<br />
<div style="text-align: justify;">
In 1926, Axel Anderberg drew up an all but unnoticeable addition to the building, extending the sides with two pavilions. In 2014, the building was once again extended, but this time with vast underground spaces. It is worth noting that the majority of the collection is actually stored in off-site warehouses—researchers must request material to be moved to the library in advance. </div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh8V9FOooe8RAJlHCSaFb83aZX6UhSA1CPm3L5QJzx3GCCa487l0IKWHprf6DTIflzJuB2v4EbftYSJTTcSteGiCTS0ZKFV48PJ7NXOv8Y0XYqiBw1Z0BlbZitl9zfn38fPflKmZ3Z9czlw/s1600/Library+comp.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="747" data-original-width="1600" height="298" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh8V9FOooe8RAJlHCSaFb83aZX6UhSA1CPm3L5QJzx3GCCa487l0IKWHprf6DTIflzJuB2v4EbftYSJTTcSteGiCTS0ZKFV48PJ7NXOv8Y0XYqiBw1Z0BlbZitl9zfn38fPflKmZ3Z9czlw/s640/Library+comp.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
<br />
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<b>Thoughts</b><br />
Humlegården has a long history as a royal farm, as a royal pleasure garden, as a public park descending into decay, as an Institutions Park, and now as a popular and beautiful public park enjoyed by the masses. These layers of history from the Baroque royal pleasure garden to the public English romantic garden are still visible in the park’s fabric today. </div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiGvk8BPBrPR6fjz0lBW9ARYf4YUHwrs1-UpBovCwy3dJ4_dReLZOlWHjZEDTwe30atGtX3hHJMLLUdm99FhL2XjmlvP0kx1UfmdcvJLX0to2mj-bas3S7vmVxS1FONcW6LnmwrabzU_HO_/s1600/Alle+comp+1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="747" data-original-width="1600" height="298" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiGvk8BPBrPR6fjz0lBW9ARYf4YUHwrs1-UpBovCwy3dJ4_dReLZOlWHjZEDTwe30atGtX3hHJMLLUdm99FhL2XjmlvP0kx1UfmdcvJLX0to2mj-bas3S7vmVxS1FONcW6LnmwrabzU_HO_/s640/Alle+comp+1.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
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<div style="text-align: justify;">
The park is an interesting example of how an area, with enough effort and investment, can be completely turned around from a decayed pit of crime where no respectable citizen would dare go to a vibrant, posh park brimming with activity. The surrounding neighborhoods are indeed expensive and fashionable, and an address on Humlegården is nearly as attractive as an address on <a href="http://walkingstockholm.blogspot.com/2018/10/strandvagen-stockholms-park-avenue.html" target="_blank">Strandvägen</a>. While the addresses around the park are exclusive, the park provides an open public space where all walks of life can and do converge. <br />
<br />
That said, Humlegården shows that public investment is often needed to make successful public spaces. Private enterprise can be a contributing factor to success, but Humlegården shows that public investment is needed to keep public spaces functioning. Without public investment in the park, it is doubtful that it ever would have become a safe, vibrant space. And without a safe, vibrant park in its midst, it’s doubtful that the Östermalm area could ever have become such a successful and desirable neighborhood. </div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhRKys1mCoqmrw5HQTjbJKliqI2ZoyYRzSkhyphenhyphenxF4ocSzuSedu3M_JPFmeds9D1x17JWv7Dzyv93N1MBmRDtPtQSuS8j6qx_-VZhE7irsV5_kSuU6iuxmKKRysF4iOqAaWrKY6PhiGc6kt2q/s1600/Surroundings+comp.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="588" data-original-width="1600" height="234" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhRKys1mCoqmrw5HQTjbJKliqI2ZoyYRzSkhyphenhyphenxF4ocSzuSedu3M_JPFmeds9D1x17JWv7Dzyv93N1MBmRDtPtQSuS8j6qx_-VZhE7irsV5_kSuU6iuxmKKRysF4iOqAaWrKY6PhiGc6kt2q/s640/Surroundings+comp.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Humlegården's posh neighborhood.</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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<div style="text-align: justify;">
<b>Sources</b><br />
Bengt Edlund, <i>Vårt gröna Stockholm Parker, parklekar, promenader och konst</i> (2018).<br />
Bertil Asker,<i> Stockholms parker innerstaden </i>(1986).<br />
Kerstin Callert-Homgren and Margaretha Höglund, ed., <i>Stockholm vår gröna stad</i> (1998).<br />
Olof Hultin, Bengt oh Johansson, Johan Mårtelius and Rasmus Waern, <i>The Complete Guide to Architecture in Stockholm</i> (2009).<br />
<a href="https://www.kb.se/om-oss/historik.html">https://www.kb.se/om-oss/historik.html</a></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
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</div>
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<b>Images</b></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
All images are my own except for </div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
* Bertil Asker,<i> Stockholms parker innerstaden </i>(1986).</div>
** WikipediaRainahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03436765499184988845noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2772821807884282561.post-71801858826075894682018-10-11T21:20:00.000+02:002018-10-18T22:04:34.353+02:00Strandvägen: Stockholm’s Park Avenue<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgdsC0sbSZwV61xHcQJN25PZXZkpB00TEsd7ggVD4n8XZB1-2tfTfRWKASuZiFsBOraNP4qJs3FXdSH2KisXoSmOUaXtF4GJDvwAUMg-1YsjRe-pJwc8zsjBLljuWBK84Ht1n9XL3wlHYtK/s1600/castles.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="996" data-original-width="1600" height="398" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgdsC0sbSZwV61xHcQJN25PZXZkpB00TEsd7ggVD4n8XZB1-2tfTfRWKASuZiFsBOraNP4qJs3FXdSH2KisXoSmOUaXtF4GJDvwAUMg-1YsjRe-pJwc8zsjBLljuWBK84Ht1n9XL3wlHYtK/s640/castles.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
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Many of Stockholm’s most characteristic and impressive urban design projects were built in the 1600’s specifically to create a capitol city worthy of Sweden’s great empire—projects such as <a href="https://walkingstockholm.blogspot.com/2011/11/skeppsbron-waterfront.html" target="_blank">Skeppsbron</a> and the <a href="https://walkingstockholm.blogspot.com/2012/12/stockholms-castle-and-environs.html" target="_blank">Castle Hill</a> were meant to lift Stockholm from a backwater to one of Europe’s great cities. These projects were designed to express Sweden’s status as an international superpower and to impress visitors with Stockholm’s beauty and wealth. But with the fall of the empire and the Crown’s near bankruptcy, both the impetus and the funds were lacking for such boastful, large-scale projects throughout the entire 18th century as well as the first half of the 19th century. Royal and City Architects continued to draw up plans for large-scale urban improvements, but these paper projects were mostly wishful thinking since the political willpower and funding just didn’t exist to carry them out. </div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgFwK1gLhqRWnLEYFOE-qnxidXapGpV4U2weVIKpVn-Yqe2_AFHyZXvocWebVNUTWe7h5q3TNuPLEkVj-VjqASP8Jvcm-nRwR8hEnCMXE_VyMi7Jdz_qXSaN_c9pLeFzldfZ3JmrgxSdL7x/s1600/Strandv%25C3%25A4gen-Maps.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="766" data-original-width="647" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgFwK1gLhqRWnLEYFOE-qnxidXapGpV4U2weVIKpVn-Yqe2_AFHyZXvocWebVNUTWe7h5q3TNuPLEkVj-VjqASP8Jvcm-nRwR8hEnCMXE_VyMi7Jdz_qXSaN_c9pLeFzldfZ3JmrgxSdL7x/s640/Strandv%25C3%25A4gen-Maps.jpg" width="540" /></a></div>
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<br />
Both Sweden and her capitol city experienced an awakening around 1850. This time, it wasn’t plundering after successful military battles that was behind Sweden’s rising wealth, but technological advancements, innovations, inventions, and industrial-scale exploitation of natural resources. It was during this period that Alfred Nobel invented dynamite which became an unprecedented moneymaker for Sweden (and for Nobel himself, who used his fortune to found and fund the Nobel Prize), and dynamite also allowed unprecedented levels of exploitation of Sweden’s vast iron resources. The invention of the safety match, the zipper, De Laval’s separator (mechanical separation of cream from milk), and the ball bearing were all life-changing inventions that resonated around the world and created huge wealth for Sweden. Ericsson didn’t invent the telephone, but his improvements became international best-sellers. With the advent of the steam-powered saw, Sweden’s vast forests were exploited for timber on a whole new industrial scale, and the timber was exported with huge profit to forest-poor continental Europe. The new influx of money and commercial enterprise created the need and basis for a new, modern banking system which in turn produced even more wealth as well as a new layer of wealthy professionals in the form of bank directors. <br />
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During the previous decades, nearly a million poverty-stricken Swedes immigrated to America; now, Sweden was quickly becoming one of the world’s wealthiest nations. The only problem was that the capitol city was practically stuck in the Middle Ages (or the Renaissance if you’re being generous). In my previous post, I detailed how <a href="https://walkingstockholm.blogspot.com/2018/08/stockholm-transitions-into-modern-era.html" target="_blank">infrastructure improvements</a> such as clean water were late in coming to Stockholm. It wasn’t just infrastructure that was lagging behind: the entire city was dilapidated, there was a severe housing shortage, and much of the recent building activity consisted of ramshackle shantytowns which were haphazardly and illegally constructed near the booming industrial areas. In the first half of the 19th century, an average of seven or eight new apartment buildings were built in Stockholm each year. But during the wealthy boom years of the 1880’s, an average of 240 apartment buildings were built per year. <br />
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It was in the mid-centuuy setting of dilapidation and stagnation that radical projects such as the <a href="https://walkingstockholm.blogspot.com/2017/11/threats-to-stockholms-old-town-gamla.html" target="_blank">demolition and rebuilding</a> of the entire island of Gamla Stan were proposed. Today, demolishing Stockholm’s (and one of Sweden’s) most historic city centers seems preposterous, but the idea can be understood in light of Stockholm’s dereliction and the severe housing shortage. Something just simply had to be done. </div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiZ0zv_gCQV0j7oru9Ylo4PpdIQEe9QpEPUzyRKRzCv8p_IjYdjXLzzLHAHobc1RMTxF6Gl-QnTmSwZgx-wLKBHHgJJpIie9jv8dxGLPNZGHUZ2sIFYNjPv8mfiP5P3If5RvXyemAVRz_KA/s1600/1862+Rudberg.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1535" data-original-width="1541" height="635" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiZ0zv_gCQV0j7oru9Ylo4PpdIQEe9QpEPUzyRKRzCv8p_IjYdjXLzzLHAHobc1RMTxF6Gl-QnTmSwZgx-wLKBHHgJJpIie9jv8dxGLPNZGHUZ2sIFYNjPv8mfiP5P3If5RvXyemAVRz_KA/s640/1862+Rudberg.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">**</td></tr>
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<b>Planning and Construction of the Boulevard</b></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhzpBNNk30JXVTeZaoNGmfUNqMQXcy4M9XwIJJgPtXAH3qroAlbGg8zj4a4-WOMDNwTtUJzns57Vmxs0KrzRYQtM37iDSzp3v1wbGUDOOT8QysKP9jKH9t8kr9jnbx2B83L1OUNK4aY4z9E/s1600/Strandv%25C3%25A4gen-Maps+2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="372" data-original-width="647" height="366" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhzpBNNk30JXVTeZaoNGmfUNqMQXcy4M9XwIJJgPtXAH3qroAlbGg8zj4a4-WOMDNwTtUJzns57Vmxs0KrzRYQtM37iDSzp3v1wbGUDOOT8QysKP9jKH9t8kr9jnbx2B83L1OUNK4aY4z9E/s640/Strandv%25C3%25A4gen-Maps+2.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
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In 1857, a city councilor by the name of Schuldheis called for a new city plan to encourage and direct Stockholm’s growth. In his motion, he specifically mentioned the need for beautiful buildings to embody Sweden’s new prosperity and said that the city’s waterline must be cleaned up. Instead of industrial slums and polluting factories lining the water, he called for grand public walkways along <i>all</i> of Stockholm’s waterways. At the time, this last comment was so unlikely and utopian that he was laughed out of the council chamber, but the idea stuck and grew in Stockholm’s consciousness. <br />
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Strandvägen, or "Shore Street," was not directly a product of Schuldheis’s motion; instead, it was a directly the result of a more practical matter. The quay at <a href="https://walkingstockholm.blogspot.com/2017/08/at-junction-of-geography-geology-and.html" target="_blank">Nybroviken</a> was found to be unstable and near collapse, and uncharacteristic speed was needed to plan, design, and build a new quay. Rothstein drew up the plans for the quay at Nybroviken, and although it wasn’t really supposed to be part of the project, in the spirit of Schuldheis’s he proposed that the grand quay be extended all the way from Nybroviken to Djurgårdsbron, the bridge to the island of <a href="https://walkingstockholm.blogspot.com/2017/04/djurgardsbrunnskanalenthe-resurrection.html" target="_blank">Djurgården</a>. Not only did he propose a stone quay crossing what was then farm land sloping down to the water, but he also proposed that the quay be paired with a tree-lined boulevard that was to be lined with stately buildings looking out over the water. </div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiYkLR9xBMPf197GOMGgacLD7gWWklq3nT3YdejA9fYlMt1DFqwNhDaRKeEXkcgGPq19OO2sUrqwSd6KHlHQD73N3X8l_0h5EIknDzslW4GjW6Xp8sQEB_UQGlaeqlvvQ08mKWWSK4efIXH/s1600/Nybroviken+comp.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="588" data-original-width="1600" height="234" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiYkLR9xBMPf197GOMGgacLD7gWWklq3nT3YdejA9fYlMt1DFqwNhDaRKeEXkcgGPq19OO2sUrqwSd6KHlHQD73N3X8l_0h5EIknDzslW4GjW6Xp8sQEB_UQGlaeqlvvQ08mKWWSK4efIXH/s640/Nybroviken+comp.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Nybroviken</td></tr>
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Rothstein’s proposal was both visionary and seemingly preposterous. First of all, the boulevard would be adorning one of Stockholm’s poorest areas and thus seemed like a complete waste of resources—who would want to stroll through the slum? The area east of downtown had been incorporated into Stockholm in the 1600’s as a methodical way to clear Norrmalm of the poor and move them farther from the city center. Additionally, the waterline was literally a series of cow pastures dotted with wooden farm buildings. (The area was known as Ladugårdslandet, or “Barn Land.”) There were countless privately-owned lots along the water’s edge. Storgatan ("Big Street") was the main street leading from central Stockholm through Ladugårdslandet to the island of Djurgården, and it was the traditional overland route to the island. Rothstein’s proposal wasn’t merely to extend the quayside but to expropriate a large number of private lots and to build an unprecedentedly extravagant boulevard, through the poorest area of town, to nowhere. The likes of Rothstein’s boulevard wasn’t even to be found (yet) in Paris. </div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjbdg89eIHElUOrIijtFeiwZO9NW3OXFo3bVLVzE5yRZwP19QTWgqQjjqwL1Wcm-eFzBA9wXt9_X_W-G3_5vked0iS5Ze98VQkDlE7RMAzZYl78zxCBM3-2-Ja1BzdITlPPNuYCJJoxqyJr/s1600/Storgatan+comp.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="588" data-original-width="1600" height="234" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjbdg89eIHElUOrIijtFeiwZO9NW3OXFo3bVLVzE5yRZwP19QTWgqQjjqwL1Wcm-eFzBA9wXt9_X_W-G3_5vked0iS5Ze98VQkDlE7RMAzZYl78zxCBM3-2-Ja1BzdITlPPNuYCJJoxqyJr/s640/Storgatan+comp.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Storgatan, or "Big Street" still has a few reminders of its heyday in the 18th century.</td></tr>
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The city council dismissed Rothstein’s proposal outright, writing that the project “was really nothing more than ornament and decoration” without any real benefit to the city, and that it was a project that the city could ill-afford. However, Mayor Hamilton saw the potential in Rothstein’s vision and took the proposal to the King. In 1861, the King ordered the city to proceed with Rothstein’s proposal. The city had no other choice, and work began that same year.<br />
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Strangely, I haven’t been able to find any of Rothstein’s drawings, so other than Strandvägen itself, I’m not entirely sure what else was in his proposal. However, I believe that he also drew the blocks between Storgatan and Strandvägen, and that the blocks were a direct expansion of the original city plan from the 1640’s. This plan was a plain gridiron with no subtleties and none of the finesse which matured in Stockholm’s later expansions in the 1880’s. <br />
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I also haven’t found information on the expropriation process, but the city bought up all of the privately-owned land between Nybroviken and Djurgården’s Bridge and from Storgatan down to the water. Nearly every building was demolished, the only exceptions being the state-owned buildings: <a href="https://walkingstockholm.blogspot.com/2011/11/churches-of-1600s-signs-of-times.html" target="_blank">Hedvig Eleonora Church</a> (map 1), </div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhxhZAOLbWGRPu5D1zNCfOYm6lNh-b9qPPzYlJP48gfZGgkztJGGqoRshSQOpoOBYXrdh0K9Hi2K_0g8xaTQ4ZYQznjpmnoG7FIzHZDRsDGuOB5XJnkdszUF9QDYXI3ECK_dDdwrqY-x31-/s1600/Hedig+Comp.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1038" data-original-width="1600" height="414" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhxhZAOLbWGRPu5D1zNCfOYm6lNh-b9qPPzYlJP48gfZGgkztJGGqoRshSQOpoOBYXrdh0K9Hi2K_0g8xaTQ4ZYQznjpmnoG7FIzHZDRsDGuOB5XJnkdszUF9QDYXI3ECK_dDdwrqY-x31-/s640/Hedig+Comp.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
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Kronobageriet or The Crown Bakery (map 2) which supplied the military with bread (<a href="https://walkingstockholm.blogspot.com/2016/04/military-buildings-of-1800s.html" target="_blank">see #1</a>), </div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhd9A_9SESyN4CskNhOuC-buPK763UAifq5SA3MThFWfeImEAq2IkTVAyW_x2r49TrPB1SxnCGmplZyn6-PT0U37WLFflWiD9Zh6AfxbIVcA6GwFYBqa8oJenu6yX-7bAceowXybMVQdxzD/s1600/Kronobagariet+Comp.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="748" data-original-width="1600" height="298" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhd9A_9SESyN4CskNhOuC-buPK763UAifq5SA3MThFWfeImEAq2IkTVAyW_x2r49TrPB1SxnCGmplZyn6-PT0U37WLFflWiD9Zh6AfxbIVcA6GwFYBqa8oJenu6yX-7bAceowXybMVQdxzD/s640/Kronobagariet+Comp.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
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and Artillerigården or Artillery Yard (map 3) (<a href="https://walkingstockholm.blogspot.com/2016/04/military-buildings-of-1800s.html" target="_blank">see #6</a>) which was the military’s armory. </div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEip4vfveEW0ktZ-T9upSCjqSJnr-w0Ee7lQKelmnl38t32LXz5A2_GMOaE0oQ4M1O6lRwVOhZ1ai34RP5UJ0UKS7jO2qFQ4SscfaFGSXVqHAaiM5SV8gt-Cu_eYI1VLlc6TF4WglW3FGDpm/s1600/Artillerig%25C3%25A5rden+main+building.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="791" data-original-width="1600" height="316" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEip4vfveEW0ktZ-T9upSCjqSJnr-w0Ee7lQKelmnl38t32LXz5A2_GMOaE0oQ4M1O6lRwVOhZ1ai34RP5UJ0UKS7jO2qFQ4SscfaFGSXVqHAaiM5SV8gt-Cu_eYI1VLlc6TF4WglW3FGDpm/s640/Artillerig%25C3%25A5rden+main+building.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
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Rothstein’s proposal had originally been for a 42-meter wide boulevard, but during the construction process, the city decided to make the street and quay 72 meters wide instead. Compared with the city’s other main streets which were between 9 and 12 meters wide, Strandvägen was truly an unprecedentedly grand project for Stockholm. The boulevard was designed in layers: first the stone quay at the water’s edge, </div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhKGF6McFkcP1ZySUP3oEzBKBEYL8wiMx4OwnL5wCCO3lFTS14eTHOd6njpDPO9o1qZFlwncCWVozQviRNGgnCgVmmc0GVTS5F3jqzt0mXJbZqBhLCghbLOX5crIE5wuuV33iauBIOHnqS6/s1600/Quay+comp.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="588" data-original-width="1600" height="234" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhKGF6McFkcP1ZySUP3oEzBKBEYL8wiMx4OwnL5wCCO3lFTS14eTHOd6njpDPO9o1qZFlwncCWVozQviRNGgnCgVmmc0GVTS5F3jqzt0mXJbZqBhLCghbLOX5crIE5wuuV33iauBIOHnqS6/s640/Quay+comp.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">The quay is <i>very</i> generously dimensioned; it is wide enough to encompass quite large restaurants and bars.</td></tr>
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then a street heading west, </div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhKQ0J6cdYtxygM1-A80oFgt4m7-b5ovZSLbmBPlcwchZMAJGOG0HsUvIaMaSsLHUckldC8rWfTSiDxk-7BzCETdnPJKYeSBSaDUER3gXxOdoNb9hoe1orL7EPWwOHH8AceOeWzY6dQKmtq/s1600/street.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="810" data-original-width="1080" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhKQ0J6cdYtxygM1-A80oFgt4m7-b5ovZSLbmBPlcwchZMAJGOG0HsUvIaMaSsLHUckldC8rWfTSiDxk-7BzCETdnPJKYeSBSaDUER3gXxOdoNb9hoe1orL7EPWwOHH8AceOeWzY6dQKmtq/s400/street.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
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then a triple allé in gravel, </div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgHkPDLYu3LyBfXu_rZc337AHVjjrGgexHry0PJjXQRcVyMFPiYpf4_DtsV1XmGu07w5lyeXUf2FKjd43wW2dsfRjHvTspTqw8N5AzSnyxRfDFBLs75LCAz1lXOQ4t9nIWqpPNLQ4eQrVAl/s1600/alle.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="810" data-original-width="1080" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgHkPDLYu3LyBfXu_rZc337AHVjjrGgexHry0PJjXQRcVyMFPiYpf4_DtsV1XmGu07w5lyeXUf2FKjd43wW2dsfRjHvTspTqw8N5AzSnyxRfDFBLs75LCAz1lXOQ4t9nIWqpPNLQ4eQrVAl/s400/alle.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
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then a street heading east, and finally a paved sidewalk at the buildings’ edge. </div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhGrr8SaMRpEN76s0mD_ov2vCrTGDzdKP69YA9q11yptS6pyIfTfx68JaTp588vrCSFBes2v1bs-2sTj_qzkamI5r_4Chfd0WNmrWEeAaPww3lrRNx2cfiaTZye3-n5gKtAIr8SUOFc_QR7/s1600/street+between+alle+and+buildings.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="810" data-original-width="1080" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhGrr8SaMRpEN76s0mD_ov2vCrTGDzdKP69YA9q11yptS6pyIfTfx68JaTp588vrCSFBes2v1bs-2sTj_qzkamI5r_4Chfd0WNmrWEeAaPww3lrRNx2cfiaTZye3-n5gKtAIr8SUOFc_QR7/s400/street+between+alle+and+buildings.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
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These layers offer a variety of experiences: a waterside stroll, a sunlight dappled promenade, an urban walk. <br />
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It took fifteen years to fill and build the quay and to pave the street for its entire 740 meter length, and it wasn’t until 1879 that the three rows of trees could be planted. <br />
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Incorporating a tramline into the boulevard’s layers wasn’t part of Rothstein’s original vision, but at some point during the construction process, a tramline was inserted into the plans. Strandvägen was one of Stockholm’s first <a href="https://walkingstockholm.blogspot.com/2018/08/" target="_blank">horse-drawn tramlines</a>. The tram was perfect for weekend outings to Djurgården and was probably well-used by Strandvägen’s residents commuting into the city for work. Strandvägen can be seen as Stockholm’s first commuter suburb and bedroom community (more on the lack of commercial enterprise on Strandvägen below). </div>
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Many of the street names in the Strandvägen development are actually quite old and date back to the 1600’s: Artillerigatan (Artillery Street), Skeppargatan (Sailor Street), Styrmansgatan (Helmsman’s Street) and Kaptensgatan (Captain’s Street) refer to the military activity in the area while Grevgatan (Count Street) refers to a specific Count who used to live in the area. New street names from the time of development include Riddargatan (Knight Street) and Grev Magnigatan (Count Magnus Street, named after a military hero) which aim to extend both the military and the noble tradition of the area. Nobles didn’t feel the need to live in the area, but pretenders could have “noble” addresses. </div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhvpSck0NfJlK1XXW8o5aQYzHlfDThZr6R0wcR99iwPi5CGwhgQzMbQSyaXJkxJ8icwpCZqV8F9nBwV_ChG9BUJifao5Oa-2T5twOrk1x5dQRr1LedMTlIct5bYmDOZEhi-_aphgxb2aCgU/s1600/Chateaux+comp.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1038" data-original-width="1600" height="414" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhvpSck0NfJlK1XXW8o5aQYzHlfDThZr6R0wcR99iwPi5CGwhgQzMbQSyaXJkxJ8icwpCZqV8F9nBwV_ChG9BUJifao5Oa-2T5twOrk1x5dQRr1LedMTlIct5bYmDOZEhi-_aphgxb2aCgU/s640/Chateaux+comp.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">"Chateaux" for businessmen.</td></tr>
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Today, only a select few side streets empty into Strandvägen; most streets have been cut off from this main thoroughfare, I'm guessing as a traffic reducing measure.<b> </b>The dead-end streets have been capped off with small pocket parks, further enhancing the area's park-like nature.</div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiL3f_XzAhgI29Wi8GjWWkQ6SHOnl2iR6ca4eSXPBCAdmJG9y_3sB9nTo2B9FrYuabIcq3AV6qMMk-ABXOa5SwZssuB0R47cqM213H7-3tSZ8phGuOt23RPP5198BZ1E3mt_NgJkpQxi9Ls/s1600/dead+end+street.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="810" data-original-width="1080" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiL3f_XzAhgI29Wi8GjWWkQ6SHOnl2iR6ca4eSXPBCAdmJG9y_3sB9nTo2B9FrYuabIcq3AV6qMMk-ABXOa5SwZssuB0R47cqM213H7-3tSZ8phGuOt23RPP5198BZ1E3mt_NgJkpQxi9Ls/s400/dead+end+street.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Dead-end street/pocket park.</td></tr>
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<b> </b></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b>Building Along the Boulevard</b><br />
The land on the inland side of the boulevard was divided up into blocks and sold to private developers, and the first buildings were finished in 1882. It seems that the middle section of the street was developed first—here the views of the open water were direct and the south-facing facades could soak up the sunshine. The farthest end of Strandvägen was perhaps a bit too far out of town</div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi6qCpXZuDbqCRXUVBz-LT_ffGsjgC3mJs3Rkx9qp3AdhmQ6S4mby4eUCjbXWnpmHs09E4sE8aDB19WGgtzDi5yv9yRrtSMFTPM4CxYMjq1_B1RtZA_SZ4HsKFjigCI0rukpaA9idCf_mPp/s1600/Later+end+of+street+comp.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1038" data-original-width="1600" height="414" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi6qCpXZuDbqCRXUVBz-LT_ffGsjgC3mJs3Rkx9qp3AdhmQ6S4mby4eUCjbXWnpmHs09E4sE8aDB19WGgtzDi5yv9yRrtSMFTPM4CxYMjq1_B1RtZA_SZ4HsKFjigCI0rukpaA9idCf_mPp/s640/Later+end+of+street+comp.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
and the closer section facing in to Nybroviken didn’t have the same kind of open water views or the same direct-south orientation. </div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjkXyPUlDJVSb8Qcs_jozd0dJB6dzh5QD_TvVR97GxVUFAR8-QvRtlN9hS_UgpdIMpzgNWr2uHiaJOf8vp9swmUW7GuFW_S_E9XlOBnBtcyeXHOcTsaq7JSoBB9I2QyTCxuS9Ue0EtKkFnJ/s1600/Later+along+Nybroviken+comp.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="588" data-original-width="1600" height="234" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjkXyPUlDJVSb8Qcs_jozd0dJB6dzh5QD_TvVR97GxVUFAR8-QvRtlN9hS_UgpdIMpzgNWr2uHiaJOf8vp9swmUW7GuFW_S_E9XlOBnBtcyeXHOcTsaq7JSoBB9I2QyTCxuS9Ue0EtKkFnJ/s640/Later+along+Nybroviken+comp.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
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<br />
Strandvägen represents a breaking point in Stockholm’s development. Some of the developers were private people who self-financed new buildings containing their own luxurious residence while the other developers were professional enterprises backed by banks. </div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhJeyl8C4CuC5bekrNtsiojMsEpvL2MdNiGxvlBJ9JUdj6UhB7RwUfMbYdmx5ogxaDVnwiX-xlWSP3IOOtchcD9mIN-XIzmhdKbiP35dG_jvNMi1PJdlLQCqLCbRpasfgNbrSbZDAeYcAis/s1600/castels+and+ice.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="704" data-original-width="1600" height="280" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhJeyl8C4CuC5bekrNtsiojMsEpvL2MdNiGxvlBJ9JUdj6UhB7RwUfMbYdmx5ogxaDVnwiX-xlWSP3IOOtchcD9mIN-XIzmhdKbiP35dG_jvNMi1PJdlLQCqLCbRpasfgNbrSbZDAeYcAis/s640/castels+and+ice.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">In the winter, the water along Strandvägen freezes. Then it's time for ice skating!</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
The residents of Strandvägen also represent a change in Stockholm’s society. Historically, Sweden’s money and power had both been centered on the aristocracy. But a long progression of events throughout the 18th and early 19th centuries weakened the aristocracy’s position. In the vacuum, Sweden’s entrepreneurs, timber barons, innovators, and bankers took precedence economically if not politically. These “commoners” became extremely wealthy. Like many nouveau riche, they built and bought ostentatious homes for themselves—these nouveau riche didn’t inherit castles and palaces by birth, so they built and bought them instead.</div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgN5KIPeHgaaLz5WUEBo4l2zhEvy9ZkCUoQoDoA0XEiz1AYbbrey0FYijyZEEXuo__Ss721lLO4AYmgVj_SwpEtUlGKu2XeODJv1w5t8RhxRrnUb9I-jcRSUHDU64kUlu_wJ_qed_z3EBu2/s1600/Nothing+subtle+comp.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1038" data-original-width="1600" height="414" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgN5KIPeHgaaLz5WUEBo4l2zhEvy9ZkCUoQoDoA0XEiz1AYbbrey0FYijyZEEXuo__Ss721lLO4AYmgVj_SwpEtUlGKu2XeODJv1w5t8RhxRrnUb9I-jcRSUHDU64kUlu_wJ_qed_z3EBu2/s640/Nothing+subtle+comp.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">There is nothing subtle or moderate about the buildings along Strandvägen, and a tower marking the corner just wasn't enough. </td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br />
Stylistically, many of Strandvägen’s buildings consciously mimic French chateaux. Strandvägen’s most famous building at numbers 29-33 was designed by architect Isak Gustaf Clason in 1888 for timber baron Friedrich Bünsow while the architect was on a grand tour of France and her Renaissance castles (map 4). The apartment building’s towers, high roofs, dormer windows, brickwork, spires, crenellation, turrets, and dominant central pavilion are all elements gathered from French chateaux and applied to the project on Strandvägen. </div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEirIUf3BULKhPnlBbPX59X5k3TmKpFaptx_BV3uXm2PzSzZnR4iin03RSXkNfm36YuvBUfTGbz5xRmKfjMvNMqvuwvY6n05a3FEdGKtXDkBrxy_VHMBDi5yJBcDw3RmEIeZyOzuSfU8ImnJ/s1600/B%25C3%25BCnsow+facade.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="950" data-original-width="1600" height="380" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEirIUf3BULKhPnlBbPX59X5k3TmKpFaptx_BV3uXm2PzSzZnR4iin03RSXkNfm36YuvBUfTGbz5xRmKfjMvNMqvuwvY6n05a3FEdGKtXDkBrxy_VHMBDi5yJBcDw3RmEIeZyOzuSfU8ImnJ/s640/B%25C3%25BCnsow+facade.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br />
These nouveau French Chateaux are contemporary with Sweden’s National Romantic movement when Sweden re-awoke to her own history and borrowed from the architecture of her most powerful era. Many projects around the country were copying and reinterpreting elements like massive, brick facades from the Vasa Kings’ 16th century castles such as Kalmar and Gripsholm Castles and applying them to modern buildings; Sweden’s past glory was in a sense also copied onto and reinterpreted in these National Romantic projects. But the “common” nouveau riche builders of Strandvägen didn’t look to Sweden’s noble history for inspiration and validation; instead, they looked to France where the monarchies were even richer and even more powerful than Swedens’. It was just another way for the “merchants” to spite the noble classes that they would never become a part of, even if they secretly longed to. <br />
<br />
In comparison to Stockholm’s 19th century simple and plain stucco facades, the Bünsow building was extremely ornamental with all of its Loire valley-inspired embellishments. </div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiu5RGGiKJyUwOz0Fq6G4BFMQVT8VcnDEJSQaJLgTVyp-obpNSeGxZPjzPhrAA7xNd-_57j56cBOs5K-rVQTyx9eudXQeFPfWRHSWdFgySO-BPGBvCl2QKhC-kgLi9UWmZnAzOC25JsyfTT/s1600/B%25C3%25BCnsow+detail+comp+2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1038" data-original-width="1600" height="414" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiu5RGGiKJyUwOz0Fq6G4BFMQVT8VcnDEJSQaJLgTVyp-obpNSeGxZPjzPhrAA7xNd-_57j56cBOs5K-rVQTyx9eudXQeFPfWRHSWdFgySO-BPGBvCl2QKhC-kgLi9UWmZnAzOC25JsyfTT/s640/B%25C3%25BCnsow+detail+comp+2.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
The building also signifies another stylistic development—instead of a stucco covering “hiding” the structural materials of the building, the Bünsow building’s facade featured “natural” and “honest” materials of brick and stone. Brick that was of a good-enough quality to be left uncovered was rare and expensive and most building budgets just didn’t allow for such an extravagance. Other contemporary architects strove for facades of exposed brick and stone but had to make do with imitations in stucco.</div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg3QW_GPV0MXIQHATX_pVMUHe0XDWsBtgDo7qKVNGyH5XUqnxMgA0H9YSy83mKg83oKANz22_ewzSEJSV1iGURIeoorm0ztll8sxuvJoPgRF-PnfwUKdf6xPFXCClnh4teEgBUmUlF-QPZR/s1600/not+stone+not+brick+comp.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1208" data-original-width="1600" height="482" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg3QW_GPV0MXIQHATX_pVMUHe0XDWsBtgDo7qKVNGyH5XUqnxMgA0H9YSy83mKg83oKANz22_ewzSEJSV1iGURIeoorm0ztll8sxuvJoPgRF-PnfwUKdf6xPFXCClnh4teEgBUmUlF-QPZR/s640/not+stone+not+brick+comp.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">These off-Strandvägen facades were designed to look like stone and brick (lower right) at a quick first glance.</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br />
Perhaps the most groundbreaking aspect of Claeson’s design were the windows. Instead of the same size window marching regularly across the facade at equal intervals, the Bünsow building’s windows are placed according to the interior layout of the rooms. This is one of the first examples of function overriding form, a theme that would continue to develop all the way until today. </div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgEaYwuuuwX0Z_fiXM28VC8V8Bru2BYrW5pHY-_U4EGA5wyMPhHxMp0AOS27j6Gw6KwafddplhAJ8tpKFbwvOmKozasv13zBsT8l8iYC3WIOlRIWW_wlzYS-ENUUVecIO8mnvxiV2se6mOA/s1600/B%25C3%25BCnsow+detail+comp+1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1038" data-original-width="1600" height="414" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgEaYwuuuwX0Z_fiXM28VC8V8Bru2BYrW5pHY-_U4EGA5wyMPhHxMp0AOS27j6Gw6KwafddplhAJ8tpKFbwvOmKozasv13zBsT8l8iYC3WIOlRIWW_wlzYS-ENUUVecIO8mnvxiV2se6mOA/s640/B%25C3%25BCnsow+detail+comp+1.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br />
Apartments in the the Bünsow house were extravagantly large and featured six or seven large rooms which were 25-50 square meters each (270-540 square feet) plus a kitchen and maid’s quarters. </div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEin4HQpRqHMX2zSJp_XDPbx2eCB2QfjcN0GZ9oc7b-JqIVhCbYnrSj2gwlvQTvCJp_Ao2HEW_j_VObmqkf_RtCEaoq3tgn_RcYD_Pl00wHDGvtxwt_azBGsz28sYK6iipY9AcHIWNDOhduo/s1600/B%25C3%25BCnsow+plan.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="782" data-original-width="1544" height="324" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEin4HQpRqHMX2zSJp_XDPbx2eCB2QfjcN0GZ9oc7b-JqIVhCbYnrSj2gwlvQTvCJp_Ao2HEW_j_VObmqkf_RtCEaoq3tgn_RcYD_Pl00wHDGvtxwt_azBGsz28sYK6iipY9AcHIWNDOhduo/s640/B%25C3%25BCnsow+plan.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">1 Elevator. 2 Main Stair. 3 Vestibule. 4 Gentlemen's Room. 5 Salon. 6 Dining Room. 7 Bedroom. 8 Butler's Pantry. 9 Kitchen. 10 Maid's Bedroom. 11 Pantry. 12 Coachman's Bedroom. 13. Balcony. There are also unnumbered bathrooms and servant's stairs. *</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
The interiors were lavishly ornamental and true to the Victorian era, each room function featured a different style—Moorish for the gentlemen’s rum and Rococo for the drawing room. </div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg2nI-IW3d5k2Ux2LpIhz1GnRujDm2iKquwz2o-GQ65ij7ChDkYGQRvu2eUZXAXcbsQ4Fgwbt7m6Gio1aTj7t0rfrszGEC9M1yqhzEmjs2pMgWLPUanmfbJy8VnwzASOaeTdsw_VAsyoDSy/s1600/B%25C3%25BCnsowska+Salong.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="541" data-original-width="680" height="317" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg2nI-IW3d5k2Ux2LpIhz1GnRujDm2iKquwz2o-GQ65ij7ChDkYGQRvu2eUZXAXcbsQ4Fgwbt7m6Gio1aTj7t0rfrszGEC9M1yqhzEmjs2pMgWLPUanmfbJy8VnwzASOaeTdsw_VAsyoDSy/s400/B%25C3%25BCnsowska+Salong.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">*</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Bünsow occupied one gigantic apartment himself and sold the other street-facing apartments to other nouveau riche. In 1900, the census revealed that Strandvägen’s showy apartments were solely the domain of the nouveau riche: wholesalers, bank directors, military officers, lawyers, and civil servants made up for nearly all of the residents. Very few academics, nobles, or culture elites chose to live on Strandvägen. </div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhuEhFkY6B9vqS-ulsHgI7c2eQfEdzy73irqPBkI01ryszIypHDVF9grgZACt20gZ2u3pYbUmjYRp6iEh7UpU1yUUIijYoPG6CqnIZR7jAnVCCSps02iPm1Ucbz_VgVFn-AOfcncaZZmfcb/s1600/detail+comp+1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="588" data-original-width="1600" height="234" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhuEhFkY6B9vqS-ulsHgI7c2eQfEdzy73irqPBkI01ryszIypHDVF9grgZACt20gZ2u3pYbUmjYRp6iEh7UpU1yUUIijYoPG6CqnIZR7jAnVCCSps02iPm1Ucbz_VgVFn-AOfcncaZZmfcb/s640/detail+comp+1.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Details along Strandvägen.</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br />
Bünsow’s building was technologically extremely modern for Stockholm. While most buildings in the Strandvägen development were without elevators, central heating, and bathrooms with flush toilets, the Bünsow building had elevators, central heating, and even electricity which was produced by a generator in the basement.</div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEilnR7nFNVigKvfR-leQI-mECG-X0kmiQTSsUUNKfe7UR2t3G3OwbkVrmKpzR1JmLhprv2XMLntuXNEx_rcOve3UAVkaSKa3iEPsFJ7Dd9WwL5q5vqNAhclSHx8TAN-UfYEKcgtxXFXBK24/s1600/detail+comp+2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="588" data-original-width="1600" height="234" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEilnR7nFNVigKvfR-leQI-mECG-X0kmiQTSsUUNKfe7UR2t3G3OwbkVrmKpzR1JmLhprv2XMLntuXNEx_rcOve3UAVkaSKa3iEPsFJ7Dd9WwL5q5vqNAhclSHx8TAN-UfYEKcgtxXFXBK24/s640/detail+comp+2.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Details along Strandvägen.</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br />
Like Paris, Stockholm’s 19th century apartment buildings featured concierges which kept an eye on everyone coming and going, managed the maintenance staff, took messages, and sorted the mail. The concierge also had keys to all the apartments and could thus let in workmen and water plants while the residents and their staff were away. </div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiqNS50hUQ9YpVJ007wq1yYsflgLfra5RU-HWq546UvD1S-IR5LCb7EMJcW5INC0tTOuAmGOD4_jEGu_IwiIHBmlUGSpZZZGLkRMxs9Gh9m3Zg16q206gezjF5J35xWdurtDCF3-sWDa4ra/s1600/detail+comp+3.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1038" data-original-width="1600" height="414" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiqNS50hUQ9YpVJ007wq1yYsflgLfra5RU-HWq546UvD1S-IR5LCb7EMJcW5INC0tTOuAmGOD4_jEGu_IwiIHBmlUGSpZZZGLkRMxs9Gh9m3Zg16q206gezjF5J35xWdurtDCF3-sWDa4ra/s640/detail+comp+3.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Details along Strandvägen.</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br />
The back side of the blocks were generally occupied by relatively wealthy aspirants who couldn’t quite afford the luxurious and sunny water-view apartments. These north-facing buildings tend to be relatively detailed but </div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh7pnMonTPsx9pLVZj2LU0zUxZLLkCiXaP1XE-EO7oPv_LblTlmHdLPAXx3JfOAAancL9sKtjcBZ6HhyUu8M1isNPY3MUiFlTw2qGQUYSXHfHki5280jxYr_iR9udUBJyx5hCOFRR51ONhY/s1600/off+strandv%25C3%25A4gen+but+fancy+comp.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1038" data-original-width="1600" height="414" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh7pnMonTPsx9pLVZj2LU0zUxZLLkCiXaP1XE-EO7oPv_LblTlmHdLPAXx3JfOAAancL9sKtjcBZ6HhyUu8M1isNPY3MUiFlTw2qGQUYSXHfHki5280jxYr_iR9udUBJyx5hCOFRR51ONhY/s640/off+strandv%25C3%25A4gen+but+fancy+comp.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
definitely not to the sumptuous degree of Strandvägen’s facades. </div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgyr64GGx7509sbPqrc7AacONvbiTIle-U84TihIDbBkDA85Z64Mbja1nMhO3n0qmZdTq9x_s7omN8fwVIRTFuYVoR9kTJ52VkMIan0h9ttg5tw3aBNndrBZYlojlexhz0aC0Iyf39cfsJY/s1600/plainer+facade+off+strandv%25C3%25A4gen+comp.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="588" data-original-width="1600" height="234" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgyr64GGx7509sbPqrc7AacONvbiTIle-U84TihIDbBkDA85Z64Mbja1nMhO3n0qmZdTq9x_s7omN8fwVIRTFuYVoR9kTJ52VkMIan0h9ttg5tw3aBNndrBZYlojlexhz0aC0Iyf39cfsJY/s640/plainer+facade+off+strandv%25C3%25A4gen+comp.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Off-Strandvägen.</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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In the interior of the blocks, small, dark rental apartments were occupied by servants and other low-paid workers such as waiters, tailors, and shop assistants. </div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi7m15ucb3-10njQYbqMQCWwigJCAaOU6PjdlfxS7kYZcDsDjPTPVaYhEgY2kdFQPUZppPcLZPc8e0mK2gQPAkYDO0ROe-lkfbsgH__33BsM_2VzSEbhhIGeVvqlczGUKBH332azIOyT3W7/s1600/Blocks+map+red+cheaper+rental+units.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="664" data-original-width="649" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi7m15ucb3-10njQYbqMQCWwigJCAaOU6PjdlfxS7kYZcDsDjPTPVaYhEgY2kdFQPUZppPcLZPc8e0mK2gQPAkYDO0ROe-lkfbsgH__33BsM_2VzSEbhhIGeVvqlczGUKBH332azIOyT3W7/s400/Blocks+map+red+cheaper+rental+units.jpg" width="390" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">The dark grey apartments were extremely exclusive while the red apartments were relatively affordable for the working class.</td></tr>
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These apartments didn’t have any of the status of the street-facing apartments, nor did they have water views or much of the sun and breeze enjoyed by the fancy flats. Even so, Strandvägen, for all its glamour and prestige, is an interesting example of mixed income development where wealthy and poor alike shared the same front door. </div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgGAvxA7Ojjas_haN7xMwUvbdJ67J7iFjIO4rihzhOoVG0tpf4KGslqSeSK_wzOUf-8xFS7v4harTL9d2HHYi5VJmuCHDdOR5EhoxTSpAGWUrp4nO8t6HLiJlCVeZ5mwmj9TPXZwP2equit/s1600/front+door+comp.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1038" data-original-width="1600" height="414" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgGAvxA7Ojjas_haN7xMwUvbdJ67J7iFjIO4rihzhOoVG0tpf4KGslqSeSK_wzOUf-8xFS7v4harTL9d2HHYi5VJmuCHDdOR5EhoxTSpAGWUrp4nO8t6HLiJlCVeZ5mwmj9TPXZwP2equit/s640/front+door+comp.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
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The Strandvägen development was designed as a purely residential neighborhood; no stores, offices, restaurants or cafés were originally meant to occupy the ground floors. The area farthest from town is still completely residential and the streets north of Strandvägen are still strangely devoid of life. But the buildings along Nybroviken were built later, and they were designed to have stores and restaurants along the street. The most famous store is Svenkt Tenn, a home decorating store that has been <i>the</i> stylistic voice of wealthy Stockholm for nearly 100 years. </div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiiIWD-Y4RE5S8gKt8qJs4bIGIRr4OwZNQkIS6v_-LL7VjklrnE4zm2eYF_iDuKclcoTaqQ78S6lUf4YPx4kM564CPr5qPRLTG9jghclO4lsSrwlAqIdNEu7uOP4aPvbgIT99TobFfqugqU/s1600/Commercial+comp.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1038" data-original-width="1600" height="414" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiiIWD-Y4RE5S8gKt8qJs4bIGIRr4OwZNQkIS6v_-LL7VjklrnE4zm2eYF_iDuKclcoTaqQ78S6lUf4YPx4kM564CPr5qPRLTG9jghclO4lsSrwlAqIdNEu7uOP4aPvbgIT99TobFfqugqU/s640/Commercial+comp.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Only the newest buildings along Strandvägen, those closest to downtown, have commercial spaces.</td></tr>
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<b>Significance</b><br />
Strandvägen was the beginning of Stockholm’s expansion eastward. Unconsciously or not, by creating a luxurious boulevard before planning the subsequent expansions, the city planners created a desirable neighborhood to which people flocked. Instead of being regarded as merely an outlying suburb, the area was considered the home of Stockholm’s elite, a reputation which is still upheld today. (There's only one apartment for sale along the street, and it's pre-bidding-war price is $5 million.) When Strandvägen was planned and developed, the district was known as Ladugårdslandet, or “Barn Land” and had 17,000 residents. But this lowly, rural name was no longer appropriate, and it didn’t resonate with the area’s status, wealth, or exploding population. In 1885, more than 40,000 people lived in the district and the name was changed to Östermalm, or “Eastern Area” which was in keeping with the historical areas of Norrmalm (“Northern Area”) and Södermalm (“Southern Area”). </div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgp86c-oWH82tuX7_VvX05tBptTuhohFQ-dvdJPMWFU8-ECj54Jzf874Aetrx3S_M9xSvZIL3-MmV25mtswXlxD_SdhbwGPpMsJpm1pVC50Dpi3jM1lyUj-vyZIXknaNuMSY0C5bUaVRFix/s1600/layers+of+wealth.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="810" data-original-width="1080" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgp86c-oWH82tuX7_VvX05tBptTuhohFQ-dvdJPMWFU8-ECj54Jzf874Aetrx3S_M9xSvZIL3-MmV25mtswXlxD_SdhbwGPpMsJpm1pVC50Dpi3jM1lyUj-vyZIXknaNuMSY0C5bUaVRFix/s400/layers+of+wealth.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Layers of wealth along Strandvägen</td></tr>
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While Strandvägen predated the awakening of city planning as a profession and the more nuanced planning proposals later in the century, the plan contains the bud of several important ideas. First of all, older plans didn’t allow for differentiation in street widths for primary and secondary streets, but Strandvägen itself is a wide, open boulevard very much in contrast to the relatively narrow “normal” streets like Styrmansgatan which were laid out at the same time. </div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgX1qEKsAgyWrjHDJYJ8d7ojcK-hPcIEHG99labvvpiu-L83YJiifNDCw_DzVSIesrQIeavA00wJ2XCFw5gv7r49qK0XFawZ0A_7IjZlSdkV8Rlll4oz8N9QSMy43fQMmLdTzK5FZsUjXC2/s1600/narrower+street+comp.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="588" data-original-width="1600" height="234" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgX1qEKsAgyWrjHDJYJ8d7ojcK-hPcIEHG99labvvpiu-L83YJiifNDCw_DzVSIesrQIeavA00wJ2XCFw5gv7r49qK0XFawZ0A_7IjZlSdkV8Rlll4oz8N9QSMy43fQMmLdTzK5FZsUjXC2/s640/narrower+street+comp.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Less grand street widths just off of Strandvägen.</td></tr>
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Also, the insertion of trees into the urban fabric was a novelty. Stockholm’s first public parks at <a href="https://walkingstockholm.blogspot.com/2017/08/stockholms-first-public-park.html" target="_blank">Strömparterren</a> and <a href="https://walkingstockholm.blogspot.com/2017/08/at-junction-of-geography-geology-and.html" target="_blank">Berzelli</a> opened a bit before Strandvägen’s genesis, but Strandvägen was the first tree-lined street in Stockholm’s urban context. Additionally, Strandvägen marks a new attitude toward the street. This street wasn’t just an efficient means of transportation; instead, it was a public space meant to be inhabited. One wasn’t just to efficiently move through; one was invited to linger and enjoy. <br />
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While the aristocracy’s fall was a drawn out affair that had begun a century before, Strandvägen punctuates the end of palace-building in Stockholm. Now, Stockholm’s most exclusive residences were not palaces built for the nobility, but were imitation palaces built by businessmen for businessmen. </div>
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Strandvägen was consciously designed as a luxurious address lined by palace-like apartment buildings in order to beautify the city’s image and proclaim the city’s wealthy, modern position. At the same time, it was very much a project which benefited the populace as a whole. Strandvägen was an important precedent of the city taking over the privately owned waterfront and turning it over to the public realm. Despite the exclusive nature of the apartments lining the boulevard, the city gave the waterfront to the public. The public has always appreciated this gift. Ever since the boulevard opened, it has streamed with strollers, especially on sunny weekends. </div>
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<b>Sources:</b><br />
Carl Olov Sommar, <i>Strandvägen</i> (1987)<br />
Börje Isakson, Åke E:son Lindman, och Per Wästberg, <i>Berättelsen om Strandvägen</i> (1999)<br />
Nils-Gustaf Stahre, Per Anders Fogelström, Jonas Ferenius, and Gunnar Lundqvist, <i>Stockholms gatunamn</i> (2005)<br />
Magnus Andersson, <i>Stockholm’s Annual Rings</i> (1998)</div>
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All of the images are my own except: </div>
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* Wikipedia</div>
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** Gösta Selling, <i>Hur Gamla stan överlevde</i> (1973)<br />
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Rainahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03436765499184988845noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2772821807884282561.post-42746122281376298842018-08-20T21:06:00.001+02:002018-08-20T21:27:56.817+02:00Stockholm Transitions into the Modern Era: Infrastructure in the 1800’s<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgsSq6tV32bspuMrzV7oOGJWdT8xCl61XB-0mi2RjzG6psRctvu11GLTcBWAZJKr1Aku6BtfPODM7FjJQxsqYfxU68rtvUKl2deRseSUqGZmy_EM437QN_o_CAFRikJV1Z5jam7KvUflJjf/s1600/First+infra+comp.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="588" data-original-width="1600" height="234" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgsSq6tV32bspuMrzV7oOGJWdT8xCl61XB-0mi2RjzG6psRctvu11GLTcBWAZJKr1Aku6BtfPODM7FjJQxsqYfxU68rtvUKl2deRseSUqGZmy_EM437QN_o_CAFRikJV1Z5jam7KvUflJjf/s640/First+infra+comp.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Water reservoir at Vanadislunden and stone quay at Gamla Stan</td></tr>
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In the mid-1800’s, Stockholm was, literally and figuratively, a stagnant backwater. Due to Sweden’s constant state of near-bankruptcy since the early 1700’s, very little had been built or developed in the city for 150 years. Furthermore, the advent of water-powered industry meant that Stockholm’s small scale industries left the city, relocating to other cities with access to swift water. The city’s population decreased. Building permit records show that during the first half of the 19th century, fewer than ten buildings were built each year. <br />
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Sweden was one of Europe’s deadliest cities—the water sources were polluted and abundant swampy areas were breeding grounds for disease. Epidemics were common and more people died each year in Stockholm than were born. A third of all infants died in their first year. Extreme poverty and a series of country-wide crop failures and resulting rising food prices meant that dying of starvation was not an uncommon death in Stockholm. The only factor keeping Stockholm’s population somewhat stable was a constant stream of immigration from the countryside to the city. <br />
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Stockholm’s status as the country’s capitol and the seat of the monarchy had been favorable for the city during the 1600’s. At that time, the monarchy was wealthy and eager to develop the city into a capitol worthy of the expanding empire. The Crown both funded and controlled the city’s development. But when the Crown’s funds dried up at the beginning of the 18th century, the connection between the monarchy and Stockholm meant that the city had no funds of its own for continued maintenance and development. By the 19th century, the city was conscious of its deficiencies and had some (limited) desire to improve the infrastructure, but it had no power or money to take the necessary steps.<br />
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But in the middle of the 1800’s, everything changed. Sweden’s economy experienced the first real upswing for 150 years. Stockholm’s population began to grow, doubling between 1856 and 1884 from 100,000 to 200,000 people. To keep up with the population growth, the city began to build at record pace. Technology offered new solutions to old problems, and a general optimism and faith in technology’s ability to solve urban problems grew. It was felt that conditions in the city could hardly get worse; instead, life could only get better. <br />
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<b>City Administration</b><br />
The first ground-breaking change that laid the foundation for all other infrastructure improvements was that the city was finally granted the power to control its own fate in 1862. Stockholm was no longer directly under the control of the monarchy—both the administration of the city and the city’s tax base were turned over to a new, modernized city government complete with salaried, full-time employees. While the whims of the monarchy still played a defining role in the city’s development, the city now had the responsibility, the formal power, and some funding to act on its own. <br />
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With power and funding in hand, the city government got immediately to work improving the city’s infrastructure. These improvements fall loosely into three interwoven categories: improvements for the sake of trade and business (Streets and Sidewalks, Quays, Locks, Railroads, Horse-Drawn Trams); improvements for the sake of health and safety (Swamp Drainage, Street Lighting, Water, Sewage and Drainage); and improvements for the convenience and enjoyment of the city’s inhabitants (Elevators, Parks).<br />
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<b>Streets and Sidewalks</b> </div>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Regeringsgatan</td></tr>
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Well into the 1800’s, visitors described Stockholm streets (outside of Gamla Stan) as cow paths. Gamla Stan’s streets were generally paved with cobblestones, but most of the streets on Södermalm, in Norrmalm and in Östermalm, and on Kungsholmen were dirt. Most often, these streets were muddy, and cows and other livestock often wandered along them. <br />
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Since the beginning of Stockholm’s history, streets were the responsibility of lot owners. As a lot owner, one was responsible for the street along one’s lot frontage, from the lot line to the middle of the street. Officially, lot owners were supposed to pave their streets with cobblestones, but this was in reality rarely done. Moreover, there was no coordination between one section of street and the next. Even if two adjacent lot owners dutifully paved their sections of street, there was no guarantee that the gradient of one street section would meet the cobblestones of the neighboring section. Steps and dips and potholes between one street section to the next were not uncommon. Needless to say, in this context, laying pipes for drainage, sewage, water, or gas was unthinkable. <br />
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In 1845, the city officially took over the paving and maintenance of streets. This was to be funded by a special new tax on property owners. In practice, there wasn’t much of an improvement until the 1860’s when the city administration was modernized and it finally had the staff to plan and carry out improvements. </div>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Different types of street paving in 1871. Red=shaped stone. Green=field stone. Blue=macadam. Orange=gravel. (6) </td></tr>
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Once the city took over street paving and maintenance, a new innovation was introduced: sidewalks. There was an outcry of property owners against this “nonsense” because the curbstones made it more difficult for wagons to be driven onto the property. But the city won out, and Regeringsgatan in Norrmalm was the first street to be entirely lined by sidewalks. One block of the original sidewalk is still visible today; the rest of Regeringsgatan’s sidewalks have been repaved in the standard Stockholm concrete paving stone. </div>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Regeringsgatan</td></tr>
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<b>Quays</b> </div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi-lZEU-Mz69zSUQW0llCQqsWfonzHurMCxmo65anlTcGpVpCNuqf7Iv5ZGWpPECEE5UdBDdSU5LfBEjY49nYhNKLHW9HCeVvK-C6OmrjzNB9Y7Zg1tlPHCeys_hEzMTJxT_MXtAMn0t_BP/s1600/Quays+map.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1389" data-original-width="1600" height="554" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi-lZEU-Mz69zSUQW0llCQqsWfonzHurMCxmo65anlTcGpVpCNuqf7Iv5ZGWpPECEE5UdBDdSU5LfBEjY49nYhNKLHW9HCeVvK-C6OmrjzNB9Y7Zg1tlPHCeys_hEzMTJxT_MXtAMn0t_BP/s640/Quays+map.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Stone quays built in the mid-1880's-ish</td></tr>
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In my post on “<a href="https://walkingstockholm.blogspot.com/2017/08/at-junction-of-geography-geology-and.html" target="_blank">At the Junction of Geography, Geology and City Planning: Nybroviken, Raoul Wallenbergs torg, Berzelli Park, Nybroplan, and Norrmalmstorg</a>,” I described how plans for the Nybroviken harbor languished for centuries. Despite active lobbying from the area’s residents and several iterations of plans drawn up by city architects, the city simply didn’t have the willpower or the funding to clean up the swampy, sewage-filled harbor or to build a quayside. It took a royal decree to spur action. </div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjHKA_F6zkQqGfG2B4-GB6LrJYigtG7AKZfEKMeaXWMmcxThybl2Uze28JQWZAvn4vFpRmkD8OAGXhSYJV6OgZ1Zbezs0R8Mg8eGJ8PtXZi0uj9wHHY1kCYguQG89mGYJWDo2pt4PUntQHx/s1600/Nybroviken+comp.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="588" data-original-width="1600" height="234" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjHKA_F6zkQqGfG2B4-GB6LrJYigtG7AKZfEKMeaXWMmcxThybl2Uze28JQWZAvn4vFpRmkD8OAGXhSYJV6OgZ1Zbezs0R8Mg8eGJ8PtXZi0uj9wHHY1kCYguQG89mGYJWDo2pt4PUntQHx/s640/Nybroviken+comp.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">The stone quay at Nybroviken</td></tr>
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I think that Nybroviken’s story was fairly typical. Through the middle of the 1800’s, most of the city’s waterlines were muddy, polluted transitions from water to land. Boats tied up to trees and rocks or at best to rickety, wooden docks, not to an official, engineered quay of stone. Access to the water was often blocked by industries such as tanneries, which also spilled toxins into the water. Even <a href="https://walkingstockholm.blogspot.com/2011/11/skeppsbron-waterfront.html" target="_blank">Skeppsbron’s quay</a>, built in the 1600’s to impress international visitors, was essentially a long, wooden dock.<br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhxzlaDh6vYxZvH7WOoWL7umv1cTvugeGbpr6MkycIpx2gXqBNwHHRsqhP7ARnbYDsZ1dqNQB0uoqucj_we_wIP3Q3YhSF-lfN-98G0wPCuZLt7HGUL950biAntLyhaSYxtg2uWfzy6HLWN/s1600/Skeppsbron+comp.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="588" data-original-width="1600" height="234" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhxzlaDh6vYxZvH7WOoWL7umv1cTvugeGbpr6MkycIpx2gXqBNwHHRsqhP7ARnbYDsZ1dqNQB0uoqucj_we_wIP3Q3YhSF-lfN-98G0wPCuZLt7HGUL950biAntLyhaSYxtg2uWfzy6HLWN/s640/Skeppsbron+comp.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Skeppsbron's stone quay</td></tr>
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The city awakened during the <a href="https://walkingstockholm.blogspot.com/2018/05/the-railroad-comes-to-stockholm.html" target="_blank">railroad</a> debates of the 1850’s. Opponents to the “Wasp’s Waist,” the railroad connection on bridges from Södermalm to Norrmalm, narrowing the canal between Gamla Stan (Stadsholmen) and Riddarholmen, would rather have seen grand stone quays encircling the islands. They lost the railroad debate, but quays were built around Gamla Stan </div>
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and Riddarholmen</div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiA1AECa2z4-PtzOaoV0dCulYzlDg_bB3Z3YjMZ94s3mzo2Jdprn3Zgy5Q3V4prP66yw0KbmwecpBDer_kcwgbP-QksFoUvPivABgjCeqcdo2dE3Qy_kayfflHszdSuRdWnx-aGIdl3ttAA/s1600/Riddarholmen+quay+comp.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="588" data-original-width="1600" height="234" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiA1AECa2z4-PtzOaoV0dCulYzlDg_bB3Z3YjMZ94s3mzo2Jdprn3Zgy5Q3V4prP66yw0KbmwecpBDer_kcwgbP-QksFoUvPivABgjCeqcdo2dE3Qy_kayfflHszdSuRdWnx-aGIdl3ttAA/s640/Riddarholmen+quay+comp.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
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in the 1850’s and 60’s none-the-less. I believe that the quayside along Norrström was also built at this time.</div>
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Additionally, it was decided that future city development projects that happened to be at the water’s edge would include a stone quay. The first to be realized was Strandvägen; I will cover this project in much more detail in a future post. </div>
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Today, it's hard to imagine the city without these stone quays. In this day and age, the quays are not technologically impressive, and they seem like a natural, necessary part of the city. But only a century ago, these quays were expensive, difficult projects that replaced the age-old solution of rickety wooden docks and mud banks. <br />
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<b>Locks</b></div>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Slussen</td></tr>
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The very existence of Stockholm depends on its <a href="https://walkingstockholm.blogspot.com/2011/09/in-beginning.html" target="_blank">strategic location</a> where the enormous Lake Mälaren empties into the Baltic Sea. It was here that the cargoes of seafaring ships had to be carried over the small rapid separating the bodies of water and reloaded into shallower lake-going boats. A riskier alternative was that seafaring ships could be reeled up over the rapid and into the lake by men pulling ropes. Either way, one of Stockholm’s most important sources of income was fees for the handling of goods or reeling of boats. <br />
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(Not only was Stockholm the crux of east-west water-borne transport, but the ridge extending from Södermalm, over to Gamla Stan, and up to Norrmalm was literally the only narrow crossing over Lake Mälaren for 100 kilometers. Naturally, the historical north-south road used this junction to cross the Lake.) <br />
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By the 1600’s, the continuing rising of the land combined with the growing size of merchant ships meant that neither the reloading of cargoes or the reeling of ships were viable alternatives any more. Luckily, the Dutch had developed the needed technology, and in 1637, Queen Kristina imported knowledgeable Dutch engineers who designed and built a wooden lock between Gamla Stan and Södermalm. The lock was opened in 1642, and the area around the lock became known as Slussen, which means “The Lock”. </div>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Plan drawing of the Kristina Lock by Lorenzo Magalotti, drawn in the 1600's. (1) North seems to be down in this image.</td></tr>
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The lock was an immediate success. Stockholm’s income from lock fees immediately grew 600% larger than the previous cargo and reel fees. Sweden had always been an important exporter of iron, but the lock made export through Stockholm so convenient that iron export was suddenly concentrated to Stockholm; Stockholm’s harbor became the largest iron export harbor in all of Europe and fully 40% of all iron in Europe moved through the lock. The official city iron scale was moved to the now-dried up medieval moat just south of Slussen which became known as Järngraven or “Iron Moat,” and all export iron coming through the lock went through a weighing, quality control, stamping, and customs process housed on Södermalmstorg, the square adjacent to the lock. It wasn’t just iron that was suddenly concentrated to Stockholm; two-thirds of Sweden’s international trade was now transported through Slussen.</div>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Kristina Lock shown on a 1650 copperplate by Wolfgang Hartmann (1)</td></tr>
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The lock was a commercial success, but it hadn’t done much to beautify or modernize Stockholm’s image. The lock was built in the shadow of Stockholm’s medieval wall and crumbling towers. Beside the lock, grinding mills still took advantage of the rapid which raged through Kvarnströmmen, or “Mill Stream.” Various boat sheds, fish cleaning sheds, and tanneries hung out over the water’s edge. In 1680, City Architect Jean de la Vallée drew up a plan to regularize, beautify, and modernize the Slussen area. In the proposal, a wide peninsula was to be built jutting out from Gamla Stan toward Södermalm. A double bridge would cross over Kvarnströmmen and a double drawbridge would cross the lock. The moat would be partially decked over and the area’s shoddy sheds would be replaced by large, well-built buildings according to a geometrical plan. The proposal was never built, but it did influence later development of the area. </div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjSAWB3NRjQHZlDRyKM8W9qAaAVhmnM7P0-DBq8wPRUABAUcT5njpv000wF4-_ZZOwKv6aQ5b9GbvkI_wGs0KdR44IV0Edk9SIwNShK876RmjRl2TH82AG8bleUru3FpZ7xnul5doH2NHA8/s1600/Jean+de+la+Vallees+slussen+f%25C3%25B6rslag%252C+slussen+vid+s%25C3%25B6derstr%25C3%25B6m+book.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1331" data-original-width="1600" height="532" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjSAWB3NRjQHZlDRyKM8W9qAaAVhmnM7P0-DBq8wPRUABAUcT5njpv000wF4-_ZZOwKv6aQ5b9GbvkI_wGs0KdR44IV0Edk9SIwNShK876RmjRl2TH82AG8bleUru3FpZ7xnul5doH2NHA8/s640/Jean+de+la+Vallees+slussen+f%25C3%25B6rslag%252C+slussen+vid+s%25C3%25B6derstr%25C3%25B6m+book.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Jean de la Vallée's proposal for cleaning up the area around the lock, 1680 (2). North is to the right.</td></tr>
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Sweden’s “Time of Great Power” and thus Stockholm’s time as a commercial superpower was short. By the 1700’s, Sweden was losing wars, losing colonies, and losing business. It was clear that Sweden wasn’t going to continue getting richer by its 17th century method of victorious looting; instead, the new get-rich-quick scheme was to invest in ship building and manufacturing. The lock at Slussen, however, was by the mid-1700’s in desperate need of repair. At the same time, ships were getting bigger and had deeper drafts and modern boats couldn’t fit inside the lock. The lock was simply too damaged and too small to support growing industrial ventures. The city and the King took turns paying for stop-gap measures to repair and deepen the lock, but it was clear that a new, bigger lock was in order. However, neither city nor the monarchy had the funds to pay for it. <br />
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Both the inventor Christopher Polhem and the current City Architect Adelcrantz had drawn up proposals for a new lock in wood, but the city balked at the costs. Cocky Johan Eberhard Carlberg, the City Engineer in Gothenburg, sent in his own proposal. Not only was Carlberg’s proposal in stone instead of wood, but his lock was considerably bigger and deeper and he even claimed that his proposal was significantly cheaper than both Polhem and Adelcrantz's proposals. With soap-opera swiftness, Adelcrantz was removed from his position as Stockholm’s City Architect and Carlberg was given the position instead. </div>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Carlberg's proposal, with the old Kristina Lock dashed in (2). I have rotated the image 180 degrees so that north is up.</td></tr>
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However, the city continued to hem and haw over the expense, and eventually, 20 years after his initial proposal, Polhem, now 82 years old, was given the job to build a new lock. In 1755, when he was 95 years old, Polhem’s lock was finished.</div>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Johan Brolin's map from 1773 shows Polhem's Lock (1).</td></tr>
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Polhem’s lock didn’t include the rebuilding of the entire area like Jean de la Vallée’s proposal from 1680, but this new lock with two bridges was more impressive to the eye than the original Kristina Lock. Four prominent red brick towers supported the mechanism for the western drawbridge over the lock while the eastern drawbridge was a (iron?) construction painted in blue. </div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiugJKQ78KO0o-IAzwFDekqvArqjwZUb6jGgoDsQwxxJYyp-E19d9NBqpGC5Hw-FsXWWUUKJTvY2uaur8V3DtqQfauY-PsIM-JSf-Uqezhe_lZrtvcicXuzm-Y7HWUowMirPL1QTWpnCz_G/s1600/Polhems+sluss+comp.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="548" data-original-width="1600" height="218" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiugJKQ78KO0o-IAzwFDekqvArqjwZUb6jGgoDsQwxxJYyp-E19d9NBqpGC5Hw-FsXWWUUKJTvY2uaur8V3DtqQfauY-PsIM-JSf-Uqezhe_lZrtvcicXuzm-Y7HWUowMirPL1QTWpnCz_G/s640/Polhems+sluss+comp.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Anders Holm's 1780 (1) and Johan Peter Cumelin's 1793 (1) paintings showing Polhem's two drawbridges and lock.</td></tr>
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Another century later, yet another new lock was needed. Polhem’s Lock was outdated—it was too small and needed too much maintenance. In 1841, the city arranged a design competition, but unlike the 1700’s when architects and engineers were jostling for the job, no one entered the 19th century competition despite a hefty cash prize. Two years later, a new competition with an even heftier prize still solicited no entries. Eventually, Nils Ericson, the father of Sweden’s <a href="https://walkingstockholm.blogspot.com/2018/05/the-railroad-comes-to-stockholm.html" target="_blank">railroads</a>, offered to draw up a proposal—the city was so thankful that Ericson was allowed to set his own compensation. </div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiWLC3vGdQEJ0864vGnngbulif61qGRNGwAdBVOy3i-e6l8x07U187k7hc58r7LNWChwqduneGDVpb_NWz0j_mbDQ478yvhdCWiz0bHyqeC86RLa8MYyyH1UMASx04eJBenzF5vJzp9ffVR/s1600/1848gs.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1600" data-original-width="1290" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiWLC3vGdQEJ0864vGnngbulif61qGRNGwAdBVOy3i-e6l8x07U187k7hc58r7LNWChwqduneGDVpb_NWz0j_mbDQ478yvhdCWiz0bHyqeC86RLa8MYyyH1UMASx04eJBenzF5vJzp9ffVR/s640/1848gs.jpg" width="516" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Polhem's Lock on Kusel's 1848 map (3). North is to the right.</td></tr>
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Ericson’s Lock was much more technologically advanced than its predecessors, but what I find more important is that Ericson’s proposal wasn’t limited to just the lock and its bridges. Instead, it encompassed a much wider area and resulted in a big overhaul of the entire district. First, the lock’s quays were now made of stone. The stone quays even extended well beyond the lock, and for the first time, the grand <a href="https://walkingstockholm.blogspot.com/2011/11/skeppsbron-waterfront.html" target="_blank">Skeppsbron waterfront</a>, Stockholm’s front door, was given a sturdy stone quayside. Even the Mälaren side of Gamla Stan was revamped with a stone quay. </div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgUANPj0r2ptWddEkBETGJajePClenGkwLd-OOcnV-Q7lP-CRyd8kRRSAhqyZtTK1VDInJytuT57Z99uU7Ln75xC9RTKgU_xPL_fDIdPA0Qpy0UCMGtrBceKfa7uqWf6q9TCZNK_L5aTOG0/s1600/nils+ericson+drawing+slussen%252C+slussen+vid+s%25C3%25B6derstr%25C3%25B6m+book.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1416" data-original-width="965" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgUANPj0r2ptWddEkBETGJajePClenGkwLd-OOcnV-Q7lP-CRyd8kRRSAhqyZtTK1VDInJytuT57Z99uU7Ln75xC9RTKgU_xPL_fDIdPA0Qpy0UCMGtrBceKfa7uqWf6q9TCZNK_L5aTOG0/s640/nils+ericson+drawing+slussen%252C+slussen+vid+s%25C3%25B6derstr%25C3%25B6m+book.jpg" width="436" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Nils Ericson's drawings, section and then plan, for new quays at Slussen (2)</td></tr>
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Furthermore, all of the surrounding sheds were finally demolished, smelly fish processing and tanneries were moved away, and the area between the lock and the bypass stream (Kvarnströmmen) was made into a formal square. The square was dedicated to King Karl XIV Johan and a large statue of the King on his horse was placed in the middle. This Karl Johans torg (Karl Johan’s Square) became the southern bookend of Gamla Stan and Skeppsbron much like <a href="https://walkingstockholm.blogspot.com/2015/12/gustav-adolfs-torg-and-norrbro.html" target="_blank">Gustav Adolfs torg</a> (Gustav Adolf Square) with its monumental King-and-steed statue just to the north of the Old Town. With Ericson’s Lock and Karl Johan’s Square, the city modernized its infrastructure and monumentalized the southern entry to Gamla Stan. </div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjbhw3GPKRXBjVd9Q1AOdL2h796VZrqn_yAiwgTGkw4hsk8s_l1YX2UWybkBvKZqOwZ8RDHyPAdHrsUTtbkx8Mk8Iok27GVDZf1aKGAdG-qPVLd-o1h4pEM5vfE0OaXP4QNRmLGNBmR0TQf/s1600/Karl_XIV_Johans_staty_Billmark_1860.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="564" data-original-width="800" height="450" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjbhw3GPKRXBjVd9Q1AOdL2h796VZrqn_yAiwgTGkw4hsk8s_l1YX2UWybkBvKZqOwZ8RDHyPAdHrsUTtbkx8Mk8Iok27GVDZf1aKGAdG-qPVLd-o1h4pEM5vfE0OaXP4QNRmLGNBmR0TQf/s640/Karl_XIV_Johans_staty_Billmark_1860.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Karl Johan's Square and statue according to Billmark, 1880 (1).</td></tr>
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The lock at Slussen was rebuilt again in the 1930's, creating the car-centric, unpleasant junction that plagued central Stockholm for almost a century. But Slussen is currently under reconstruction again and will hopefully become a more pedestrian-friendly area once again. I will write about these developments in a future post.</div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiG8KESHADWVTgS-PPaQQ0-LymU4Q-7htaU2gmMrpynUZ3ki2bDhGbqyFQ_Fjv0kwbINLM_X3JWOGv06agoz9EflLcmYcHyyeB_3tQ-gVT1s_OmOehk-6f9uo8bv9otSFodxtDkuBA6YXy0/s1600/slussen+today.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="810" data-original-width="1080" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiG8KESHADWVTgS-PPaQQ0-LymU4Q-7htaU2gmMrpynUZ3ki2bDhGbqyFQ_Fjv0kwbINLM_X3JWOGv06agoz9EflLcmYcHyyeB_3tQ-gVT1s_OmOehk-6f9uo8bv9otSFodxtDkuBA6YXy0/s400/slussen+today.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">The Slussen area is currently undergoing its customary, once-a-century revamp.</td></tr>
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<b>Railroads</b> </div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgNK-3CZHbK6kBpINGHOd3Mm59LtQfvOFCWuY49s-S00gPAi4fi6WoS-4Ia5ymLb67e-318HUXAaFo80AlHkFSMHKwSshVZp6jjLQPUY6-xxz66FWMEeXI2OSi5pEj991KymRZGjPh1wXwP/s1600/Stockholm+Map-Railroad.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1600" data-original-width="1141" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgNK-3CZHbK6kBpINGHOd3Mm59LtQfvOFCWuY49s-S00gPAi4fi6WoS-4Ia5ymLb67e-318HUXAaFo80AlHkFSMHKwSshVZp6jjLQPUY6-xxz66FWMEeXI2OSi5pEj991KymRZGjPh1wXwP/s640/Stockholm+Map-Railroad.jpg" width="456" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Red=Railroad today. Orange=Original trunk line from the south.</td></tr>
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The advent of the railroad was probably Stockholm’s biggest and most important infrastructure transformation during the 1800’s, but I have already described this process in detail in my post “<a href="https://walkingstockholm.blogspot.com/2018/05/the-railroad-comes-to-stockholm.html" target="_blank">The Railroad Comes to Stockholm</a>.” This infrastructure development was not an initiative of the city but was instead financed and planned by the national government. </div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhbBgWg7n8FiqSqxWGrzmB_ER1Gu7OL0TEjLuUeT6SgoeJaKkDmo861gWMrG1l0T9f8dPAa97i_ElQZC3LdGvXFjmZWag4tkGhWnKpPD9k3Z66sx0AIi0eLokfYejwJv1saGPK0IX3hlyeI/s1600/First+comp.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="747" data-original-width="1600" height="298" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhbBgWg7n8FiqSqxWGrzmB_ER1Gu7OL0TEjLuUeT6SgoeJaKkDmo861gWMrG1l0T9f8dPAa97i_ElQZC3LdGvXFjmZWag4tkGhWnKpPD9k3Z66sx0AIi0eLokfYejwJv1saGPK0IX3hlyeI/s640/First+comp.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
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<b>Horse-Drawn Trams</b><br />
Horse-drawn omnibuses following set routes and timetables appeared in Stockholm in 1835. The omnibus network expanded through the 1850’s but it was never an economic success. Horses and their upkeep were expensive, especially in a climate like Sweden’s and with steep topography like Södermalm’s, but I also suspect that the lack of a middle class was also a major factor—the countless poor couldn’t afford the omnibuses, most of the wealthier class relied either on private carriages or on taxi services, and there were very few people somewhere in the middle to support public transportation. By 1870, there was only one omnibus line in operation. <br />
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In 1870, a private company applied for permission to build up a network of four horse-drawn trams in Stockholm. While horses were still expensive, the rails would make pulling the carriages significantly easier, greatly prolonging the life expectancy of the horses. None of the proposed lines extended to Kungsholmen or Södermalm; these areas were still too poor and the terrain too steep to support public transportation. The company was granted permission but went bankrupt before the tram network was in operation. Several years passed without progress and when Oslo opened a tram line before Stockholm, the city felt that it had to take matters into its own hands. A central committee worked out a new proposal including the original four lines plus three additional ones, still none on Södermalm, and invited private companies to bid on a contract. <br />
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In 1877, Stockholm’s first horse-drawn trams were in operation. The lines were serviced with ten-minute traffic and had no official stops; passengers just waved at the conductor to be let on and off. There was only one track, so carriages had to wait for each other at passing places with two tracks. In the winter, the tram cars were replaced with sleds which followed the same routes. <br />
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The tram network was expanded and modernized over the next few decades. Official stops kept trams running on schedule, double tracks meant that traffic could move more swiftly and efficiently, and the first electric line was opened as a trial in 1894. The network expanded past the city limits and to the island of Södermalm. Traffic on Södermalm was made possible by steam-powered trams which could navigate the steep terrain up from Slussen. Because of the required change between horse-drawn to steam-powered trams, passengers travelling past Slussen had to change trams at Södermalmstorget (Slussen). By 1899, it was decided that the entire network was to be electrified, and this was carried out in stages until 1905. </div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjPAmXTyWhbKlStXMkoDL1aAFy6gcb1EBA8__0JuL3KKzWARqIRh2ZcEbrRub31AysQjOhQ5SkCyUGyy6U5WhPhOl4JwG2zNxEUjdfA_cF1g7DCr35Ob6S2oNkcgdjpXndvpqwL28epv7_O/s1600/Sp%25C3%25A5rvagnslinjer%252C+stockholm+p%25C3%25A5+sp%25C3%25A5ret+book.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1490" data-original-width="1600" height="594" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjPAmXTyWhbKlStXMkoDL1aAFy6gcb1EBA8__0JuL3KKzWARqIRh2ZcEbrRub31AysQjOhQ5SkCyUGyy6U5WhPhOl4JwG2zNxEUjdfA_cF1g7DCr35Ob6S2oNkcgdjpXndvpqwL28epv7_O/s640/Sp%25C3%25A5rvagnslinjer%252C+stockholm+p%25C3%25A5+sp%25C3%25A5ret+book.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Stockholm's Horse-drawn tram lines, 1877-1905 (4)</td></tr>
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<b>Swamp Drainage </b></div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjLJNyZWAebk6rjtd-0TnOdnlwjEZi1YhWXoVCKhLqxmvm1jR2pekLOSGLUFp7kSjHcHQxtt-LbO97z6kD2I9y8_4ge_6y1ULMaXAizoAlsWP_tuAxlB-Dehy8aPOucj9Yu6hWAS0J_Q1bm/s1600/Swamp+drainage+map.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1600" data-original-width="997" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjLJNyZWAebk6rjtd-0TnOdnlwjEZi1YhWXoVCKhLqxmvm1jR2pekLOSGLUFp7kSjHcHQxtt-LbO97z6kD2I9y8_4ge_6y1ULMaXAizoAlsWP_tuAxlB-Dehy8aPOucj9Yu6hWAS0J_Q1bm/s640/Swamp+drainage+map.jpg" width="398" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">From north to south and west to east: Träsket, Klara, Nybroviken, Zinkensdamm, Fatburen </td></tr>
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An infrastructure project closely related to quays was the drainage of urban swamps. Areas such as Fatburen Lake, Zinkensdamm Lake, Klara Lake, Nybroviken Harbor, and Träsket (“the swamp”) had once been living ecosystems with clean water and fish populations, but their urban locations as well as the geological process of rising land meant that over the centuries these bodies of water were no longer connected to their original outlets. The bodies of water continually shrunk as residents dumped centuries’ worth of rubbish and sewage into them. They became swampy sewage reservoirs, causing foul odors, epidemics of sickness, and malaria. <br />
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While local residents had lobbied for these foul bodies of water to be filled in for a century or more, the city had little willpower or funding to do so. In the case of Fatburen and Zinkensdamm, it wasn’t until the advent of the <a href="https://walkingstockholm.blogspot.com/2018/05/the-railroad-comes-to-stockholm.html" target="_blank">railroad and Stockholm Southern Station</a> that they were filled in. Klara Lake was never completely filled in, but it was greatly reduced with the construction of the railroad and Stockholm Northern Station. <a href="https://walkingstockholm.blogspot.com/2017/08/at-junction-of-geography-geology-and.html" target="_blank">Nybroviken</a> was filled in after the King stepped in and decreed that it should be done. Träsket was filled in in the early 1880’s with left-over stone from the dynamiting of nearby areas. </div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh5QbbAjtj4hvivRlZQ0U8TLroWYXY2hL99Tx0JTAJJsSQYAdZVrmcr-GkNkmGJsWK6vBYS99N-17KrFNzSHWEz6Yjvh2AhsgQWC5NUVMii-s06wpibuFi4k0iptBqdz238YwYzL1yPFSo5/s1600/Medborgarplatsen.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="810" data-original-width="1080" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh5QbbAjtj4hvivRlZQ0U8TLroWYXY2hL99Tx0JTAJJsSQYAdZVrmcr-GkNkmGJsWK6vBYS99N-17KrFNzSHWEz6Yjvh2AhsgQWC5NUVMii-s06wpibuFi4k0iptBqdz238YwYzL1yPFSo5/s400/Medborgarplatsen.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Medborgarplatsen was once Lake Fatburen</td></tr>
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The draining of Isbladskärret on Djurgården was a different case since this swampy area was too far out of town to have served as an urban trash and sewage dump. Instead, King Karl XIV Johan had the swamp drained through the construction of the <a href="https://walkingstockholm.blogspot.com/2017/04/djurgardsbrunnskanalenthe-resurrection.html" target="_blank">canal at Djurgårdsbrunn</a> in order to prevent the breeding of malaria-carrying mosquitoes near his new summer palace at Rosendal. </div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhGvc68D1aH4NipSlnCTXDkIRrROGQexLGaRxoTA_FVLHrNVt27eISxrkX81wj3U72-2SihbxW4X3y1RaFUE2rx8o7Z6GiMTAz_68HokER90ZqK-gmf16BQFFkw6qinI9Qs8vaNtteF_Qci/s1600/swamp+comp.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="747" data-original-width="1600" height="298" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhGvc68D1aH4NipSlnCTXDkIRrROGQexLGaRxoTA_FVLHrNVt27eISxrkX81wj3U72-2SihbxW4X3y1RaFUE2rx8o7Z6GiMTAz_68HokER90ZqK-gmf16BQFFkw6qinI9Qs8vaNtteF_Qci/s640/swamp+comp.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Isbladskärret was drained in the 1800's but in an effort to restore the valuable bird
nesting site, the city has stopped pumping water out of the wetland.</td></tr>
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<b>Street Lighting</b> </div>
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Stockholm’s oldest known ordinance dealing with street lighting is from 1697, immediately following the fire that destroyed the <a href="https://walkingstockholm.blogspot.com/2012/12/stockholms-castle-and-environs.html" target="_blank">Royal Castle</a>. Lanterns were to be hung on building facades on the island of <a href="https://walkingstockholm.blogspot.com/2011/10/riddarholmen-knights-island.html" target="_blank">Riddarholmen</a> (where the royal family moved after the castle burned down) and it was now illegal to carry burning torches through Riddarholmen’s streets. An ordinance from 1747 decreed that lanterns were to be hung on the facade outside of all pubs. In 1749, it was decreed that all property owners were obliged to hang a lantern on their building facade, maintain it, and light it in the evening. At the same time, the city bought 97 lanterns to be hung up in public places and on bridges. Because of Stockholm’s white nights, the lanterns were only to be lit from September through March. If, according to the almanac, the evening was to be moonlit, the lanterns were not to be lit at all. The lanterns were to be put out by 1 a.m. at the latest, and this was checked by wandering night watchmen.</div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEifU3TL_F_TmelVtUrRuWEH11rjOwWDUe-1MgnNs-GhOLS9hfXKQyamGCTNkF14qPrS7a4UbMaba3lyauDD9cda_hTTLgnKL-FvYIRjRTcj0yNJ_Ru7kpS6IYt5msNB3EVfJT0cu0gmH_Pk/s1600/Jean+Clary%252C+Slottet+i+m%25C3%25A5nsken%252C+1843.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="520" data-original-width="778" height="426" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEifU3TL_F_TmelVtUrRuWEH11rjOwWDUe-1MgnNs-GhOLS9hfXKQyamGCTNkF14qPrS7a4UbMaba3lyauDD9cda_hTTLgnKL-FvYIRjRTcj0yNJ_Ru7kpS6IYt5msNB3EVfJT0cu0gmH_Pk/s640/Jean+Clary%252C+Slottet+i+m%25C3%25A5nsken%252C+1843.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Jean Cary, 1843 (3). Here, we can see that the street lantern is not lit because the night was supposed to be lit by moonshine according to the almanac. Clouds partially obstructed the moonshine that night, so those out after dark have to carry their own lanterns to light their way.</td></tr>
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<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br />
The required street lanterns gave off a decidedly weak light. They were nicknamed “wolf eyes” because they were small, glowing light sources that didn’t cast any light on the ground. These wolf eyes were spaced about 60 feet apart and didn’t really make the streets any safer. When going out at night, most people carried their own lanterns with them. The wealthier strata had servants that followed them around bearing lanterns. These perambulating lanterns helped people not to trip on the uneven streets, but they did nothing to prevent thieves from hiding in the darkness. Lantern technology progressed with reflectors and such, but the overall lighting levels didn’t really improve until natural gas entered the scene.</div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh7KvChOx3b2zTAmRIb2S6dTidNFZkq2H7h27T7Vml8fQ9V0ycoyaEGBP6BQ5_hOYb4bdbgUFx7xeWzXKZR_vEtLNRgsr4eFicDfgmWQpm0_EL6tz0Yb_XsSaguQZaluE9qtMgAtDtDFdxt/s1600/Elias+Martin%252C+Kungsholmens+landfaste%252C+1790.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1082" data-original-width="1600" height="432" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh7KvChOx3b2zTAmRIb2S6dTidNFZkq2H7h27T7Vml8fQ9V0ycoyaEGBP6BQ5_hOYb4bdbgUFx7xeWzXKZR_vEtLNRgsr4eFicDfgmWQpm0_EL6tz0Yb_XsSaguQZaluE9qtMgAtDtDFdxt/s640/Elias+Martin%252C+Kungsholmens+landfaste%252C+1790.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Elias Martin's painting from 1790 shows a man on a ladder adding oil to and polishing the glass of one of Stockholm's 97 publically-operated lanterns (5).</td></tr>
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<br />
In 1853, a private company received permission to build a gasworks near the shore of Klara Canal. While the gasworks was a private initiative, the city now provided the street lights and hired lantern-lighters so individual property owners were excused from the responsibility of keeping their own lanterns lit. By 1859, the network of gas lines and gas-powered street lights extended across most of the city although the poorest, most distant areas didn’t receive gas street lights until the 1920’s.<br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh-sP0VmkaTgsN3D6E06S7V0m5gTQfWUkp8rWFZ7d1tSPIc1ArrZdk76IP0Gwb3HcLj3zfK6IJZfAbNS-vt04HUQOKw3l0gytZZajmBNdTLV6RNjEzka1kODoHhR4t_7zPxobG9J-bawVWX/s1600/Herman+Lindqvist%252C+Hamngatan+med+gaslyktor+och+utanf%25C3%25B6r+butiken+i+gath%25C3%25B6rnet+in+b%25C3%25A5gljuslampa%252C+1904.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="966" data-original-width="739" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh-sP0VmkaTgsN3D6E06S7V0m5gTQfWUkp8rWFZ7d1tSPIc1ArrZdk76IP0Gwb3HcLj3zfK6IJZfAbNS-vt04HUQOKw3l0gytZZajmBNdTLV6RNjEzka1kODoHhR4t_7zPxobG9J-bawVWX/s400/Herman+Lindqvist%252C+Hamngatan+med+gaslyktor+och+utanf%25C3%25B6r+butiken+i+gath%25C3%25B6rnet+in+b%25C3%25A5gljuslampa%252C+1904.jpg" width="305" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Herman Lindqvist's 1904 painting showing gas street lighting on Hamngatan (3).</td></tr>
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The gaslights ushered a new era into Stockholm. Until gas street lighting, the streets were so quiet by 10 p.m. that not a few foreign visitors commented in their journals. But the comparatively bright gas lights made the evening hours accessible to the general public, and a it became common to stroll through the city streets of an evening, to partake in cafe culture, and to attend cultural performances. Most of that which is associated with big city life was not possible until gas street lighting. </div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjr2fMVeMUJar2-ICUsVq1erZ0XaMe8fTF0VpZNcyNXU_9jhvLxhC4qJ4zWvRybDjsnahx_lKaC_Fy7Xa78o__rw3o6XVBhxHwnQMcmiMYNgWU7WekcKiwFUKqyA_IRInwkrb-SunSsLu63/s1600/Alf+Wallander%252C+Berns+veranda+med+b%25C3%25A5gljusarmatur%252C+1890.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="800" data-original-width="555" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjr2fMVeMUJar2-ICUsVq1erZ0XaMe8fTF0VpZNcyNXU_9jhvLxhC4qJ4zWvRybDjsnahx_lKaC_Fy7Xa78o__rw3o6XVBhxHwnQMcmiMYNgWU7WekcKiwFUKqyA_IRInwkrb-SunSsLu63/s400/Alf+Wallander%252C+Berns+veranda+med+b%25C3%25A5gljusarmatur%252C+1890.jpg" width="277" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Alf Wallender, 1890, showing Bern's, a popular cafe, and its gaslights (3).</td></tr>
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<br />
In 1884, the city took over the production and distribution of natural gas. The gasworks was moved out of the city center when Stockholm Central Station was built and the Klara gasworks area was needed for new railroad tracks. <br />
<br />
<b>Water</b><br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEggjFWu96KVTUxZbXt_QgKsOXpZbwCiPGEZuZzQ5TZG5VAw2uowBCxT0RKUYMXAw8lJx_ONn1XjaF_5VPNUzJVAjK_Tt2hrdmSmXnRcgpoddaNZCIdl-t6-FSvRzHqDPsgWk4gYoihKet4A/s1600/Water+map.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1600" data-original-width="979" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEggjFWu96KVTUxZbXt_QgKsOXpZbwCiPGEZuZzQ5TZG5VAw2uowBCxT0RKUYMXAw8lJx_ONn1XjaF_5VPNUzJVAjK_Tt2hrdmSmXnRcgpoddaNZCIdl-t6-FSvRzHqDPsgWk4gYoihKet4A/s640/Water+map.jpg" width="390" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">The large red building to the south is today's Eriksdalsbadet, the Eriksdal natatorium, which was the original site of the Skanstull and Eriksdal waterworks. The water to the south of Eriksdal is Årstaviken Bay, the waterwork's original water source. The smaller dot to the north is Vanadislunden's water reservoir. The red square to the west is the approximate location of the water reservoir at Stadshagen. The red square to the south is today's Södersjukhuset hospital and the former site of Årstalunden's water reservoir. </td></tr>
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Historically, wealthy citizens had their own wells or paid for clean water to be imported from the countryside. The city’s numerous poor, however, used the city’s 25 public wells (spaced for fire fighting rather than for the convenience of the city’s residents) or took water direct from streams, lakes, or shorelines. The open bodies of water in the downtown area were polluted by sewage and industrial toxins, and even the deepest of wells were contaminated from time to time. Cholera epidemics became a yearly phenomenon, taking thousands of lives every summer. <br />
<br />
The technology for water mains had advanced long before Stockholm developed a public system; Stockholm was in fact one of Europe’s last major cities to develop a public water system. One of the main hindrances had been the street system—it only became possible for the city to lay waterlines, sewage pipes, and drainage pipes once the city took over street paving and maintenance from private property owners. <br />
<br />
Several proposals over several decades were drawn up, discussed, and discarded as too expensive before agreement was reached. Some of the central debates included if the water system should be built up and maintained by the city or by a private company, how far the water mains should extend, where the water for the system should be gathered, and if sewage pipes should be laid while the streets were already torn up in order to lay the water mains. It was eventually decided that the system should be built and run by the city so that a profit-driven company didn’t skip over the poorer areas of town. The city’s coffers didn’t run very deep, so out of necessity, the water system started out small and was subsequently built out with its own profit. Due to the cost (and a lack of foresight), simultaneously building out a sewage system was deemed unnecessary. <br />
<br />
Ideally, the city realized that it should take water from a source way outside of the city’s limits. But the cost of piping the water such a distance was deemed too great and Leionacker’s proposal for taking water from Årstaviken, just south of Södermalm, was accepted. A waterworks for cleaning the water through a series of filter pools was built at Årstaviken’s edge at Skanstull and a reservoir was built on top of the hill at Årstalunden, today the hospital Södersjukhuset. From there, 30 kilometers of water mains were built connecting the waterworks to much of the city. The system was in operation by 1861.<br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgRFnnJrIYaDoRynktuQGlDA50lCmMpcSIV37I5h42fSoIKeajMHywvnGtKLIDnMqL3UK-Ot7YZltchpcM5NZAxUf3pOrR6jM4O76uXggBD5D1cMs4vOWd9wK1Wj7A47pC1eX8Th1iKflj6/s1600/%25C3%2585rstaviken+comp.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="588" data-original-width="1600" height="234" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgRFnnJrIYaDoRynktuQGlDA50lCmMpcSIV37I5h42fSoIKeajMHywvnGtKLIDnMqL3UK-Ot7YZltchpcM5NZAxUf3pOrR6jM4O76uXggBD5D1cMs4vOWd9wK1Wj7A47pC1eX8Th1iKflj6/s640/%25C3%2585rstaviken+comp.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Årstaviken just south of the waterworks</td></tr>
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<br />
The city’s water system continued to expand throughout the 1800’s and by
the 1880’s, the original waterworks couldn’t keep up with the demand. A
new waterworks at Eriksdal was built very close to the original
Skanstull waterworks. </div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi7j5CjyCN_mozOfCLEe9DBoDj-nS2fURl6nCA2GSW9UxTxzBhT2UZMUOMFzqSZ3tYhcaVPRJloL747hZDxWc_7sd85ClUyrm5t-9Y4CR2v7Lb-JjPau4zbB2Ns-h4riPQTKZoWMdj6jwOv/s1600/Vattenlednings+r%25C3%25B6rn%25C3%25A4t%252C+Vattenf%25C3%25B6rs%25C3%25B6rjning+och+avlopp+book.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1600" data-original-width="1228" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi7j5CjyCN_mozOfCLEe9DBoDj-nS2fURl6nCA2GSW9UxTxzBhT2UZMUOMFzqSZ3tYhcaVPRJloL747hZDxWc_7sd85ClUyrm5t-9Y4CR2v7Lb-JjPau4zbB2Ns-h4riPQTKZoWMdj6jwOv/s640/Vattenlednings+r%25C3%25B6rn%25C3%25A4t%252C+Vattenf%25C3%25B6rs%25C3%25B6rjning+och+avlopp+book.jpg" width="490" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Stockholm's water mains (7). Blue=mains laid by 1861. Red=mains laid 1861-1870. Green=mains laid 1871-1896. North is to the left in this image.</td></tr>
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<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br />
The majority of new apartment buildings were being built in Norrmalm, quite a distance from the reservoir at Årstalunden, so a new reservoir designed by Gustaf Améen<i><span style="font-size: 11px;"></span></i> was built atop the hill at Vanadislunden in 1879. </div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiWijhYvePi82qxpHalzwn9IkaEVeHaJM2yCchj_YlRJCPshraUSJF8D45kFwvOIXpm9nfQRtmCqvhEIFydLM1x0s4hPAfTGYE7ujHzEe_7gtUmKpxX8VR_FTAOVx0oM8GNzKhPpOax3uZN/s1600/Vanadislundens_reservoar_ritning_1879.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="615" data-original-width="1044" height="376" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiWijhYvePi82qxpHalzwn9IkaEVeHaJM2yCchj_YlRJCPshraUSJF8D45kFwvOIXpm9nfQRtmCqvhEIFydLM1x0s4hPAfTGYE7ujHzEe_7gtUmKpxX8VR_FTAOVx0oM8GNzKhPpOax3uZN/s640/Vanadislundens_reservoar_ritning_1879.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Drawing from 1879 showing the water reservoir at Vanadislunden (1)</td></tr>
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<div style="text-align: justify;">
This reservoir was expanded in 1910, but the castle-like exterior walls were kept intact; the reservoir is still in use today. </div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjeJo2YK-19Ygu_PSE-vSdlnvuYIJNL_KBWYqsoTwTKOk2ZyormN0IQwhaaf0c7hyphenhyphenmPGmI_v85Qo3SglkuZX5XYLR-VnA_c7Yhg05TC5istOzjJXKldbnhfqA7Vt30oioG8K-QFs_579Njf/s1600/Vanadistornet+comp.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="588" data-original-width="1600" height="234" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjeJo2YK-19Ygu_PSE-vSdlnvuYIJNL_KBWYqsoTwTKOk2ZyormN0IQwhaaf0c7hyphenhyphenmPGmI_v85Qo3SglkuZX5XYLR-VnA_c7Yhg05TC5istOzjJXKldbnhfqA7Vt30oioG8K-QFs_579Njf/s640/Vanadistornet+comp.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">The water reservoir at Vanadislunden.</td></tr>
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<div style="text-align: justify;">
An underground reservoir was built at Stadshagen on Kungsholmen in 1895, but it was demolished in the 1930’s. I am not 100% sure but I believe that the reservoir was in the same location as what is today an underground parking garage.<br />
<br />
In 1896, a water tower (reservoir and pump station) was built on Södermalm. It was designed by Ferdinand Boberg and also has a medieval military-inspired design. </div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi_1xQmv_WGB09LDdytzmTdDSDb_zWhukvzXHZ33nBNeKUwq4eaSrAF_OCTtihPde2EqJUPvs7uEYCF-DIu2L9r_aWna-tyVJHG4EegpHUeZ6q_Tu1hFsc71WpGwvblwvf5sjaB1gIKbOEf/s1600/Boberg%252C_Mosebacke_vattentorn%252C_ritning.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1449" data-original-width="912" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi_1xQmv_WGB09LDdytzmTdDSDb_zWhukvzXHZ33nBNeKUwq4eaSrAF_OCTtihPde2EqJUPvs7uEYCF-DIu2L9r_aWna-tyVJHG4EegpHUeZ6q_Tu1hFsc71WpGwvblwvf5sjaB1gIKbOEf/s640/Boberg%252C_Mosebacke_vattentorn%252C_ritning.jpg" width="401" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Boberg's drawing for Mosebacke water tower (1)</td></tr>
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The Mosebacke water tower is still a landmark, but it no longer serves its original purpose. Instead, it has been renovated into jealousy-inducing apartments! </div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEigAcXvqL9WK8XB9dqeRhZ80NpLOQj0zCXiGZlqu9WEEIhpf93UmCfETYuLI50Wwgwy7IYTUUfwpUGQ-IkzsnT6vm3aAJMIZqugMVFjNZKwys3x09zxE7Il6xLOJl4h_wVzg1lE_fuh7z-f/s1600/Mosebacke+vattentorn+comp.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1038" data-original-width="1600" height="414" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEigAcXvqL9WK8XB9dqeRhZ80NpLOQj0zCXiGZlqu9WEEIhpf93UmCfETYuLI50Wwgwy7IYTUUfwpUGQ-IkzsnT6vm3aAJMIZqugMVFjNZKwys3x09zxE7Il6xLOJl4h_wVzg1lE_fuh7z-f/s640/Mosebacke+vattentorn+comp.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Mosebacke water towe </td></tr>
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<br />
The city was quite aware that the continuing rise of industry around the Årsta bay threatened water quality, so the city bought up a lot of the surrounding land and even financed the move of a large slaughter house. Eventually, a gigantic new waterworks was built in a much cleaner location well outside of the city at Norsborg in 1904; the waterworks at Skanstull and Eriksdal became redundant and were closed. Interestingly, several of the pools at Eriksdal were converted into outdoor swimming pools. The natatorium at Eriksdalsbadet is still in use today.<br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiJygjLRadr3u3K1Le8klolK7YN6yR6mhN5U7R2NGie8AY-z0Mdd0WTWdZikXz4JyiFiKwuyu3ZhkW_nz7wWPtkRrOZIgx6iM6g6I6ARqtLofXC1rnR0EtYAOlrKWvMj-XNJlo4Y-DKaX6K/s1600/Eriksdalsbadet+comp.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="588" data-original-width="1600" height="234" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiJygjLRadr3u3K1Le8klolK7YN6yR6mhN5U7R2NGie8AY-z0Mdd0WTWdZikXz4JyiFiKwuyu3ZhkW_nz7wWPtkRrOZIgx6iM6g6I6ARqtLofXC1rnR0EtYAOlrKWvMj-XNJlo4Y-DKaX6K/s640/Eriksdalsbadet+comp.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Originally, Eriksdalsbadet was comprised only of outdoor pools. Today there is even a large indoor natatorium with several pools.</td></tr>
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<br />
<b>Sewage and Drainage </b><br />
Throughout Stockholm’s history, sewage and drainage was dealt with in the most basic of ways. In the 1500’s, King Gösta declared that Stockholmers were no longer allowed to let waste to stand in the streets; instead, they were required to rinse the streets with water so that the waste ran downhill to the water’s edge. The contents of outhouse buckets were by law supposed to be transported out to farms for use as manure, but all too often the contents ended up in the city’s lakes and harbors. For most of the city’s history, wooden roadside ditches served as drainage pipes leading storm water and miscellaneous waste down to the nearest body of water. This insufficient sewage and waste treatment was already causing problems by the 1600’s, and as I already mentioned, yearly cholera outbreaks were costing thousands of lives throughout the first half of the nineteenth century.<br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhxcBJ_UjjKA_Sy0VpQtn9Wlgel45Fb_sA-J9LLosnow5uBMxScKB8lp-B8CosuIWcB0Yfc90rGzGs9Xh0-pbvIld2stMjzVBhvpvEvJVyQVWw0b-onkgX6MpMH2Ze98VoV4AFFxcUXIpte/s1600/drainage+ditches%252C+vattenf%25C3%25B6rs%25C3%25B6rjning+och+avlopp+book.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="906" data-original-width="798" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhxcBJ_UjjKA_Sy0VpQtn9Wlgel45Fb_sA-J9LLosnow5uBMxScKB8lp-B8CosuIWcB0Yfc90rGzGs9Xh0-pbvIld2stMjzVBhvpvEvJVyQVWw0b-onkgX6MpMH2Ze98VoV4AFFxcUXIpte/s400/drainage+ditches%252C+vattenf%25C3%25B6rs%25C3%25B6rjning+och+avlopp+book.jpg" width="351" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Drawing of a typical covered drainage ditch (7)</td></tr>
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<br />
Leijonacker understood that the laying of water mains was the perfect opportunity to develop a sewage and drainage system in Stockholm, and he drew up a proposal for a drainage system covering Norrmalm and Ladugårdslandet (Östermalm) in 1866. The city rejected the proposal and its costs, but by 1872, several limited sections of drainage pipes were built. Several more sections were built out by 1897, but all of these pipes just led the waste away from the streets and into the waterways; the waste was not treated in any way.<br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgEv-BxhDdO5Fb_oAzx2rlzfW1YxEt7XofIxVXuYvF5WE43VWWNI47mx7-9sVzEpxob_U9cTtkxOrp_LTrHlLL7qTMoDCEzb8QEDXenjQPykj2-jEa0KPi-lLJxEpDRLv9tgaQXmCAEXkHy/s1600/Leijonackers+avloppsplan%252C+vattenf%25C3%25B6rs%25C3%25B6rjning+och+avlopp+book.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1167" data-original-width="1600" height="466" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgEv-BxhDdO5Fb_oAzx2rlzfW1YxEt7XofIxVXuYvF5WE43VWWNI47mx7-9sVzEpxob_U9cTtkxOrp_LTrHlLL7qTMoDCEzb8QEDXenjQPykj2-jEa0KPi-lLJxEpDRLv9tgaQXmCAEXkHy/s640/Leijonackers+avloppsplan%252C+vattenf%25C3%25B6rs%25C3%25B6rjning+och+avlopp+book.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Leijonacker's rejected sewage and drainage plan</td></tr>
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<br />
The drainage pipes were not dimensioned to handle household sewage. Instead of dealing with the raw sewage, the city tried to stem the problem of overflowing drainage pipes by forbidding the use of communal water in the flushing of sewage into the communal drainage system. The city hoped to contain sewage to outhouse buckets to be shipped away to the countryside and thus completely outlawed modern toilets. Eventually toilets were allowed if the resulting sewage was treated on-site in septic tanks. This was like the city burying its head in the sand; even before the invention of toilets, there had been a huge problem with people illegally dumping their latrines into open water by the cover of night. In 1904, the installation of toilets was finally allowed, but the sewage was still not treated in any way. <br />
<br />
By 1909, the city’s waterways were so toxic that the city understood that it had to develop a better system. But again, instead of treating the sewage, it was decided that it would be transported to the saltwater side of the city and dumped, untreated, into the Baltic Sea. This was decidedly an improvement for the city’s freshwater bodies, but conditions rapidly deteriorated in the city’s harbors and along popular seaside promenades. By 1932, the city had to outlaw swimming in open water. In the 1930’s, the city finally began work on its first sewage treatment plant but it wasn’t until the late 1970’s that the city’s beautiful bodies of water were clean enough for swimming.<br />
<br />
<b>Elevators</b><br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh4qq-0ju1TB8Izy1vdF5tcBuIqhT5t6GEQmgoMo18a-YagiVmIcec_C4VCdxh19f6e8l30HR0UDDvyEIAJcRzn1Z33cknnjO8s7TbY_QFDhevTQCzb3hyphenhyphenCLjryWmDANLPBX8pyU5EMzfqf/s1600/Elevators+map.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="851" data-original-width="1600" height="340" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh4qq-0ju1TB8Izy1vdF5tcBuIqhT5t6GEQmgoMo18a-YagiVmIcec_C4VCdxh19f6e8l30HR0UDDvyEIAJcRzn1Z33cknnjO8s7TbY_QFDhevTQCzb3hyphenhyphenCLjryWmDANLPBX8pyU5EMzfqf/s640/Elevators+map.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">From west to east: Mariahissen, Katarinahissen, Stadsgårdshissen</td></tr>
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Geography has always played a fairly natural roll in the segregation of Stockholm’s population into rich and poor areas. The wealthy have traditionally lived near the city center, and the poor have lived in the cheaper areas at the city’s periphery. Topography has also played a central roll, especially on Södermalm. Although the northern edge of Södermalm actually lies quite close to the city center at Gamla Stan, these areas were never favored by the wealthy because the steep cliffs between Södermalm and Gamla Stan have always made transportation difficult. To walk home so steeply uphill has never been attractive to the wealthier classes, and they left Södermalm to the poor while occupying more convenient areas on Norrmalm. <br />
<br />
The topographical divide was only reinforced when public transportation in the way of trams were introduced in the city. As I mentioned above, Södermalm was the last area to receive a tram line. This deficiency was partly relieved by the Katarina Elevator, or Katarinahissen, a private initiative which opened in 1883 and made the 38 meter (125 feet) height difference easy to navigate. Even when Södermalm’s first tram line opened in 1887, the elevator continued to have a place in the public transportation system because a ticket to ride the elevator up was half the cost as taking the tram. The Katarina Elevator was rebuilt in the 1930’s in the original location. It was in operation until recently.<br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg9EDjF09CMNkSkpWHf2J0mwFS6MajuuwfC73JRc2EoqcCtYnOKRTKZp2w1V1owTxhUiewjFa7b0u2QAdWgPOAR2XJDL_QAq5ZsB_JAyBRuK1JZyKrierbr9Ic3GFsLqRXVdwyWXjIN1LAv/s1600/katarina+hissen+comp.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="748" data-original-width="1600" height="298" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg9EDjF09CMNkSkpWHf2J0mwFS6MajuuwfC73JRc2EoqcCtYnOKRTKZp2w1V1owTxhUiewjFa7b0u2QAdWgPOAR2XJDL_QAq5ZsB_JAyBRuK1JZyKrierbr9Ic3GFsLqRXVdwyWXjIN1LAv/s640/katarina+hissen+comp.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">The elevator and the view from the top.</td></tr>
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<br />
A second elevator, Mariahissen, connected the southern shore of Riddarfjärden and Lake Mälaren’s steamboats with the Maria Parish and opened in 1887. It was designed by architect Gustaf Dahl for a private investor. The elevator’s useful life was unfortunately limited, and it was closed in 1937.<br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiKUjgV113hI_W7Ugn9rQOJfcG11-1R6hMVKKE35tJwYsR51-8OfzDQXIBTFehGdLxCW_bB3k7rPaLZ56F7FPfsv5fVC-HWltTNdf_598xBbRDd58q4YMz_4qPhrI9SUeuCdKVjb-pRbUCx/s1600/Mariahiss+comp.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="588" data-original-width="1600" height="234" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiKUjgV113hI_W7Ugn9rQOJfcG11-1R6hMVKKE35tJwYsR51-8OfzDQXIBTFehGdLxCW_bB3k7rPaLZ56F7FPfsv5fVC-HWltTNdf_598xBbRDd58q4YMz_4qPhrI9SUeuCdKVjb-pRbUCx/s640/Mariahiss+comp.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">The Maria Elevator is housed in a beautiful brick building on the water's edge. The elevator actually rises higher than the cliff edge and an iron bridge extends out from the elevator to the highest point in the Maria area.</td></tr>
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<br />
A third elevator, this time connecting the Katarina Parish with the Baltic quay at Stadsgården, was built in 1907. It was in private operation until 1971.<br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhcW9MOpzT2kieXixTqiG5MJBwGog1TvLAYdGEpTJuHW-Au8NdE1-DPhI1403lkEPIrFAp2_qZzZiMvB93Mc3nFo3WcxbEPtxIiwbL8_GNrpPaR20DJKy6MPeEIZfy2ij0-uXiJGJwYAP7u/s1600/Stadsg%25C3%25A5rdshissen+comp.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="588" data-original-width="1600" height="234" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhcW9MOpzT2kieXixTqiG5MJBwGog1TvLAYdGEpTJuHW-Au8NdE1-DPhI1403lkEPIrFAp2_qZzZiMvB93Mc3nFo3WcxbEPtxIiwbL8_GNrpPaR20DJKy6MPeEIZfy2ij0-uXiJGJwYAP7u/s640/Stadsg%25C3%25A5rdshissen+comp.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Stadsgård's Elevator</td></tr>
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<br />
<b>Parks</b><br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEizwqb7zv7pQ1ERBQiKTByZ6dL9mrP8KjKdf9FQ4TxAPW8HILfSOBU6sqhFKU7bdhLvSg0c456Sy_xlwEcW8L-VDEPNR3VTbfxUmssOE28jzIEUwopJgivHS1zfHt3Cws4O6JzsKr-N1W7n/s1600/Parks+map.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1594" data-original-width="1600" height="636" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEizwqb7zv7pQ1ERBQiKTByZ6dL9mrP8KjKdf9FQ4TxAPW8HILfSOBU6sqhFKU7bdhLvSg0c456Sy_xlwEcW8L-VDEPNR3VTbfxUmssOE28jzIEUwopJgivHS1zfHt3Cws4O6JzsKr-N1W7n/s640/Parks+map.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">From west to east: Strömparterren, Kungsträdgården, Berzelii Parks</td></tr>
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Until the 1800’s, public parks didn’t exist in Stockholm. However, outside of Gamla Stan, I get the impression that the city was historically fairly green since most of the properties were fairly rural in character with kitchen gardens and orchards spread out over large areas and with sheep and cows roaming about. <a href="https://walkingstockholm.blogspot.com/2017/04/djurgardsbrunnskanalenthe-resurrection.html" target="_blank">Djurgården</a> had always been a popular summer day trip, and <a href="https://walkingstockholm.blogspot.com/2016/01/gardet-ladugardsgardet-military-parade.html" target="_blank">Gärdet</a> was also a popular destination at holidays. Wealthier citizens escaped the city in the summer, first to their suburban farms or <a href="https://walkingstockholm.blogspot.com/2013/05/malmgardar-summer-housessuburban-farms.html" target="_blank">malmgårdar</a>, and later to waterside villas reached by steamboat. The poorer residents of the city had no free time and thus no use for public green areas outside of their very few holidays per year. But as the inner city continued to expand outward, the green aura disappeared. This corresponded with a growing middle class and shorter and shorter work weeks. Suddenly, there was a population with a little bit of free time, and no where to go other than to the bar.<br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg5QgXrm0gUcuxUtSOvodWs6pK1c8GVfBOzklomHZvTIlQAgBBVHWGLf3P-gKLCXC_cv_WA2XtGBEBsujqUxd9ZOxmvZlmlvLXHRoP02g1YIFzIs1elcaqbKMBz8M1kHlq8xzdAmZJHJac-/s1600/Kungstr%25C3%25A4dg%25C3%25A5rden+comp.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="588" data-original-width="1600" height="234" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg5QgXrm0gUcuxUtSOvodWs6pK1c8GVfBOzklomHZvTIlQAgBBVHWGLf3P-gKLCXC_cv_WA2XtGBEBsujqUxd9ZOxmvZlmlvLXHRoP02g1YIFzIs1elcaqbKMBz8M1kHlq8xzdAmZJHJac-/s640/Kungstr%25C3%25A4dg%25C3%25A5rden+comp.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Kungsträdgården</td></tr>
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<br />
The first half of the 1800’s saw the establishment of three centrally-located public parks: the general public was finally granted access to <a href="https://walkingstockholm.blogspot.com/2012/10/kungstradgarden-kings-garden.html" target="_blank">Kungsträdgården</a>, <a href="https://walkingstockholm.blogspot.com/2017/08/stockholms-first-public-park.html" target="_blank">Strömparterren</a> opened in 1832, and <a href="https://walkingstockholm.blogspot.com/2017/08/at-junction-of-geography-geology-and.html" target="_blank">Berzelii Park</a> opened in 1858. It is worth noting that all of these parks are most conveniently reached from Norrmalm’s neighborhoods; the poorest residents, living on Södermalm, had quite a walk to reach these parks. Public parks were more-or-less built for the middle class, as public salons. The parks were more than just a green breathing space in an urban environment: they were places of entertainment with music pavilions, cafés, and dance halls.<br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgEi_HQte63h6ga-VwSggO4nhPCvWNDdhEPkWnZofhsNds00JbFlfaOCoV1GLfOmXBhhOa5Nw-ZZCG1SapiWA5GifUug7bjTBwDQdt-M16agnj4Mlc7x2CHFLPFZQ8Ivl9I1LWbvzND5zsL/s1600/Str%25C3%25B6mparterren+comp.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="588" data-original-width="1600" height="234" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgEi_HQte63h6ga-VwSggO4nhPCvWNDdhEPkWnZofhsNds00JbFlfaOCoV1GLfOmXBhhOa5Nw-ZZCG1SapiWA5GifUug7bjTBwDQdt-M16agnj4Mlc7x2CHFLPFZQ8Ivl9I1LWbvzND5zsL/s640/Str%25C3%25B6mparterren+comp.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Strömparterren Park</td></tr>
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<br />
It is also worth noting that the city had far from altruistic motives in establishing these parks—Strömparterren replaced a messy, smelly fishing harbor within view of the Royal Castle, and Berzelii replaced a stinking swamp. None-the-less, these parks provided much needed green spaces in a city growing more dense by the decade, and they established an important precedent for the insertion of parks into future city expansions. <br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgexVsQ0lYT3I_TQuDjd2RvluZP92Qit3ks3SabVftoYZXEvWldFM33UYvL0Dkk17J7vg-gpLftsof2PtcYwilxRFiMZObx56ooYULNXdY0JGNESUkmeMyX-yeoGuoyT193qJ3vMn96S__h/s1600/Berzelii+comp.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="747" data-original-width="1600" height="298" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgexVsQ0lYT3I_TQuDjd2RvluZP92Qit3ks3SabVftoYZXEvWldFM33UYvL0Dkk17J7vg-gpLftsof2PtcYwilxRFiMZObx56ooYULNXdY0JGNESUkmeMyX-yeoGuoyT193qJ3vMn96S__h/s640/Berzelii+comp.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Berzelii Park</td></tr>
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<br />
<b>Conclusion</b><br />
One interesting aspect of the development of modern infrastructure in Stockholm was the interplay between public and private enterprises. How much should be developed by private companies for profit, and how much should be developed by the city for the good of the population? The balance shifted back and forth, with just about every piece being private at one time and public at another. Railroads were originally built by local, private initiatives, but when that failed, the state took over on a massive, country-wide scale. Private tram initiatives failed, but it was ultimately other private companies that made a success of them. Elevators were never seen as so important that the city had a fundamental stake in ensuring that they were developed, and it was private companies that built and ran them. Street paving was the responsibility of individual property owners, but that method failed spectacularly for hundreds of years before the city took over that burden. Natural gas lines were initially private, but the city quickly took over. Water and sewage was ultimately understood to be too fundamental to risk the whims of private, profit-seeking companies. The appropriate balance of public service and profit-seeking enterprise is still one of Sweden's biggest political debates today. <br />
<br />
Within the course of about thirty years, Stockholm developed from a city of cow paths to a clean(er), modern city with railroads, paved streets, street lighting, impressive harbors, and city parks. Stockholm was no longer a polluted backwater; instead, it was poised to become one of Europe’s most beautiful and technologically advanced cities. The development of city infrastructure in the mid 1800’s laid the groundwork for Stockholm’s unprecedented expansion around the turn of the century. Especially important was the idea that the city now took responsibility for its own development and planning—in the years around the 1860’s and 70’s, Stockholm’s planners would redesign the city into a world-class capitol of neighborhoods, boulevards, and parks. <br />
<b><br />Sources:</b><br />
Arne Dufwa, <i>Trafik, broar, tunnelbanor, gator </i>(1986)<br />
Thor Richter, <i>Slussen Då, nu...och sedan?</i> (2011)<br />
Ulf Sörenson, editor, <i>Slussen vid Söderström</i> (2004)<br />
Jan Garnert, <i>Stockholmsnatt</i> (1998)<br />
Thomas Lange, editor, <i>Stockholm på spåret </i>(1998)<br />
Anders Cronström, V<i>attenförsörning och avlopp</i> (1986)<br />
Peter Lundevall, <i>Stockholm den planerade staden</i> (2006)<br />
Thomas Hall, <i>Huvudstad i omvandling</i> (2002)<br />
Thomas Hall, <i>Stockholm’s Annual Rings</i> (1988)<br />
Thomas Hall, <i>Stockholm: The Making of a Metropolis</i> (2009)<br />
Thomas Hall and Katarina Dunér, editors, <i>Den Svenska Staden</i> (1997) <br />
<a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mariahissen">https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mariahissen</a><br />
<a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stadsg%C3%A5rdshissen">https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stadsg%C3%A5rdshissen</a></div>
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<b>Images:</b></div>
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All of the images are my own except </div>
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(1) Various Wikipedia entries</div>
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(2) Ulf Sörenson, editor, <i>Slussen vid Söderström</i> (2004)</div>
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(3) <a href="https://stockholmskallan.stockholm.se/">https://stockholmskallan.stockholm.se</a></div>
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(4) Thomas Lange, editor, <i>Stockholm på spåret </i>(1998) </div>
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(5) <a href="https://www.bukowskis.com/en/auctions/559/394-johan-fredrik-martin-utsigt-af-stockholm-tagen-fran-kungsholmen-ur-svenska-vyer">https://www.bukowskis.com/en/auctions/559/394-johan-fredrik-martin-utsigt-af-stockholm-tagen-fran-kungsholmen-ur-svenska-vyer</a></div>
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(6) Arne Dufwa, <i>Trafik, broar, tunnelbanor, gator </i>(1986)</div>
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(7) Anders Cronström, V<i>attenförsörning och avlopp</i> (1986) </div>
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Rainahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03436765499184988845noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2772821807884282561.post-68738198776735479432018-06-07T20:11:00.000+02:002018-06-07T20:11:34.794+02:00The Building Code of 1842<br />
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Hazardous wooden architecture and safer brick construction. While the
focus of the building regulations wasn't about aesthetics, the resulting
buildings were certainly different in design.</td></tr>
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In my previous post “<a href="https://walkingstockholm.blogspot.com/2013/03/flames-and-consequencescity-building.html" target="_blank">Flames and Consequences—City Building Codes from the 1700’s</a>,” I described how the evolution of building codes through the 18th century fulfilled both a practical and an aesthetic purpose: the rules aimed to minimize the spread of and damage from fires, and they also aimed to maximize the visual impact of the city by encouraging visual harmony and a more grandiose building standard. </div>
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<br />The Building Code from 1842 is basically a continuation and extension of those previous standards. Since 1736, wooden buildings had been outlawed throughout the entire city, but this code was a) regularly disobeyed because the cost of building in brick was prohibitive for almost everyone and b) limited to the main building on a lot. The Building Code of 1842 was more explicit and made it illegal to build wooden-framed buildings at all, even if the building was a storage shed. The only exceptions were windmills, boathouses, tobacco drying barns, open sheds without walls, small outhouses (apparently larger outhouses were to be built of stone!), garden gazebos, and well coverings.<br /><br />Buildings that were built in wood despite the new regulation were required to be razed, and the owners were required to pay an enormous penalty equaling about $23,000 today. I don’t have information about if this regulation was followed any more stringently than previous attempts to ban wood construction.<br /><br />Additionally, roofing materials including peat, wooden shingles, and planks were strictly forbidden. Explicitly allowed materials were terra cotta tiles, slate shingles, and sheets of copper or iron. Decorative elements on the exterior of buildings such as cornices, gables, and frontispieces were not allowed to be made of wood. The building regulation also contained dozens of more detailed regulations specifying how roof trusses, chimneys, attic floors, fire walls, and such were to be constructed. Interior ceilings of gips were now required—leaving the next floor’s wooden planks exposed was too great of a fire risk. The regulations even detailed how and where wood and coal for heating and cooking were to be stored. <br /><br />Workshops with especially high fire risk such as bakeries, foundries, blacksmiths, carpentries, and barrel makers could not be built just anywhere—their siting was now subject to approval. This was probably Stockholm’s first explicit zoning regulation. <br /><br />One of the most restrictive clauses in the updated regulations was that buildings were restricted to four floors. I don’t think this was in concern for fire escape but instead for limiting the spread of fire. The higher the building, the farther a burning roof can spread sparks. <br /><br />In addition to fire regulations, the Building Code of 1842 was also meant as a city planning tool. The regulation specifies the width of new streets—main streets were to be at least 14.4 meters or 47 feet wide and secondary streets including alleys were to be at least 9.6 meters or 31 feet wide. Extensions of existing streets were to continue in the same direction without crooks. Streets were to cross each other at 90 degree angles. Given the opportunity, bends in existing streets were to be straightened out. The code also prescribed that areas that were wide enough for a firetruck to turn around should be accommodated within new streets. The layout of all new streets were to be approved by the city. <br /><br />The Building Code of 1842 also stated that buildings should “retain an outer neatness and decoration in relation to the lot’s location.” Thus buildings on bigger lots and in the more central areas of the city were to be more “designed” than buildings on smaller lots and in the outskirts which were allowed to be simple and plain. <br /><br />While this updated building regulation doesn’t delve very deeply into aesthetics, the architecture, siting and design of compliant buildings were definitely different than the building norm. A city of small, ad-hoc log cabins was no longer possible; instead, similar stucco buildings should march down the street, lot line to lot line. The density and city-like nature of Gamla Stan (the old town) was to extend its reach all the way to the city limits. <br /><br />I don’t find this updated building code to be a landmark regulation; instead it continues the evolution of building codes established in the 1700’s while slightly expanding the old regulations’ reach: Building materials and construction were regulated to prevent fire, fire prevention measures began to affect the building’s appearance beyond the old brick vs wood debate, street layout was to be orthogonal and generously wide, buildings were to be designed according to their “station,” certain land uses were considered more dangerous than others and thus required special permission. The updated regulations did, however, continue to pave the way for radical and comprehensive planning regulations in the 1860’s. </div>
<br />Sources: <br />
Peter Lundewall, <i>Stockholm den planerade staden</i> (2006)<br />
Kortfattad sammanställning om brandskydd i historisk bygglagstiftning: http://www.brandhistoriska.org/bygglagar.htmlRainahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03436765499184988845noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2772821807884282561.post-71527669903948152192018-05-23T21:19:00.000+02:002018-05-23T21:28:01.767+02:00The Railroad Comes to Stockholm<br />
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Red = current long-distance railroad lines into Stockholm. Yellow = original trunk line from the south. Dashed = tunnel.</td></tr>
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Transport over land had historically never been Sweden’s strong suit. From the Bronze Age through the Vikings to the medieval era and up to the mid 1800’s, waterways had always been the main transportation link. Physical evidence of this phenomenon includes archeological remains from the Bronze Age which are almost always close to ancient waterlines, the Vikings’ worldwide dominance in boat technology and their settlements which were located along waterways, the early Church’s encouragement of road and bridge building in contrast to the heathen method of transport on the water, the waterside location of all noble and royal castles and palaces, and the absence of large towns located any distance from a major river, lake, or sea. <br />
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Even the lack of certain technologies point to the dominance of water transport—until the Church was established in Sweden around 1000 AD, Vikings lacked the technology to span with stone, and the total absence of pre-Christian stone bridges alludes to the fact that Vikings didn’t <i>need</i> bridges. If the Vikings had needed bridges, they surely would have imported the technology which would have been readily evident on their many widespread travels throughout continental Europe. Not only is Sweden blessed with a long shoreline and an abundance of interconnected inland waterways, but the interior is covered in impenetrable forest and innumerable bogs, and distances between settlements was very long—all of which made transport over land very difficult. Only when the ground was frozen and covered with transport-easing snow did any meaningful transport over land occur. <br />
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Stockholm’s reliance on water transportation was historically even more pronounced since the city was built on a series of islands. Over the course of modern history, long floating bridges and a few more permanent bridges spanned from landmass to landmass, but the long spans generally meant a shortage of bridges and that most trips over water were by rowboat; rowing passengers from shore to shore was a traditional livelihood for many of Stockholm’s impoverished women. Only in the winter, when ice formed across all of the waterways, was Stockholm openly accessible by foot.</div>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Despite global warming, Stockholm's waterways still ice over, but these days only for a few weeks or max two months.</td></tr>
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Practically all goods were transported into Stockholm by boat as only the nearest of local farms were within range to transport goods to Stockholm by horse-drawn cart. Additionally, nearly all long-distance travel was by boat—nobles sailed to their countryside palaces, diplomats arrived by boat, and seasonal laborers came and left the city during the ice-free months. This complete reliance on boat transport meant that Stockholm was effectively closed off from the world by ice from November to April every year. Very few goods or people traveled to or from Stockholm during the winter half of the year.<br />
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Compared with England, railroads arrived late in Sweden, but they profoundly changed the country. The railroad opened up the country’s interior and it opened up Stockholm to the world during the winter. <br />
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In my research, all the literature emphasizes that the railroad’s profound effect on Stockholm was this opening up of the city during the winter. I agree that this must have had a tremendous effect on the city, not least of all economically, but I would argue that the railroad’s physical alteration of the city was just as or perhaps even more important. But before I delve into the physical effects on the city, some history:<br />
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<b>The Railroad in Sweden</b><br />
The development of a national railroad system in Sweden was astonishingly swift. It only took one or two failed attempts by private individuals and corporations to build a railway line before Parliament legislated (at the King’s behest) a nationalized system in 1853. It was decided that the main trunk lines would be built by federal funds and that smaller, more local offshoots would be financed and run by local corporations with financial support from the government where deemed of national interest. <br />
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It was also decided that since a well-established and functional network of seagoing infrastructure already existed, the new railroad infrastructure would be focused in the country’s interior. These two fundamental strategies are still felt today as many seaside cities are still time-consuming or impossible to reach by train and as the high-speed routes between Sweden’s major cities are generally trafficked by the national train company SJ while most of the regional routes passing through secondary cities are generally trafficked by smaller transport companies. <br />
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Only nine years after the first legislation, the trunk line between Stockholm and Gothenburg was completed in 1862. The trunk line between Stockholm and Malmö opened in 1864 and trunk lines heading north and west from Stockholm opened in stages starting in 1871. The extraordinary speed at which these lines were built was in thanks to the huge national investment in the project—70% of the national budget was dedicated to railroad construction in the mid 1800’s. Much of this money was loaned from Germany. Sweden slowly payed off the loan until WWI when Germany’s inflation made the sum owed by Sweden a trifle, and Sweden was suddenly able to pay back the entire loan in a small lump sum. </div>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">The extent of Sweden's railways by 1866. The red trunk lines were publicly financed and run while the more local black and blue lines were privately funded and run.</td></tr>
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Additionally, planning projects which today take decades to complete due to the national way of working through consensus building were then decided by single, powerful individuals or committees. The government’s powers of expropriation were far stronger at the time, and large-scale infrastructure projects could be carried out immediately upon approval. <br />
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The gigantic infrastructure project would never have been completed so swiftly if it weren’t for Nils Ericson who was appointed as project chief by the king in 1855. Ericson, a proven canal-builder, hadn’t really wanted the post but he proved to be an efficient and dedicated engineer and administrator anyway. Routes were rapidly scouted, mapped, designed, and built by Ericson’s teams, and they encountered very little or no interference at the national or local levels. Everyone understood that the railroad was essential to the country’s future economic health, and any NIMBY (not in my back yard) protest that might have existed was too weak to be regarded seriously. <br />
<b><br />Strategies for the Railroad in Stockholm</b><br />
While there was comparatively little debate about alternative routes for the national trunk lines, opinions were strong when different routes were being considered in Stockholm. Two main questions seemed to have shaped the debate. First, should the railroad follow Paris’s example with different stations at different sides of the city so that the city’s urban fabric could remain intact? Or should the trunk lines north, south, and west of the city be connected at a central station, regardless of the damage such an intrusion would incur in the city’s fabric? <br />
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The second question was if the railroad should connect to any of the city’s saltwater ports. The national strategy was to concentrate the new railroad infrastructure to the country’s interior, and all the trunk lines fed into the city from the freshwater side of the city, but wouldn’t it be strategically limiting if the railroad and the shipping industry never connected?<br />
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Nils Ericson and the city had opposite opinions regarding the first question of several decentralized stations vs. a single central station. The city was of the opinion that a central station was unnecessary and that the intrusion of a railroad in the central parts of the city would cause too much damage. Ericson believed in a central station, but the city temporarily won out. It was decided that the trunk lines would terminate at a northern and a southern station, and that the railroad would not continue into downtown Stockholm. However, Ericson saw this as a short-term solution and he placed the northern and southern stations in such a way that a future connection through downtown could be built. <br />
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It didn’t take long for the debate on a <i>sammanbindningsbana</i> or “connecting together track” and central station to be renewed; Ericson’s vision of the various trunk lines connecting in central Stockholm was realized in 1871, just 9 years after the first trunk line opened. <br />
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Ericson won the debate on the second question regarding a railroad connection to one of the city’s saltwater ports—he didn’t believe that the connection was necessary, and all of his proposed stations were concentrated on the freshwater side of the city. Once the mainlines from the south and from the north were in place, smaller connecting lines were inevitably built connecting to the city’s various saltwater ports at Stadsgården, Tegelviken, Danvikstull, Hammarby Canal, and Söder Mälarstrand on Södermalm; Skeppsbron at Gamla Stan; and Värtahamnen on the mainland. These lines were exclusively used for cargo except for Värtahamnen which was a large workplace and ferry terminal relatively far out of the city. <br />
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<b>The Southern Trunk Line and Southern Station</b><br />
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Coming from Göteborg to the south, the southern trunk line’s last stop before entering Stockholm proper was Liljeholmen (map 1). Because land was relatively scarce in Stockholm proper, much of the railroad employee housing, storage, and train car and engine maintenance buildings were placed just outside of the city in Liljeholmen. A large candle factory was already located at the water’s edge in Liljeholmen, but the railroad drew many more industries to the area. </div>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Liljeholmen's railroad history is still visible.</td></tr>
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The Southern trunk line entered Stockholm from Liljeholmen over a man-made embankment (map 2) over the Årsta Bay and to the island of Södermalm. A narrow channel through the middle of the embankment allowed for water to still flow from one side to the other and a swing bridge allowed for boat traffic. This was a relatively easy approach—although the embankment across the bay turned out to be an enormous amount of work requiring enormous amounts of fill, very little blasting was required on Södermalm for the route. </div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgLlp1w6jP19VV_v-L7Z6RHcGyRoCRMQYxQilGQSY838OkeGkuAns6NNEzzcPQ9ltHxZYrfahU7tVTJ4HTthHgcxxvT1IrgMpcLwsdMDQGHmv57uEMIqiVjfRGul64ImwR_1tQr8uH7KCoC/s1600/Liljeholmen+embankment+comp.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="588" data-original-width="1600" height="234" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgLlp1w6jP19VV_v-L7Z6RHcGyRoCRMQYxQilGQSY838OkeGkuAns6NNEzzcPQ9ltHxZYrfahU7tVTJ4HTthHgcxxvT1IrgMpcLwsdMDQGHmv57uEMIqiVjfRGul64ImwR_1tQr8uH7KCoC/s640/Liljeholmen+embankment+comp.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Part of the original railroad embankment from Liljeholmen to Södermalm still exists; it is used as a boat dock.</td></tr>
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From Årsta Bay, the tracks crossed farmland and followed a natural valley into the interior of the island (map 3). </div>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">The railway originally went through Tanto</td></tr>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEioQrVNpQjPvzlMXHySrjya7o33F-7TGDrAKSqfcwXcqUNViS2C9zVwSxP663BPZ8G4yC7HMLfu9Lx4WRQIWE4aBVFx-ep4XxKqqO1O7sIUFOC9AgnZmGSyhfwWzHdUjJ4ljkHHUVhd11u5/s1600/Tanto+and+Ringen+comp.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="588" data-original-width="1600" height="234" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEioQrVNpQjPvzlMXHySrjya7o33F-7TGDrAKSqfcwXcqUNViS2C9zVwSxP663BPZ8G4yC7HMLfu9Lx4WRQIWE4aBVFx-ep4XxKqqO1O7sIUFOC9AgnZmGSyhfwWzHdUjJ4ljkHHUVhd11u5/s640/Tanto+and+Ringen+comp.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">From Tanto toward the interior of the island. When Ringvägen was built, a bridge was built so that the road could cross over the tracks.</td></tr>
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This valley had historically been a creek draining the two small lakes
of Fatburen and Zinkensdamm. These two lakes had throughout history
become smaller and smaller and more and more disgusting since nearby
inhabitants used the lakes as garbage and outhouse dumps. It had been
known for a couple of centuries that serious health problems stemmed
from Fatburen’s sludge, and residents frequently lobbied the city to do
something about the problem. However, the area was traditionally poor
and the cash-strapped city always prioritized expenditures in fancier
neighborhoods. It wasn’t until the land was needed for the Southern
Station that Fatburen was drained. (This story closely mirrors <a href="http://walkingstockholm.blogspot.se/2017/08/at-junction-of-geography-geology-and.html" target="_blank">Nybroviken’s history</a>.) </div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhLu_L5hYHOW_CYUsJCjJwPAROacGOBHZETfaANuT39htO70gk5NOiDyNKsJK2pi9K2OfQ_F9dwSpkZtEdsiKhm2UM-xeehyBXoJPdDhfZTq0QVAZsdh-wWF6kmS1MYowqAhKZ8Hsp8EV8q/s1600/Maria+bangata+comp.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="588" data-original-width="1600" height="234" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhLu_L5hYHOW_CYUsJCjJwPAROacGOBHZETfaANuT39htO70gk5NOiDyNKsJK2pi9K2OfQ_F9dwSpkZtEdsiKhm2UM-xeehyBXoJPdDhfZTq0QVAZsdh-wWF6kmS1MYowqAhKZ8Hsp8EV8q/s640/Maria+bangata+comp.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Maria Bangata is now a walking and biking path, but it was the original railway through central Södermalm.</td></tr>
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The draining of Fatburen Lake provided a large, unbuilt area for the Southern Station (map 4) which consisted of a station building, a house for the Station Chief (map 5) and another for the Track Master, a hotel, and a host of industrial sheds for the handling of goods. </div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiK0Tc-eFn0UJZCTNAKF-bTQOaFR74xh3SdTLeh-Uz-e3Lgsz2PMuLiV9gizEdacFMdY3s_D6J_1UV3Delnmc9pkh3xMujtjzbIGNa0_yTLPrbOiRWhmdIb3uDr60bqncgiRNRsKWU4Fjnz/s1600/S%25C3%25B6dra+house+comp.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="747" data-original-width="1600" height="298" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiK0Tc-eFn0UJZCTNAKF-bTQOaFR74xh3SdTLeh-Uz-e3Lgsz2PMuLiV9gizEdacFMdY3s_D6J_1UV3Delnmc9pkh3xMujtjzbIGNa0_yTLPrbOiRWhmdIb3uDr60bqncgiRNRsKWU4Fjnz/s640/S%25C3%25B6dra+house+comp.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">The Station Chief's dwelling is the only surviving structure from the original Stockholm Southern Station area. </td></tr>
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This area was known as Södra Bantorget or “Southern Railway Square” (map 4). Because Ericson was convinced that a central station would soon be built in Stockholm, the Southern Station building was built as a temporary building in wood rather than as a grand station in brick.</div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjOXuMX4ms2ISS0w-dsYy9E03NYIb8piItLXP3p7mwGId4CoIkOisSYgXI7H7QP-lXw-YbWLAfRhMWADWIxcR6SAgLgWVIT_oxiRQUcsWC-JCVRX2tej1VsiI16B55IX1gkFpRMosjY6nh5/s1600/S%25C3%25B6dra+station+drawing+1860s%252C+Stockholms+j%25C3%25A4rnv%25C3%25A4gar+1+book.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="540" data-original-width="1600" height="216" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjOXuMX4ms2ISS0w-dsYy9E03NYIb8piItLXP3p7mwGId4CoIkOisSYgXI7H7QP-lXw-YbWLAfRhMWADWIxcR6SAgLgWVIT_oxiRQUcsWC-JCVRX2tej1VsiI16B55IX1gkFpRMosjY6nh5/s640/S%25C3%25B6dra+station+drawing+1860s%252C+Stockholms+j%25C3%25A4rnv%25C3%25A4gar+1+book.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Stockholm Södra Station in the 1860's.</td></tr>
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While the Southern Station was built to be temporary, the stonework lining the sunken tracks was meant to last. <br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhS1mcBhxxdM3-NA-mbsiLmNUrtCmrJ5Es9UmlPDZHTgKOorhBvZPn8YHBQZFofioaUfrpovqRgEH7zyDN7zpmnJYj_zL5qfJJGkbzVtw_mRDDhmlMcpELC6fzyZa2OeXBRjR94o6ud4mzS/s1600/stonework.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="810" data-original-width="1080" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhS1mcBhxxdM3-NA-mbsiLmNUrtCmrJ5Es9UmlPDZHTgKOorhBvZPn8YHBQZFofioaUfrpovqRgEH7zyDN7zpmnJYj_zL5qfJJGkbzVtw_mRDDhmlMcpELC6fzyZa2OeXBRjR94o6ud4mzS/s400/stonework.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
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Taking advantage of the new transportation link, industries and warehouses of all kinds soon replaced the farmland along the tracks. </div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjG9QJIaZHWcQha7hUlQvfhZx_IzQcrQUy11UWN85CRmBeBn5Wtn3-lp42h_r7wOukQV_POcuZtbMK_6vtHnxOc8Ik01HcnZRcnOWLRJQbmsAKjTL8FIII0WlPwgBMqxEedJdQe1IMZxMjb/s1600/Neuhaus+s%25C3%25B6dra+station.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="382" data-original-width="1076" height="226" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjG9QJIaZHWcQha7hUlQvfhZx_IzQcrQUy11UWN85CRmBeBn5Wtn3-lp42h_r7wOukQV_POcuZtbMK_6vtHnxOc8Ik01HcnZRcnOWLRJQbmsAKjTL8FIII0WlPwgBMqxEedJdQe1IMZxMjb/s640/Neuhaus+s%25C3%25B6dra+station.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Neuhaus's map of Stockholm from 1870. Stockholm Södra station is still on the edge of farmland.</td></tr>
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In 1871, the rail link connecting the Southern Station to the Central Station was completed, but due to the convenience of the Southern Station as both a passenger and goods terminus, the Southern Station area was not immediately demolished as Ericson had originally planned. Instead, tracks and station remained relatively unchanged until the 1920’s.<br />
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Until around WWI, all sea traffic between the saltwater Baltic Sea and the freshwater Mälaren Lake was funneled through the lock at Slussen (map 6). For many reasons, not least of which was inconvenience to train traffic which was required to halt every time a boat came through the lock, it was decided that a better solution was needed. It was decided in 1914 to build a bigger lock with more capacity through Skanstull (map 7). Now that the majority of boat traffic would be routed south of Södermalm, the small, slow swing bridge at the embankment from Liljeholmen to Södermalm was no longer sufficient to keep both boat and train traffic in motion. <br />
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The southern trunk line was thus rerouted and a tall, modern bridge was built over the Årsta islands (map 8) to Södermalm. This bridge, Årstabron, opened in 1929. Most boat traffic could now pass under the Årsta Bridge without disturbing train traffic, but the middle section of the bridge could be raised to accommodate extra tall ships. (A parallel bridge over the Årsta islands opened last year so that the commuter rail now has its own tracks. This was a part of a huge infrastructure project known as Citybanan that I’ll cover eventually.) </div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEglLPJlvIbW_ABMsQnth5EwNAYYz5gRUxq9QtOJpbK-WuVNPWyOMBzJE1S6jysfkr0nXgjhURWtrx7lc6Zul6VEWzZ6lq8G8zOBGg1o6dhE4RI3v6PxJHfRgHvsYR0QNa1EcFnis5ZFLszu/s1600/%25C3%2585rstabro+comp.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="588" data-original-width="1600" height="234" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEglLPJlvIbW_ABMsQnth5EwNAYYz5gRUxq9QtOJpbK-WuVNPWyOMBzJE1S6jysfkr0nXgjhURWtrx7lc6Zul6VEWzZ6lq8G8zOBGg1o6dhE4RI3v6PxJHfRgHvsYR0QNa1EcFnis5ZFLszu/s640/%25C3%2585rstabro+comp.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
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The southern trunk line now bypassed the facilities at Liljeholmen, and over time most of the railroad-related buildings were demolished, though the tracks were still used by the local industries until the early 2010’s. Today, although a few industries are still located in the area, most of the formerly industrial area has been rebuilt as apartments and offices. A small portion of the tracks is still used for the new Tvärbana tramline which opened in 2000, but most of the other evidence of railroad activity is sure to be demolished in the near future. </div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjh0rfycqopoqRYZFDamIL1DGjHPifbB0SG-8zYSvrWBnuyDmFUhQUF1gnraVQqllupAAeOYA-vZGgS_0wu4EJJa15QJZNrgBdSnZsib3jh4U7vmaGJOhLqNprf62xxdD8ajgJVHJsf4d4R/s1600/Tv%25C3%25A4rbana+Liljeholmen.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="810" data-original-width="1080" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjh0rfycqopoqRYZFDamIL1DGjHPifbB0SG-8zYSvrWBnuyDmFUhQUF1gnraVQqllupAAeOYA-vZGgS_0wu4EJJa15QJZNrgBdSnZsib3jh4U7vmaGJOhLqNprf62xxdD8ajgJVHJsf4d4R/s400/Tv%25C3%25A4rbana+Liljeholmen.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">The Tvärbana tram uses some of Liljeholmen's original tracks.</td></tr>
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Much of Liljeholmen’s railroad activity—maintenance, the handling of cargo, warehouses, etc—was replaced by newer, bigger facilites at Årstaberg, just south of the Årsta Bridge. Cargo transfers and warehouses are still quite visible at Årstaberg. Once this area was outside of town, but today, it is a vast no-man's land in the middle of the city. </div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiO0iE5PppCJV2WKf5O329ujgSMwfcTFkU4ZcfH-cIOTdRUlYtVJYA2R6YN1mj2sOycjQ2g5442kmN-0NJJIJp-W2IbAUG_EXyKz7oRo36_Jec0pVveYSWOFqPdLby2IZkLKD5bL9V5DtGd/s1600/%25C3%2585rstaberg.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="849" data-original-width="1362" height="398" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiO0iE5PppCJV2WKf5O329ujgSMwfcTFkU4ZcfH-cIOTdRUlYtVJYA2R6YN1mj2sOycjQ2g5442kmN-0NJJIJp-W2IbAUG_EXyKz7oRo36_Jec0pVveYSWOFqPdLby2IZkLKD5bL9V5DtGd/s640/%25C3%2585rstaberg.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Årstaberg cargo terminus today</td></tr>
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The embankment over Årsta Bay was also demolished though a small section on the Södermalm side remains and is now used as a dock for small, private boats. <br />
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On Södermalm, the tracks were re-routed to the east to connect up the new Årsta Bridge with the Southern Station and the track to the Central Station. </div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgYt3BKdx1rlWDGnmsSDS8Tx5zwUyAZz1EqH7FA6Gk0C60cxNCFgLRrJCnz7ES9pe_cbc0T27Xl-HysrsCuMTOAILJUsjyvymwB0-7V6bWAcB7ACxEu4ubTesJSGsiOdPlt5-YbhuZnuCA2/s1600/%25C3%2585rsta+to+s%25C3%25B6dra+station+comp.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="588" data-original-width="1600" height="234" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgYt3BKdx1rlWDGnmsSDS8Tx5zwUyAZz1EqH7FA6Gk0C60cxNCFgLRrJCnz7ES9pe_cbc0T27Xl-HysrsCuMTOAILJUsjyvymwB0-7V6bWAcB7ACxEu4ubTesJSGsiOdPlt5-YbhuZnuCA2/s640/%25C3%2585rsta+to+s%25C3%25B6dra+station+comp.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">From Årsta Bridge toward Stockholm Southern Station.</td></tr>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjD4628L_vn_hh8zPn2iGMRxfTqu7jXVUv4cY9dGN9Asg9ECgE_i7zbpu5bW5OAVok_kCOawDSB4l8-1ahtuyZg0_qKo4N8a0CfvjZxD3Hf6QT7rixuGEGPEr_8cSeAyICLCMjaGhtV9hV7/s1600/%25C3%2585rsta+to+s%25C3%25B6dra+station+comp+2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="588" data-original-width="1600" height="234" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjD4628L_vn_hh8zPn2iGMRxfTqu7jXVUv4cY9dGN9Asg9ECgE_i7zbpu5bW5OAVok_kCOawDSB4l8-1ahtuyZg0_qKo4N8a0CfvjZxD3Hf6QT7rixuGEGPEr_8cSeAyICLCMjaGhtV9hV7/s640/%25C3%2585rsta+to+s%25C3%25B6dra+station+comp+2.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">From Årsta Bridge toward Stockholm Southern Station. In the 1980's and 90's, the tracks were covered over by housing developments, some of which are unfortunately very ugly.</td></tr>
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With time, even the new route was lined with factories and warehouses, with the exception of the western side of the track at the recently established Tanto Park (map 3) (more on Tanto Park in a future post...). Most of these industrial buildings were demolished in the 1980’s and 90’s but a few such as the Luth and Roséns Electrical company’s buildings (Södermalmsallen 12) </div>
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and the Konsumentföreningen’s warehouse and production facility for deli goods remain.</div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgMAXh7st1QEOaQ9VCM7KG0BCLocLRTdWCXwfNsfKjnwZGiet9cr8JzRspEksbQL-Rrhvo6RjhItvLjhIQqyFLiBN5lTLzG0NW4oHWrd-NPLyusSOhhx3LJ3F4V5KeX2dHJpREcmO49Pqg4/s1600/Konsumentf%25C3%25B6reningen%25E2%2580%2599s+warehouse+comp.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="747" data-original-width="1600" height="298" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgMAXh7st1QEOaQ9VCM7KG0BCLocLRTdWCXwfNsfKjnwZGiet9cr8JzRspEksbQL-Rrhvo6RjhItvLjhIQqyFLiBN5lTLzG0NW4oHWrd-NPLyusSOhhx3LJ3F4V5KeX2dHJpREcmO49Pqg4/s640/Konsumentf%25C3%25B6reningen%25E2%2580%2599s+warehouse+comp.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
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The original route through Tanto to the Southern Station was demolished, and over time the city fabric surrounding the tracks was also demolished and the land was rebuilt with apartment buildings in the 1960’s. </div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiVBx5cYFY4xuS8WzlMxbvES0hRReQrG4EjDn5cHEiGMHxmpm9V0ACe1oWEN-Znix1Xksj6dEwnHnrVRvyuDma8Kcxb2tq5xtQPbiBPW61LKGyat_rRgsuHriHIJHZ_O1ZOY5BCKiZjQA70/s1600/Tanto+apartments.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="810" data-original-width="1080" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiVBx5cYFY4xuS8WzlMxbvES0hRReQrG4EjDn5cHEiGMHxmpm9V0ACe1oWEN-Znix1Xksj6dEwnHnrVRvyuDma8Kcxb2tq5xtQPbiBPW61LKGyat_rRgsuHriHIJHZ_O1ZOY5BCKiZjQA70/s400/Tanto+apartments.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Apartments built on the edge of Tanto Park.</td></tr>
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Many of the factories further inland closed and the land was reused to build apartment buildings in the 1980’s. However, a few industrial buildings such as the Tobacco Monopoly, now converted into apartments and offices, remain. In the 1990’s, the old rail bed was converted into a wa.king and biking trail.</div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEikQXaXawDIUdRjHLXc5IXAI0ivXxYglblc1FsxrH2ZA7_Fee0FTcuEavQyBwT2Sn21gOnThNsSsPv9jKKaro0896ujTf_vGLIgj-9QrcaNHwBNvKJMddDvPoorGCuc6Cqg10D6qoEHGRk7/s1600/Tobak+monopolet+comp.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="588" data-original-width="1600" height="234" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEikQXaXawDIUdRjHLXc5IXAI0ivXxYglblc1FsxrH2ZA7_Fee0FTcuEavQyBwT2Sn21gOnThNsSsPv9jKKaro0896ujTf_vGLIgj-9QrcaNHwBNvKJMddDvPoorGCuc6Cqg10D6qoEHGRk7/s640/Tobak+monopolet+comp.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Tobaksmonopolet or Tobacco Monopoly, walking/biking trail in the old rail bed to the left. </td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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<br />
The original Southern Station remained in use for passenger and goods traffic until 1926 when it was demolished in favor of a new station a bit farther west. The newer station was better situated for both the link to the Central Station as well
as for the rerouted southern trunk line over the Årsta Bridge. This newer Southern Station was in use until 1970 when it was demolished. Only the Track Master Residence remains of the original station, and the original station area at Södra Bantorget became in time Medborgarplatsen or “Citizen Square” with a new community center with indoor swimming pools, a theater, and a library which was built in 1939. </div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgQChyiDRQXiRSP2orpWq-Gwi0ee9IUIT4oJOcFlOvFn9q0OGoqjP5qtgpvyfAQoPDKZ8T9qyeG-oazRuagjOjUCeNXd-eKyduF-sgcEGiYDZqc2mhklD5CeljmFOgK8Q-lqvtFkB8-IQN2/s1600/Medborgarplatsen.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="810" data-original-width="1080" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgQChyiDRQXiRSP2orpWq-Gwi0ee9IUIT4oJOcFlOvFn9q0OGoqjP5qtgpvyfAQoPDKZ8T9qyeG-oazRuagjOjUCeNXd-eKyduF-sgcEGiYDZqc2mhklD5CeljmFOgK8Q-lqvtFkB8-IQN2/s400/Medborgarplatsen.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Medborgarplatsen</td></tr>
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<br />
<br />
The entire Southern Station area (map 9) was re-envisioned in the 1990’s. I will cover this in more detail in a future post, but the gist of it was that the mostly abandoned industrial area was demolished, the railway was covered over, and the entire area was rebuilt with apartment and office buildings. The Stockholm South station (or Stockholm Södra) is still in use as a commuter rail station today. </div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjuiLdcA26SIsRJwYZciVVdfRVkU3hjs9tIOVwk4wZuu9mFvy0p4A-8eExCHKdYIiKwn7NYr_gR9y6-WUP5J9YHGGWWf7GXGlkET9CB-mqx8K7PbAHOi5kmo9S5aZcn076wcBgzhG3cthS8/s1600/S%25C3%25B6dra+station+development+comp.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="588" data-original-width="1600" height="234" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjuiLdcA26SIsRJwYZciVVdfRVkU3hjs9tIOVwk4wZuu9mFvy0p4A-8eExCHKdYIiKwn7NYr_gR9y6-WUP5J9YHGGWWf7GXGlkET9CB-mqx8K7PbAHOi5kmo9S5aZcn076wcBgzhG3cthS8/s640/S%25C3%25B6dra+station+development+comp.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">The Stockholm Södra development from the 1990's was built over the tracks. Now the railroad is mostly hidden from view (left), but a few openings for ventilation as well as some abnormally hefty structural elements give away the railway's location (right).</td></tr>
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<br />
<b>The Northern Trunk Line and Northern Station</b><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhpHLY-g1Hx7H4gAsxNpTTWhTPMBcRnii0UieAxTY_kXJJbg_9ds-0kCOjdnZEq_4kMHY2N83ua1HdnMhpnBlBjbb03JFQ7T4ozyKHlitlMEuqI0GEPowFjJI93IXeLj4Ni7XMf8_GeJ7DD/s1600/Stockholm-Map-Railroad-North.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="990" data-original-width="1600" height="394" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhpHLY-g1Hx7H4gAsxNpTTWhTPMBcRnii0UieAxTY_kXJJbg_9ds-0kCOjdnZEq_4kMHY2N83ua1HdnMhpnBlBjbb03JFQ7T4ozyKHlitlMEuqI0GEPowFjJI93IXeLj4Ni7XMf8_GeJ7DD/s640/Stockholm-Map-Railroad-North.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
The Northern Trunk Line truncated <a href="http://walkingstockholm.blogspot.se/p/architecture-asides.html" target="_blank">Karlbergs Slott</a>’s garden (map 10) and approaches the city on a combination of “reclaimed” swampy land and new infill along the edge of what was formerly known as Klara Lake. Today, the body of water has been so encroached on by the train tracks that it is known as Klara Canal (map 11). </div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjOHxgZGgVjHC8w8F960FMyOijLNrScGCVLgspykR-3hgUAgrDUUxWjr6tcObrrzyik1evtYSrrshoEft0QvixjzLq-FLLvAhxXz45nnmIOet1jjDxVBImMPwjkgGdcPwBw7rM2u742AnWE/s1600/Clara+Canal+comp.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="588" data-original-width="1600" height="234" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjOHxgZGgVjHC8w8F960FMyOijLNrScGCVLgspykR-3hgUAgrDUUxWjr6tcObrrzyik1evtYSrrshoEft0QvixjzLq-FLLvAhxXz45nnmIOet1jjDxVBImMPwjkgGdcPwBw7rM2u742AnWE/s640/Clara+Canal+comp.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Klara Canal</td></tr>
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<div style="text-align: justify;">
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Stockholm North Station opened in 1866, but like the Southern Station, Nils Ericson didn’t invest in a grand station house since he was convinced that the Northern Station would be temporary. Instead, an existing wooden building was appropriated for the use. Auxiliary buildings such as a train car shed and a coal shed were built in such a cheap and temporary manner that they weren’t even given foundations. Given the swampy nature of the land, they sunk immediately when filled with train cars and coal. <br />
<br />
The open area at the station became known as Norra Bantorget or Northern Rail Square (map 12). Even though the railroad function is long since gone, the square retains the name today. In contrast to Medborgarplatsen at the Southern Station, Norra Bantorget has not been paved over and remains a green park. </div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgKQDOlsldLaC6LfedKF_X7y5PHDOd1j5-XrTGePqhaAqID5ozOUTfgMAi0WVYqmLIuhv6byeWm7ZYChBPFVtlqXxrMoj3RpuUyosDgPHVXz5xc7ZBk7HqzTavc5NdJ8M8zc1ijcaKvQOza/s1600/Norra+Bantorget+comp.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="588" data-original-width="1600" height="234" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgKQDOlsldLaC6LfedKF_X7y5PHDOd1j5-XrTGePqhaAqID5ozOUTfgMAi0WVYqmLIuhv6byeWm7ZYChBPFVtlqXxrMoj3RpuUyosDgPHVXz5xc7ZBk7HqzTavc5NdJ8M8zc1ijcaKvQOza/s640/Norra+Bantorget+comp.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Norra Bantorget</td></tr>
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<br />
Unlike the Southern Station, the Northern Station lost its station status once the Central Station (map 13) opened in 1871. Being only a couple of blocks from the Central Station, the Northern Station became the cargo station. The original temporary buildings were quickly replaced and in 1893 the railroad invested in a brick cargo office building. This office is one of the few early railroad-related buildings still standing in Stockholm; today it is still used as office space. </div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgb8ASyT6cmLM0D7kIQ1Qz26YzQfxd38m8W81x9U0P6Y3HgdF9ID48yUEvpER6FUAJp06c3iA104QOyWDNaSYD9brYDkHRqfdi9GAgGc__Gypbihq5CprEeuWEgOMazH7qZ0EjXYnBM47q4/s1600/North+Cargo+office+comp.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="747" data-original-width="1600" height="298" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgb8ASyT6cmLM0D7kIQ1Qz26YzQfxd38m8W81x9U0P6Y3HgdF9ID48yUEvpER6FUAJp06c3iA104QOyWDNaSYD9brYDkHRqfdi9GAgGc__Gypbihq5CprEeuWEgOMazH7qZ0EjXYnBM47q4/s640/North+Cargo+office+comp.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Northern cargo office building at Lilla Bantorget</td></tr>
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<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br />
Both sides of the railroad tracks were once lined with copious numbers of industrial buildings. Sheds and warehouses for the handling and storage of cargo were abundant. Fruit, vegetable, and meat markets were established to take advantage of the fresh produce and meat. There were a number of service buildings for train cars and engines. The raw, industrial nature of the areas surrounding the railroad tracks was apparent well into the 1960’s when wide roads replaced the warehouses and sheds. </div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj3nG7vNLJ7RSwRNTYcia__KFcH_KEGz509Z3y2wAyiQ6FJKJDY0BrQkqeecXT1eYbn8uwyqpzlhvna9yMag2saLw1765_ZNlLeMI9zkPorF1bE6Eh-_bp1gUYctcYd4VLl7_V2LvfdNis_/s1600/Klara+canal+roads+etc+comp.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="588" data-original-width="1600" height="234" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj3nG7vNLJ7RSwRNTYcia__KFcH_KEGz509Z3y2wAyiQ6FJKJDY0BrQkqeecXT1eYbn8uwyqpzlhvna9yMag2saLw1765_ZNlLeMI9zkPorF1bE6Eh-_bp1gUYctcYd4VLl7_V2LvfdNis_/s640/Klara+canal+roads+etc+comp.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Infrastructure along Klara Canal</td></tr>
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<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br />
The tide of overzealous road building turned in the 1980’s and 1990’s when the uber-central location of the roads and railroad tracks around the Central Station began to be re-envisioned into offices, conference centers, hotels, apartment buildings, and a bus terminal. Slowly but surely, the highways and railroad tracks are being placed in tunnels and the real estate is being developed into a cityscape. The next phase under investigation involves decking over the entire Central Station area, creating workplaces for 20,000-50,000 people. </div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjTNvvoPJRm0sjjitXTcnIA2xL_Y2cRyC0rhqIjLPQfk9xjMx0bs44usoDV2JimKKUh5IKgJFur4sYhoTcr_rRRa1YMbYhYrSSzMEJ5YiUELMe9TlwuXFUWAwNSMx7TwXa9tfwvscyzLCZ6/s1600/%25C3%2596verd%25C3%25A4ckning+com.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="324" data-original-width="937" height="220" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjTNvvoPJRm0sjjitXTcnIA2xL_Y2cRyC0rhqIjLPQfk9xjMx0bs44usoDV2JimKKUh5IKgJFur4sYhoTcr_rRRa1YMbYhYrSSzMEJ5YiUELMe9TlwuXFUWAwNSMx7TwXa9tfwvscyzLCZ6/s640/%25C3%2596verd%25C3%25A4ckning+com.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Left: This former railroad area (to the right in the image) was built out as housing in the 1990's. Right: The entire area in orange is slated to be built over soon. The railroad tracks will remain, but they will no longer be open-air.</td></tr>
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<b>The Wasp’s Waist </b><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhYNe7YL8L5eKr0PQwJEroQoJZJr2GZfp2cnReJg9tr0mfHkRLdGhZaipK0cFZI4HswlG-YASPEtAQ-kVslr8kXE3GJ0PzVd4_OnJcpkJLdf-UQ9aI37POkjTgR0e8XbZipvFkgrT8tJ4o2/s1600/Stockholm-Map-Railroad-Middle.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1061" data-original-width="1600" height="424" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhYNe7YL8L5eKr0PQwJEroQoJZJr2GZfp2cnReJg9tr0mfHkRLdGhZaipK0cFZI4HswlG-YASPEtAQ-kVslr8kXE3GJ0PzVd4_OnJcpkJLdf-UQ9aI37POkjTgR0e8XbZipvFkgrT8tJ4o2/s640/Stockholm-Map-Railroad-Middle.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
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</div>
<br />
Ericson was correct and the northern and southern trunk lines were almost immediately connected through downtown to a Central Station (map 13). What he didn’t correctly predict was that the Southern and Northern Stations would live on for many decades—Stockholm Södra is still a commuter train stop and Stockholm Norra was used for cargo at least until the 1920’s. </div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEim5BjnNosDSlEtxUmT5HmivJWNMNC-LLZiI88xKpOpsh2DzgDd4ekIMUCQrkyneEQc_3a14lcBNfxp3xAgT-emNO_DM_IsK6CxtjCBmBbgfc5sA5w7yd3dAw_JuFeFvOlLFz8SrWyaThJZ/s1600/Sammanbindningsbanan_karta_1870.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1050" data-original-width="1600" height="418" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEim5BjnNosDSlEtxUmT5HmivJWNMNC-LLZiI88xKpOpsh2DzgDd4ekIMUCQrkyneEQc_3a14lcBNfxp3xAgT-emNO_DM_IsK6CxtjCBmBbgfc5sA5w7yd3dAw_JuFeFvOlLFz8SrWyaThJZ/s640/Sammanbindningsbanan_karta_1870.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">These drawings from 1870 shows the Sammanbindningsbanan's route and section.</td></tr>
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From the Southern Station area (map 4), a tunnel was dug through the granite bedrock under the existing city fabric out to the water’s edge at Slussen (map 6). This was, according to me, the most sensitively executed section of the <i>sammanbindningsbana </i>or "connecting together track." However, this "sensitivity" was due more to topographical issues than to a desire to preserve the existing city fabric. </div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj25UGOHU795D7QzBI1bFooOU2HgO6GWuZtZJPDe5ARmZgaFhnfVJuvXef5hYqk_IT1BPE3rUCdDieM9woQAhzhMpGJctnUCVpAaxQTRs1pkVGSdnBASFdv9i1lQJlGxFJetnc751VM0EXy/s1600/Tunnel+under+s%25C3%25B6der.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="810" data-original-width="1080" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj25UGOHU795D7QzBI1bFooOU2HgO6GWuZtZJPDe5ARmZgaFhnfVJuvXef5hYqk_IT1BPE3rUCdDieM9woQAhzhMpGJctnUCVpAaxQTRs1pkVGSdnBASFdv9i1lQJlGxFJetnc751VM0EXy/s400/Tunnel+under+s%25C3%25B6der.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Tunnel from Stockholm Southern Station toward Lake Mälaren.</td></tr>
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A bridge over Lake Mälaren from Södermalm to the canal between the islands of Riddarholmen (map 14) and Stadsholmen (map 15) was then built to carry the tracks. The bridge originally had an opening in the middle so that boat traffic could pass by, but this need was muted when the lock at Skanstull and the Årsta Bridge was built. </div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhmI_VNDOJsMXU7bPQQhDzUYtHQXGMD_pwbjQKVwlotaWpz95kuBMNCzE8-9H9_eusxUzeAi0BD8PRacaratCmREupMORmpFT_NDbCctl1GFccuHDUKu2PWZxX1ILF_fBz3ZSpC78Jjs_zG/s1600/southern+Centralbron.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="810" data-original-width="1080" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhmI_VNDOJsMXU7bPQQhDzUYtHQXGMD_pwbjQKVwlotaWpz95kuBMNCzE8-9H9_eusxUzeAi0BD8PRacaratCmREupMORmpFT_NDbCctl1GFccuHDUKu2PWZxX1ILF_fBz3ZSpC78Jjs_zG/s400/southern+Centralbron.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Southern Centralbron between Södermalm and Riddarholmen</td></tr>
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<div style="text-align: justify;">
The tracks between Riddarholmen and Stadsholmen are known as the <i>Gettingmidjan</i> or Wasp’s Waist because while tunnels and bridges can be expanded, laying additional tracks here is impossible without destroying 800 year-old buildings. Now, only a very narrow and desolate canal known as Riddarholmskanalen separates the two islands. </div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhA3ddfUWhwRUWWaKXEqUWl0WQ292OyHNv2wkSRIeR0V419s_kDNyqY0xF59kiC5onrvKmglc9guIrAwcQVf0KyYrwEhib1wFmRAK6FkCPzd_WduxPM-4RQybhVDWqyvBkwa1LDTW4jYoug/s1600/Wasp%2527s+waist+comp.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="588" data-original-width="1600" height="234" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhA3ddfUWhwRUWWaKXEqUWl0WQ292OyHNv2wkSRIeR0V419s_kDNyqY0xF59kiC5onrvKmglc9guIrAwcQVf0KyYrwEhib1wFmRAK6FkCPzd_WduxPM-4RQybhVDWqyvBkwa1LDTW4jYoug/s640/Wasp%2527s+waist+comp.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Wasp's Waist (<i>Gettingmidjan</i>) between the islands of Riddarholmen and Stadsholmen (Gamla Stan).</td></tr>
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<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br />
From the Wasp’s Waist, another bridge connects the tracks to the mainland at Tegelbacken (map 16). This bridge also had a section that opened for boat traffic. </div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhIs5baCpYL_STRg1be-VF4QEng9_JyMhTsMY4jLdOW9cAMK2sRnIl3mXJYLv_fAOU-BOrrwiiLvKc9B5mIPcb4p6CAkEoYOtgHOUBUfmC45PN7KmAj4XYZfWAZVKAO0kp3Yia4LejiKAgM/s1600/Northern+Centralbron+comp.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="588" data-original-width="1600" height="234" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhIs5baCpYL_STRg1be-VF4QEng9_JyMhTsMY4jLdOW9cAMK2sRnIl3mXJYLv_fAOU-BOrrwiiLvKc9B5mIPcb4p6CAkEoYOtgHOUBUfmC45PN7KmAj4XYZfWAZVKAO0kp3Yia4LejiKAgM/s640/Northern+Centralbron+comp.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Northern Centralbron between Riddarholmen and Tegelbacken.</td></tr>
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From Slussen to Tegelbacken, the series of bridges over Lake Mälaren and between the islands of Riddarholmen and Stadsholmen is collectively known as Centralbron or Central Bridge (map 17). <br />
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The tracks at Tegelbacken were at street level until 1948 when traffic chaos forced planners to find another solution, and the street and tramline was dug under the train tracks. </div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi0Z2JTnpRHV-J1n9sVDDb_6_MjuZ3mFlWxh9h2yU_y4Wa4J4LMDZbIzWeYmYWu8jny4dAfIzxZMkM3sHBWQEkjiaAuwXoeYgS1XRNlJZrmPRs0Jevm2SuTXdp0nnRqq90joOhuhD8RCNrp/s1600/Tegelbacken+intersection.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="810" data-original-width="1080" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi0Z2JTnpRHV-J1n9sVDDb_6_MjuZ3mFlWxh9h2yU_y4Wa4J4LMDZbIzWeYmYWu8jny4dAfIzxZMkM3sHBWQEkjiaAuwXoeYgS1XRNlJZrmPRs0Jevm2SuTXdp0nnRqq90joOhuhD8RCNrp/s400/Tegelbacken+intersection.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Cyclists, pedestrians, and local traffic go under while trains, the subway, and the highway go over. </td></tr>
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Originally, there was a verdant park, Järnvägsparken or Rail Road Park (map 18), between Tegelbacken and the Central Station. Most of the park was taken over by the highway in 1946 and in the 1950’s, the remaining trees and bushes were destroyed for subway construction. The park was never replanted and today it is a sad leftover space despite a recent attempt to spruce it up with new cobblestones and a new sculpture. It takes more to create a park under a highway than cobblestones, a few trees, and a sculpture. </div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhC9rFJ3F0BxfbXh0hN8v9J5DUQ3RqPOcOQRsfpBVmDVqu7WhBP2y9kq7U_FZGzSwghzD9W9GPphNzZ9RnAoEJgaoVecW3bhh0fTraS04VgRheeCSUknavtYK4Gsr-YjNYNfw_5LzQDGs3z/s1600/J%25C3%25A4rnv%25C3%25A4gsparken+comp.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="588" data-original-width="1600" height="234" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhC9rFJ3F0BxfbXh0hN8v9J5DUQ3RqPOcOQRsfpBVmDVqu7WhBP2y9kq7U_FZGzSwghzD9W9GPphNzZ9RnAoEJgaoVecW3bhh0fTraS04VgRheeCSUknavtYK4Gsr-YjNYNfw_5LzQDGs3z/s640/J%25C3%25A4rnv%25C3%25A4gsparken+comp.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Sad, sad Järnvägsparken</td></tr>
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The extension of the railroad from the Northern Station to the Central Station was much more straightforward than at Stockholm Southern. Up north, the tracks were merely extended past the original station. As additional tracks were needed to increase capacity for cargo and passenger traffic, more and more land was built out into Klara Lake to accommodate them. </div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjUgW2lqSj1IA8_Rq-RXtTCbofHXz7w8gkbnpMVx5KlgFO9Ymb6oRAiIvdB5s5E0gPH5WXYmNqp6fH_9Kv1aIgKGUNOU5UgTEAIBT88mMviXbaicAkYhybKWw34_tY9WcwvA9g4212LC1BW/s1600/norra+stambana+extention+south+to+central+station.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="810" data-original-width="1080" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjUgW2lqSj1IA8_Rq-RXtTCbofHXz7w8gkbnpMVx5KlgFO9Ymb6oRAiIvdB5s5E0gPH5WXYmNqp6fH_9Kv1aIgKGUNOU5UgTEAIBT88mMviXbaicAkYhybKWw34_tY9WcwvA9g4212LC1BW/s400/norra+stambana+extention+south+to+central+station.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
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There was considerable debate and protest about the brutal way that the Southern trunk line was connected to the Central Station. Parliament was at first against the link for several reasons: the cost wasn’t justifiable since it the southern and northern stations were within walking distance of each other, boat traffic would be hampered, and the city’s beautiful waterways were at stake. While few relished the idea of Centralbron, the idea quickly won traction and funding. As far as I can tell, no serious alternatives to Centralbron were ever discussed. <br />
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<b>Stockholm Central Station </b><br />
I’ve mentioned above that both the Southern and the Northern Stations were by design less than impressive. In contrast, no expenses were spared on Stockholm Central Station (map 13). The station was so large that it was only exceeded in size by the Royal Palace which has 1430 rooms. </div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiJyaMOqLNNy__PhlUDozfr_Y5ZmVsY2erL0nT3j3mT-3bF6EmR5bNrh_mIizy4fGUdNtPm65d_ZuWkWaLLYlrimYbuihjZNrmaJmZEB8vQjS8_XawyA0rcFXR3xQYkh60Iy9YDQt3sNpny/s1600/Central+Station+original+ext+comp.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="747" data-original-width="1600" height="298" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiJyaMOqLNNy__PhlUDozfr_Y5ZmVsY2erL0nT3j3mT-3bF6EmR5bNrh_mIizy4fGUdNtPm65d_ZuWkWaLLYlrimYbuihjZNrmaJmZEB8vQjS8_XawyA0rcFXR3xQYkh60Iy9YDQt3sNpny/s640/Central+Station+original+ext+comp.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Stockholm Central, exterior</td></tr>
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Stockholm Central was designed by Chief Railroad Station Architect Edelsvärd in the Neo-Renaissance style and it opened in 1871. The facade was originally more decorated with statues but it was streamlined in the 1950’s and much of the sculpture was removed.</div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi-nc6KURxoqvQ_Kbv4efM-0PojPTZKWxAZvJFZiidvXf1tKVTuqRO4PssMonggtrm-83AWHuf_GjFhW0N5AwfTj536ZK9Y6kyP7PezJv9sfGhLMdLZoLGiYpQWgS0K5UmsfzgRzjFKD44c/s1600/Central+Station+original+int+comp.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="588" data-original-width="1600" height="234" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi-nc6KURxoqvQ_Kbv4efM-0PojPTZKWxAZvJFZiidvXf1tKVTuqRO4PssMonggtrm-83AWHuf_GjFhW0N5AwfTj536ZK9Y6kyP7PezJv9sfGhLMdLZoLGiYpQWgS0K5UmsfzgRzjFKD44c/s640/Central+Station+original+int+comp.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">The original Stockholm Central Station, interior.</td></tr>
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Today, it’s hard to imagine that the original Central Station seemed so huge because these days it feels like a mere vestibule to the “real” station. In the 1920’s, the train hall was demolished and replaced by a huge waiting hall—although the giant waiting room is designed to look like a train hall, it never actually had trains under its roof. </div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhGBAJSnIBsKujyXXUwh47f9C25Toi80mSv5jrhRi2VKZqhwV1ouYQbPkz5b5hGKXJyEUengVy6KOcc7CoY_cbsQAMm0akgCqPWFFh0RAUYNJMt1xvn_bEaczub2mwUZyypR9CN1m_wsDlh/s1600/Central+Station+waiting+hall+comp.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="747" data-original-width="1600" height="298" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhGBAJSnIBsKujyXXUwh47f9C25Toi80mSv5jrhRi2VKZqhwV1ouYQbPkz5b5hGKXJyEUengVy6KOcc7CoY_cbsQAMm0akgCqPWFFh0RAUYNJMt1xvn_bEaczub2mwUZyypR9CN1m_wsDlh/s640/Central+Station+waiting+hall+comp.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Stockholm Central's waiting hall from the 1920's</td></tr>
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The waiting hall is decorated with National Romantic wall paintings which depict destinations from Southern to Northern Sweden which can be reached by train. </div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiiu_-dL6pBpHXE2b_HroeThbp8qHLE-EW3lW-XTNWSRgMi8t5OSLs62YtqDgvOMXQfTLMsjiLQppoNfXsO9DuwNCWG5Hfk5duxrZF5bYlJ6LF0DwwZHXR4vzImi9f0g5R-fIK_nz1coAPB/s1600/Central+Station+waiting+hall+mural+comp.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="588" data-original-width="1600" height="234" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiiu_-dL6pBpHXE2b_HroeThbp8qHLE-EW3lW-XTNWSRgMi8t5OSLs62YtqDgvOMXQfTLMsjiLQppoNfXsO9DuwNCWG5Hfk5duxrZF5bYlJ6LF0DwwZHXR4vzImi9f0g5R-fIK_nz1coAPB/s640/Central+Station+waiting+hall+mural+comp.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Both Vadstena Castle and the Swedish mountains can be reached by train.</td></tr>
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The next big change came in the 1950’s when the station’s basement was dug out to accommodate a pedestrian tunnel to safely reach all of the tracks as well as a new central subway station. A hole was cut out of the waiting hall floor to visually connect the pedestrian tunnel. </div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgouhL9OYQ5QA7nEJh6v0n_peQgngrTJqqH3sGbhgfe4laCf-xbrNUWvhUF8H95hJjhrSuTFYNWkD8KscCYTWJE8pB_OQrKjq5WR35pXAT7IvTG8ZoJadCofJsADF05WRUv7hfWeqU7lpnm/s1600/Central+Station+subway+hole+comp.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="747" data-original-width="1600" height="298" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgouhL9OYQ5QA7nEJh6v0n_peQgngrTJqqH3sGbhgfe4laCf-xbrNUWvhUF8H95hJjhrSuTFYNWkD8KscCYTWJE8pB_OQrKjq5WR35pXAT7IvTG8ZoJadCofJsADF05WRUv7hfWeqU7lpnm/s640/Central+Station+subway+hole+comp.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Stockholm Central Station--hole connecting the waiting hall with the subway entrance level.</td></tr>
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In the 1960’s, Stockholm’s commuter rail network was expanded. The commuter rail trains used the same tracks and platforms as the long distance trains, but a new commuter station entrance was built on the west side of the Central Station. This entrance is much higher than the main station entrance because it connects to a large road which crosses over the railroad tracks. </div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg-U_rdoUZpbeuuQc6ghmvVV044r-ReReg-_OAVshahGKUjfbMLafGY4WzzRLg3Wrsy-OWgWKAytTHGCfcV44uuTaowqjMASbnwYDMucEca7eBEnxUJG9yi-gPEJEStFXzwd_NjPUVVS-Xe/s1600/Central+Station+Commuter+Train+comp.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="588" data-original-width="1600" height="234" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg-U_rdoUZpbeuuQc6ghmvVV044r-ReReg-_OAVshahGKUjfbMLafGY4WzzRLg3Wrsy-OWgWKAytTHGCfcV44uuTaowqjMASbnwYDMucEca7eBEnxUJG9yi-gPEJEStFXzwd_NjPUVVS-Xe/s640/Central+Station+Commuter+Train+comp.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Stockholm Central Station commuter train station entrance</td></tr>
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In the 1980’s a huge office and conference center known as Stockholm’s World Trade Center was built over the tracks. The bottom level of the World Trade Center is a huge long-distance bus terminal that connects underground to the Central Station. </div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEipmTsDruiENc_OCoJjD80iCtFDC1O11VFIb-rg4RQvIocIS9dYwfHJxh9tPtMKB61UeKSw9GM4m9okv0tLsVvFnyv3fjZwTQnXXuscYHga1Wp6KgotplLlpVg8mBwwhbGwjenkMUPOg5GI/s1600/Bus+station+ext+comp.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="588" data-original-width="1600" height="234" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEipmTsDruiENc_OCoJjD80iCtFDC1O11VFIb-rg4RQvIocIS9dYwfHJxh9tPtMKB61UeKSw9GM4m9okv0tLsVvFnyv3fjZwTQnXXuscYHga1Wp6KgotplLlpVg8mBwwhbGwjenkMUPOg5GI/s640/Bus+station+ext+comp.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Left: From the street, the World Trade Center looks like the office and conference center that it is. Right: Only from the side along the train tracks can you see the building's bus station.</td></tr>
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With the completion of the bus station, Stockholm Central became the junction not only for trains but also for the subway system, the commuter train network, and long distance buses. </div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgytCjkwNQgu4Z3VqMlhX0qK2M8anECflmQ6TTGYcvkTF4G0G0wFyzfdaIvHi4StJVF_TerafORe2HFBAen3wFuzZFlM2njcqMhiXifMmeTDq_7A0JE3lB9x4PlxoknW01FgfBtuKTBSgiM/s1600/Bus+station+int+comp.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="747" data-original-width="1600" height="298" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgytCjkwNQgu4Z3VqMlhX0qK2M8anECflmQ6TTGYcvkTF4G0G0wFyzfdaIvHi4StJVF_TerafORe2HFBAen3wFuzZFlM2njcqMhiXifMmeTDq_7A0JE3lB9x4PlxoknW01FgfBtuKTBSgiM/s640/Bus+station+int+comp.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">The interior of Cityterminalen, Stockholm's long distance bus station. Sure beats the average Greyhound station!</td></tr>
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<b>Physical and Lasting Effects of the Railroad in Stockholm </b> </div>
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As I mentioned at the beginning of this post, Stockholm had been completely reliant on ice-prone waters for freight and passenger transportation before the railroad. The railroad opened up access to Stockholm year-round and even gave Stockholm access to inland Sweden. This was a profound change for Stockholm, but I think that the railroad spearheaded and represented several other equally important changes in the city’s landscape.<br />
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First of all, the railroad represents a shift in how different parts of the city were accessed. Before the railroad, an extensive network of rowboats for shorter trips and steamboats for longer routes connected the various islands and mainland peninsulas of the city. With the railroad, transportation began to be more land-based. Suddenly, waterways were no longer a barrier, and one could board and alight public transportation in the middle of a landmass. The water’s edges lost their roll as “stations.” </div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhxv7o4-KLyL4G_KxsRX5Sck-BAuV9DNLSRiLCpoOCUSH-4Rp5llmFzOCUXtvXU4jHRqWvKfzoezf__rVb8ahi5z7nbOgpbFo0GBfHqzfite03DNahGObHRO2smGY-CyfTQ9n4UREVjX41X/s1600/Roddardamarna.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1025" data-original-width="1388" height="295" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhxv7o4-KLyL4G_KxsRX5Sck-BAuV9DNLSRiLCpoOCUSH-4Rp5llmFzOCUXtvXU4jHRqWvKfzoezf__rVb8ahi5z7nbOgpbFo0GBfHqzfite03DNahGObHRO2smGY-CyfTQ9n4UREVjX41X/s400/Roddardamarna.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">The Roddardamerna, or Rowing Ladies</td></tr>
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As the “stations” disappeared from the waterfront, it was no longer important for pedestrians to be able to easily access the shoreline. With the railroad, the waterfront began to be taken over by transportation infrastructure. In an effort to keep as much of the city fabric intact as possible, the trunk lines were placed on infilled land at the water’s edge. This trend continued during the 1950’s to 70’s as more and more larger and larger roads were built along the shore on what used to be water. The waterfront no longer belonged to people and pedestrians but to trains, cars, and infrastructure. </div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgrGk0IkO5f3kpjdLGTLpYuKT6b9cQfUAm23YLYfQCD2rYvgvDVSNG-jv84pz_Ig2_hK8c4_RZI5XDCjAaNd-3cM-PeQI_d8KYLAaeN94lxm4rGc8yQWVR39z2wPe_fD8-Nm2WZecOz6Ggo/s1600/infrastructure+water%2527s+edge+comp.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="588" data-original-width="1600" height="234" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgrGk0IkO5f3kpjdLGTLpYuKT6b9cQfUAm23YLYfQCD2rYvgvDVSNG-jv84pz_Ig2_hK8c4_RZI5XDCjAaNd-3cM-PeQI_d8KYLAaeN94lxm4rGc8yQWVR39z2wPe_fD8-Nm2WZecOz6Ggo/s640/infrastructure+water%2527s+edge+comp.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">The railroad set the precedent for infrastructure at the water's edge.</td></tr>
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The railroad also set the precedent for Stockholm that cheaper, easier infrastructure solutions were more important than preserving the city’s beautiful panorama. Cheaper, easier infrastructure solutions were also more important than pedestrians’ convenience as the ever-expanding railroads and highways became major barriers and inconveniences in the cityscape. Noise and air pollution were accepted as necessary evils. Infrastructure was allowed to infiltrate and dominate the pedestrian’s experience of the city. </div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh54RdcWhixjbpAWQOXGhVEn2j5h-cmTDz6Ofjd_qO5DctR6G70in0IfUUwxiEBqWWKLQWwztJCYmB3-In0aKny9JcZvXvw5dTi9M2mjGOueWukkkLjvm5Nl6pZrL4_15VPmKuU4MQ6_AYF/s1600/Infrastructure+dominate+cityscape+comp.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="588" data-original-width="1600" height="234" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh54RdcWhixjbpAWQOXGhVEn2j5h-cmTDz6Ofjd_qO5DctR6G70in0IfUUwxiEBqWWKLQWwztJCYmB3-In0aKny9JcZvXvw5dTi9M2mjGOueWukkkLjvm5Nl6pZrL4_15VPmKuU4MQ6_AYF/s640/Infrastructure+dominate+cityscape+comp.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">The railroad set the precedent that it is ok for infrastructure to change and dominate the cityscape, even in historic areas. </td></tr>
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Additionally, the railroad set a precedent of blasting through bedrock. Inconvenient hills and cliffs that had been negotiated for centuries were simply dynamited away so that the tracks could be laid at the right gradient. Geography was no longer a major determinant in the development of the city—instead the land became clay which planners molded to their own needs. Yes, Stockholmers had been lightly altering the geography to suit their needs for centuries by “reclaiming” land at the water’s edge and by chipping away at troublesome ridges, but these changes had been slow and incremental and relatively localized. With the railroad, geography began to be altered at a literally explosive rate and extent for the sole purpose of transportation. Again, cheap, convenient infrastructure trumped respect for the city or for the land.</div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi_jlc0AOIx4aNN_grey6pxzm86o9KE2t3PhZlmcX8xC152yQi9PRX-1AhQ3jeyvcCMrc82OfDi6zDZNm6FxBTa31DnlcKmuuGQySoingUzbdHMTk8oBadhiQSS6CEev8nVKFT9lej3sPxK/s1600/Dynamite+comp.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="588" data-original-width="1600" height="234" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi_jlc0AOIx4aNN_grey6pxzm86o9KE2t3PhZlmcX8xC152yQi9PRX-1AhQ3jeyvcCMrc82OfDi6zDZNm6FxBTa31DnlcKmuuGQySoingUzbdHMTk8oBadhiQSS6CEev8nVKFT9lej3sPxK/s640/Dynamite+comp.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">The railroad set the precedent that blasting through the bedrock is an acceptable solution to geographical hinders.</td></tr>
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Railroads brought a new speed into life, and dynamite brought a new rate of change to the city. Historically, extensive changes in the cityscape took centuries to complete so that one generation hardly noticed the difference. Suddenly, the entire city was significantly altered within a decade. <br />
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The railroad also brought a new scale to the cityscape. Before the railroad, the city’s only “larger than life” structures symbolized the Crown and the Church. The railroad, with its gigantic Central Station, its lofty bridges, and its miles-long embankments was the first profane structure to overshadow human scale to an almost dehumanizing extent. The pedestrian human ceased to be the scale figure which city planning was based upon; not only would structures and infrastructure begin to dominate the cityscape, but distances would now be framed in terms of railroad velocity instead of the pace of a pedestrian or horse.</div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgu-d5kWkjTof9Mcb3aeZzpM-sZFhRu-tR108a98zMDPpBzJ4zqotSad3Iq91aSdgHPndvgWQGvIdnkfGMfp96bYGzFVDJnao1Um1xNL-QNgKaYcFURZVG23_MEqMFFOoRIQ35c3RRg9bdq/s1600/%25C3%2585rstabro+scale+comp.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="588" data-original-width="1600" height="234" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgu-d5kWkjTof9Mcb3aeZzpM-sZFhRu-tR108a98zMDPpBzJ4zqotSad3Iq91aSdgHPndvgWQGvIdnkfGMfp96bYGzFVDJnao1Um1xNL-QNgKaYcFURZVG23_MEqMFFOoRIQ35c3RRg9bdq/s640/%25C3%2585rstabro+scale+comp.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">The Årsta Bridges clearly demonstrate the scale of the 1700's vs. the scale of the early 1900's.</td></tr>
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And these changes spurred by the railroad are still visible and physical presences in today’s cityscape. The changes didn’t take long to complete, but like the <a href="http://walkingstockholm.blogspot.se/2014/05/stockholms-tollhouses.html" target="_blank">toll fences</a>, many of the boundaries created by the railroad are still unreconciled. In addition, large swaths of land along Klara Canal and at Liljeholmen and Årstaberg became wastelands of cargo infrastructure, completely inaccessible to pedestrians or to city development. 150 years later, the wasteland at Liljeholmen and along Klara Canal are slowly being healed over, but Årstaberg remains inhospitable. </div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgFBex50FBeCdOCe-AY6gBhrM4bOtX66jvG0THohOWIVDF7RMdy0P5aZA8wqWMhOuU2lEYjZTbjRLNd0P2gV35wzwod8kwhgleb8siYOtml9FoVBu2qRrl_whs0FEwLz7qzqDHv5AZv8PHg/s1600/%25C3%2585rstaberg.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="849" data-original-width="1362" height="398" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgFBex50FBeCdOCe-AY6gBhrM4bOtX66jvG0THohOWIVDF7RMdy0P5aZA8wqWMhOuU2lEYjZTbjRLNd0P2gV35wzwod8kwhgleb8siYOtml9FoVBu2qRrl_whs0FEwLz7qzqDHv5AZv8PHg/s640/%25C3%2585rstaberg.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">The cargo wasteland at Årstaberg.</td></tr>
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While I firmly believe that the railroad’s storming of Stockholm resulted in many negative and unfortunate infrastructure decisions and additionally set the precedent for countless negative decisions in the future, I still love the railroad. I love the romance of traveling by railroad, I love the ease and convenience of traveling by railroad, I love how safe the railroad is in comparison to other modes of transport, I love how environmentally sustainable rail travel is. But most of all, I love the railroad for how it, in comparison to highways, encourages city density and public-transportation-oriented planning. Ironically, the railroad saved the city and the railroad’s subway and commuter-train offspring make the city livable. <br />
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So while I don’t wish away the railroad, I do wish that it had been a bit more respectfully inserted into Stockholm’s cityscape. Like entirely in tunnels! <br />
<b><br />Sources:</b><br />
Lars Berggrund and Sven Bårström, <i>De första stambanorna: Nils Ericsons storverk </i>(2014)<br />
Hans Björkman and Gert Ekström, <i>Stockholms järnvägar: Miljöer från förr och nu, Volume 1. Västra Stambanan</i> (2011)<br />
Hans Björkman and Gert Ekström, <i>Stockholms järnvägar: Miljöer från förr och nu, Volume 2. Centralstationen och Norra Stambanan</i> (2012)<br />
<a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatburen_(byggnad)">https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatburen_(byggnad)</a><br />
<a href="https://www.amffastigheter.se/omraden/stockholm/stockholmsverken/trumman-2/">https://www.amffastigheter.se/omraden/stockholm/stockholmsverken/trumman-2/</a><br />
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<b>Images: </b></div>
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All of the images are my own except </div>
Sweden’s railways 1866: Gunilla Linde Bjur and Krister Engström, <i>Stationshus: Järnvägsarkitektur i Sverige</i> (2010)<br />
Stockholm Södra: Hans Björkman and Gert Ekström, <i>Stockholms järnvägar: Miljöer från förr och nu, Volume 1. Västra Stambanan</i> (2011)<br />
Neuhaus karta: <a href="https://stockholmskallan.stockholm.se/post/19488">https://stockholmskallan.stockholm.se/post/19488</a><br />
Sammanbindningsbana drawings:
<a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sammanbindningsbanan_(j%C3%A4rnv%C3%A4g)#/media/File:Sammanbindningsbanan_karta_1870.jpg">https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sammanbindningsbanan_(j%C3%A4rnv%C3%A4g)#/media/File:Sammanbindningsbanan_karta_1870.jpg</a> <br />
Central Station rebuild diagram: <a href="https://www.svd.se/sa-kan-ny-stadsdel-vid-centralen-se-ut" target="_blank">https://www.svd.se/sa-kan-ny-stadsdel-vid-centralen-se-ut </a><br />
Roddarmadamerna: <a href="https://stockholmskallan.stockholm.se/post/19546">https://stockholmskallan.stockholm.se/post/19546</a>Rainahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03436765499184988845noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2772821807884282561.post-61177004584872636922017-11-27T21:28:00.001+01:002018-05-23T21:51:30.251+02:00Threats to Stockholm’s Old Town, Gamla Stan<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEguA9YxoYByil09msyYuA6sk3GhqZOAVRUcsxGGmQbSkcmSoNCCMWHEMbBYdb9Mj-EiYBsbwm5tkdbUKGQb4pPNzKjtwMcyEnYyVXe3hiVbuHhrIEmNKDXQ_KejITVxePoZZwZFMOSvAqy2/s1600/Gamla-Stan-Maps.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="951" data-original-width="647" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEguA9YxoYByil09msyYuA6sk3GhqZOAVRUcsxGGmQbSkcmSoNCCMWHEMbBYdb9Mj-EiYBsbwm5tkdbUKGQb4pPNzKjtwMcyEnYyVXe3hiVbuHhrIEmNKDXQ_KejITVxePoZZwZFMOSvAqy2/s640/Gamla-Stan-Maps.jpg" width="434" /></a></div>
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It’s hard to believe today, but the historic center of Stockholm, <a href="http://walkingstockholm.blogspot.se/2011/10/gamla-stan-stockholms-old-town.html" target="_blank">Gamla Stan</a>, was once slated to be razed, and it was only saved due to the high cost of demolition. At the time, in the mid 1800’s, demolishing Gamla Stan was a given—plans to flatten the “unsanitary slum” were praised as being modern and forward thinking. It wasn’t until the turn of the century that opposition began to be raised, questioning the wisdom of demolishing Stockholm’s irreplaceable historic core.</div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiMv58HjBUR_1G1JSH_X5dfJkLOr8TZy-iHJoQM6y_x7BeRla2zZ6XIKvV7RMtTDvgYlivgZ109m3mL__efcnM9SpaBBLVWsVlBx0iTOh9DjhHdx9geQ5Fp9ezyC-JhnlCytL1Q084Pzysn/s1600/Gamla+Stan+comp.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1038" data-original-width="1600" height="414" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiMv58HjBUR_1G1JSH_X5dfJkLOr8TZy-iHJoQM6y_x7BeRla2zZ6XIKvV7RMtTDvgYlivgZ109m3mL__efcnM9SpaBBLVWsVlBx0iTOh9DjhHdx9geQ5Fp9ezyC-JhnlCytL1Q084Pzysn/s640/Gamla+Stan+comp.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Not worth keeping according to 19th century Stockholmers.</td></tr>
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<b>Justifications</b></div>
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Gamla Stan was, in part, an unsanitary slum. Stockholm was one of Europe’s unhealthiest cities, and more people died every year in Stockholm than were born. A third of all infants died in their first year. Only a constant stream of immigration from the countryside to the city kept the city’s population steady. The main cause of sickness and death was polluted water due to the lack of a sewage system, organized trash collection, or checks on industrial contamination. The unhealthy conditions that prevailed over all of Stockholm were aggravated in the dense city center where access to light, air circulation, and clean water was a luxury.</div>
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Not only was Gamla Stan an unhealthy area, but it was also unkempt and ramshackle. Many of Gamla Stan’s buildings were in dire need of renovation, but there was little to encourage building owners to update their buildings. Because the buildings were old-fashioned both in style and in function, mere renovation seemed a cosmetic fix to a deeper problem. A constant housing shortage ensured that landlords had a market for their apartments regardless of their appalling condition. Gamla Stan was still the center of Stockholm’s commerce, so renting out commercial spaces wasn’t problematic either. </div>
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Because of its centralized location and because the <a href="http://walkingstockholm.blogspot.se/2012/12/stockholms-castle-and-environs.html" target="_blank">Royal Palace</a> (map 1) was located on the island, Gamla Stan had historically been the home of wealthy merchants and the nobility. But as Gamla Stan deteriorated and as Stockholm expanded beyond the island, the wealthier families began to leave the center for more savory conditions elsewhere in the city. Gamla Stan became the home of the poor, and apartments were subdivided, and subdivided again. To further maximize rentable square footage, shacks were built in the courtyards until only airshafts were left between buildings. Gamla Stan was known for prostitution and for crime. Even worse in the eyes of the bourgeoisie, Gamla Stan was also (correctly) considered to be the breeding ground of “shameful” socialism. </div>
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Additionally, brothels and jerry-built shacks were hardly fitting neighbors for the king. Ramshackle neighborhoods were not the grandiose and respect-inducing impression that officialdom wanted to present to visiting bureaucrats and representatives of Europe’s royal houses.</div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgEUpGGLuT07YSBknCqY1-_wqjjM_WBALbzJWJ7uunKTRX3OgQuAWyA8-kvZ0btq69LhBv5FgMBUUkAv4_10Nn2X7tfz48JYhOIsQCydHekRzUNb3JZc0U-28BurgDkLz1qLXk2GSrvj5-r/s1600/Slott+comp.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="588" data-original-width="1600" height="234" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgEUpGGLuT07YSBknCqY1-_wqjjM_WBALbzJWJ7uunKTRX3OgQuAWyA8-kvZ0btq69LhBv5FgMBUUkAv4_10Nn2X7tfz48JYhOIsQCydHekRzUNb3JZc0U-28BurgDkLz1qLXk2GSrvj5-r/s640/Slott+comp.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">The East and West facades of Stockholm's Royal Palace</td></tr>
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<div style="text-align: justify;">
Another motivation for razing of Gamla Stan was the inadequate accommodations for the growing national ministries. At the time, it was still a given that the various ministries would be located near the Royal Palace, and the historic building stock of the Old Town seriously limited the ministries’ function and size. </div>
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Similarly, the Old Town’s narrow streets were insufficient for “modern” quantities of traffic. There was no wide thoroughfare through Gamla Stan leading from Norrmalm (map 12)to the north to Södermalm (map 13) to the south.</div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgbb8uAaStADe1tsg1h6XKQuIft6kFhCVRDZbW1SrotN1mfM0WG5N6MoHmVKQ93yo0vFWNSQD2VRMg-l1_QO8Tf2Z4MJ_9P0_TCSUJnDFL6PzdDbANkkYSVANgTGnHqIpDnHtFBdJunk4Fy/s1600/narrow+lanes+comp.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1038" data-original-width="1600" height="414" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgbb8uAaStADe1tsg1h6XKQuIft6kFhCVRDZbW1SrotN1mfM0WG5N6MoHmVKQ93yo0vFWNSQD2VRMg-l1_QO8Tf2Z4MJ_9P0_TCSUJnDFL6PzdDbANkkYSVANgTGnHqIpDnHtFBdJunk4Fy/s640/narrow+lanes+comp.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Gamla Stan's streets were considered to be too narrow and a hindrance to modern traffic.</td></tr>
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Still to this day, this very formula of unsanitary conditions, deteriorated buildings, and unsavory elements is the justification and reasoning behind urban renewal. Stockholm was certainly not the first to use this trinity of sins to justify its plans to raze the urban historic core and to replace it with a modern city; Haussmann’s Paris was much admired by Stockholm’s planers, and one city official openly wished to be remembered as Stockholm’s Haussmann. Even after Gamla Stan was eventually spared demolition, the very same formula was used to justify the demolition of thousands of historic buildings just beyond Gamla Stan’s shoreline in the 1950’s and 60’s. Today, identical arguments are used to “renew” underutilized areas of Malmö and Göteborg. Plans to raze Gamla Stan seem ridiculous and laughable today, but at the time, demolishing the area was considered to be the only sensible course of action. </div>
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<b>Early Proposals</b></div>
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The fact that there were multiple plans throughout the 1800’s to raze Gamla Stan, and that they were taken seriously by the city government and praised in the press, shows that the demolition and replacement of the historic core was not a one-off idea that can be dismissed as the whim of a crazy idealist. Indeed, in the nineteenth century, the razing of Gamla Stan was not a question of if, but when.</div>
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The first to put forth a concrete plan to do something about Gamla Stan was railroad magnate von Rosen together with architect Chiewitz in 1846 who proposed replacing Västerlånggatan (map 2) with a wider street and a centrally placed square. Uniform facades for the new buildings lining Västerlånggatan were also proposed, but the drawings do not survive.</div>
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Around 1850, artist Mandelgren put forth a proposal to beautify Gamla Stan’s central square, Stortorget (map 3). </div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgRyhXcpCqBegsG3VMu9D4Uuo0l9RLBVNJCvLZz1l0pTKIdLyr6p-w4yvae7tD3HgP5-dp4CYR3RObrCUymIS7bJYZZ1HH7NQYka3rKIC7xh0lT-1DDqQsbnp8GzqOsijF1g3L52WLq53uH/s1600/Baroque+Dutch+stepped+gable2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1080" data-original-width="810" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgRyhXcpCqBegsG3VMu9D4Uuo0l9RLBVNJCvLZz1l0pTKIdLyr6p-w4yvae7tD3HgP5-dp4CYR3RObrCUymIS7bJYZZ1HH7NQYka3rKIC7xh0lT-1DDqQsbnp8GzqOsijF1g3L52WLq53uH/s400/Baroque+Dutch+stepped+gable2.jpg" width="300" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Some of Stortorget's buildings were already "Flemish" in style but apparently the neoclassical facades were not up to snuff.</td></tr>
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The square was to be elongated by demolishing several blocks between the square and the Gothic Tyska kyrkan, or German Church. The Gothic spire would mark the end of the axis. The buildings lining the square were to be given Flemish stepped-gable facades with an arcaded story at street level. The Neoclassical well from the 1700’s was to be replaced by a Neo-Gothic structure. Mandelgren’s proposal highlights how the relatively simple Classical stucco facades of the 1700’s had fallen out of favor to the preference for more medieval styles which were still visible in the fabric of Continental cities. This proposal is less about modernizing Gamla Stan than about "beautifying" it and creating an irresistible historical center that would be the match anything in Germany.</div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgWiGPrSmVqeBUxM56VCtSYU_cqgwsPgcoJ141p986LCCQv0QFPGek8gSURAs3scTbcsfwKVrDCICQdRbJeeIF28FaLEBTyqKQmwqQqtnfNMkEg57yPcA0tyl1QwKeQwm5O8_dZGQlTCAas/s1600/1850+Mandelgren+Stortorget.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="919" data-original-width="1275" height="287" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgWiGPrSmVqeBUxM56VCtSYU_cqgwsPgcoJ141p986LCCQv0QFPGek8gSURAs3scTbcsfwKVrDCICQdRbJeeIF28FaLEBTyqKQmwqQqtnfNMkEg57yPcA0tyl1QwKeQwm5O8_dZGQlTCAas/s400/1850+Mandelgren+Stortorget.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Mandelgren's sketch for the expanded square *</td></tr>
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In 1850, a group of railroad magnates, architects, and engineers founded a periodical called <i>Tidskrift för prakisk byggnadskonst och mekanik</i> or <i>Periodical for Practical Building-Arts and Mechanics</i>. This periodical was filled with articles propagandizing for better air quality in cities and the need to rebuild Stockholm. In 1853, the widely-read magazine put forth a concrete proposal for the redesign of Stockholm: First, Gamla Stan should be completely rebuilt with modern, wide streets and regular plots. Secondly, outer areas of the city already had sufficiently wide streets, but there, the relationship of building height and street width must be regulated to ensure proper air circulation.</div>
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Because the beautification and modernization of the capitol was considered a national and not just a local issue, Parliament took up the question of modernizing Gamla Stan in 1857. The proposal was to tear down Gamla Stan’s inner blocks and to replace them with a wide street from the Royal Palace (map 1) to the island’s southern tip at Slussen (map 4). This new, modern street would be lined by new ministries such as the National Archive and the National Post Office. The press gushed praise at the proposal—not only would Stockholm be beautified, but it would become a physically and morally healthier city. </div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgYO_qdBWe0H4umvclVkd7qTbxKHwLqmvDGl23GfeIhN0xcIuxY03z5a6i1yNOBFtKPMrsUgLj8THm_VbHqtB3pj2Qg7_hYuAsGs5zd98YxvFfYpBlIQS4AAd46zLGY4491XWYpiby82CvM/s1600/1857+T%25C3%25B6rnqviskt+Riksarkiv.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="605" data-original-width="1534" height="252" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgYO_qdBWe0H4umvclVkd7qTbxKHwLqmvDGl23GfeIhN0xcIuxY03z5a6i1yNOBFtKPMrsUgLj8THm_VbHqtB3pj2Qg7_hYuAsGs5zd98YxvFfYpBlIQS4AAd46zLGY4491XWYpiby82CvM/s640/1857+T%25C3%25B6rnqviskt+Riksarkiv.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Törnqvist's proposal for a new National Archive from 1853 *</td></tr>
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<b>Rudberg’s Proposal</b></div>
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The first comprehensive plan to demolish and rebuild nearly all of Gamla Stan in one fell swoop was put forth by engineer Schwabitz and architect Rudberg in 1859. Other issues were at the forefront at the city planning office, so the proposal was ignored. However, Rudberg refused to give up and he published, at his own expense, the slightly reworked proposal in book format in 1862.</div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiujjfvOyMapMGNGcXt6mTrkZdVcZXkq-zA3dXyYjGf0bByW-J7U1Z8sjnkrE-UNJeF_XtnGwMn4x7zZ_1CnX2S7UNENoNDvoA-ALat0vPhL-sQGOnPwGLj_Fs_TkeCiUg_QvzPwsmi2LDJ/s1600/1859+Schwabitz+and+Rudberg.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1600" data-original-width="1499" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiujjfvOyMapMGNGcXt6mTrkZdVcZXkq-zA3dXyYjGf0bByW-J7U1Z8sjnkrE-UNJeF_XtnGwMn4x7zZ_1CnX2S7UNENoNDvoA-ALat0vPhL-sQGOnPwGLj_Fs_TkeCiUg_QvzPwsmi2LDJ/s640/1859+Schwabitz+and+Rudberg.jpg" width="598" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Schwabitz and Rudberg's proposal from 1859 *</td></tr>
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Rudberg’s proposal was that nearly the entire island was to be leveled. The few gridded blocks built after the fire of 1625 on the western side of Gamla Stan (map 19) were allowed to remain since those streets had already been widened in conjunction with rebuilding after the fire. These regularized blocks served as the scale and pattern which Rudberg repeated across the rest of the island. Additionally, the Royal Palace (map 1), the island’s two largest and most historic churches (map 5), the Stock Market (map 6), and Riddarhuset (Knight’s House, seat of Sweden’s nobility since 1641) (map 7) were allowed to remain. But <i>everything</i> else was to be razed and replaced by uniform, four-story high blocks punctuated by civic buildings such as a National Archive, a Ministry of Commerce, and Parliament. Rudberg comments that it is a shame that certain historic buildings such as <a href="http://walkingstockholm.blogspot.se/p/architecture-asides-continued.html" target="_blank">Tessin’s Palace</a> (map 8) must be demolished, </div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiNdMWfVTz9qas52-UbGZFKr2Na1GYbCdlyue2zr35B7JLrDnF6CPvjIjeUTxrjd_fmWoCJ8B1l3A1l3DzQMciK93bw7Hcjg_wThvVIJzpSc69e1cP5dutJx4V3nRvH0eWx2Rti33k-RTHq/s1600/Tessin+comp.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="747" data-original-width="1600" height="298" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiNdMWfVTz9qas52-UbGZFKr2Na1GYbCdlyue2zr35B7JLrDnF6CPvjIjeUTxrjd_fmWoCJ8B1l3A1l3DzQMciK93bw7Hcjg_wThvVIJzpSc69e1cP5dutJx4V3nRvH0eWx2Rti33k-RTHq/s640/Tessin+comp.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Tessin's Palace and garden, to be demolished according to Rudberg's proposal. </td></tr>
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but he writes that “the interest for that which is old and ancient must give way to higher requirements.” Rudberg also wrote that Gamla Stan “is a leftover from the Middle Age’s barbaric way of life...”</div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiLzfzUhFmV8RArFKHrIkQ0fK65bHaFiY_94gvNsuq3uGBkiVxJdl0Htxz3PeDjyH5N4p4GA7jN-RJvkr-zRbjab_RZvLHkWyDCyuo-7tIOROHi4Nin5QEUkxKuwgslm02uvTDtHV_Teiru/s1600/1862+Rudberg.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1535" data-original-width="1541" height="636" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiLzfzUhFmV8RArFKHrIkQ0fK65bHaFiY_94gvNsuq3uGBkiVxJdl0Htxz3PeDjyH5N4p4GA7jN-RJvkr-zRbjab_RZvLHkWyDCyuo-7tIOROHi4Nin5QEUkxKuwgslm02uvTDtHV_Teiru/s640/1862+Rudberg.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Rudberg's proposal from 1862 *</td></tr>
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The proposal includes a new bridge connecting Gamla Stan with Norrmalm (map 12) over the island of Helgandsholmen (map 9), but a clear north-south main street is lacking. Indeed, while Rudberg’s proposed streets were wider than Gamla Stan’s alleys, they were in fact quite modest and not even as wide as the streets of Norrmalm. Rudberg's streets were, after all, modeled on two-hundred-year-old streets! The mid-block courtyards would be little more than narrow light wells. Central Stortorget (map 3) is allowed to remain, but other squares were wiped out. Instead, a new square along the <a href="http://walkingstockholm.blogspot.se/2011/11/skeppsbron-waterfront.html" target="_blank">Skeppsbron waterfront</a> was proposed.</div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhDSisCqVrWhlldxC0AKWOVUx4Bfa_14lZWiUQd3-FE-MJU8ZGrFhjsi-ukz04CaasSamA49Buveo9iph8p0Ow9sjOssr9VCS9EkmW2dYMXA8qS6KkeUUQOKTUW60AdEDGlcAwLzpSYDmIx/s1600/Skeppsbron.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="615" data-original-width="1600" height="244" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhDSisCqVrWhlldxC0AKWOVUx4Bfa_14lZWiUQd3-FE-MJU8ZGrFhjsi-ukz04CaasSamA49Buveo9iph8p0Ow9sjOssr9VCS9EkmW2dYMXA8qS6KkeUUQOKTUW60AdEDGlcAwLzpSYDmIx/s640/Skeppsbron.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Skeppsbron, Stockholm's historic skyline as seen on approach from the water, was to be demolished according to Rudberg's proposal.</td></tr>
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While proposing to destroy a key part of Sweden’s history, Rudberg simultaneously gives tribute to it as he named the blocks after Nordic gods and the streets after key figures of Sweden’s history such as King Gustav Vasa, poet Tegner, and scientist Linné. This reminds me of suburban cul-de-sac developments in the US which are often named for the forests or farms they supplant. </div>
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Rudberg’s proposal encompassed not only Gamla Stan, but the two adjacent islands of <a href="http://walkingstockholm.blogspot.se/2011/10/riddarholmen-knights-island.html" target="_blank">Riddarholmen</a> (map 10) and Helgandsholmen (map 9). Riddarholmen’s building stock of historic palaces was allowed to remain and to be used for governmental ministries, but the island was to be encircled by new, wide quays. A variant of this was eventually built.</div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEio1Az-ebU1siPCiF_kSD8ck4q40GIv4zqx6_2lOmGyty-Ktk9oS-f7QhprWgj1j77QPYiYxgXfuJxdyWx4uQnh1a-3iVk7MNzS_NrnXWzF7OOPVcBAOAuap3pp8X9c-gBBmmdaXNxanIBZ/s1600/Riddarholmen+comp.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="588" data-original-width="1600" height="234" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEio1Az-ebU1siPCiF_kSD8ck4q40GIv4zqx6_2lOmGyty-Ktk9oS-f7QhprWgj1j77QPYiYxgXfuJxdyWx4uQnh1a-3iVk7MNzS_NrnXWzF7OOPVcBAOAuap3pp8X9c-gBBmmdaXNxanIBZ/s640/Riddarholmen+comp.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
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On Helgandsholmen, the park at <a href="http://walkingstockholm.blogspot.se/2017/08/stockholms-first-public-park.html" target="_blank">Strömparterren</a> (map 11) was to be extended across the entire island, requiring the flattening of a number of historic palaces.</div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj95UtArI56Du5X-ECgahQl3aY1vOZD7beQOJh20a44ViLbOAUiAwq94Kfm3rfRK8mJutHPqAG-gEIarAS52-Zj0ScB3joK1bL9y2jw6tJvmL9IZJlva0z4aTMGo3DZLIGedledXmXXuLop/s1600/1863+Rudberg+Helgandsholmen.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="855" data-original-width="1600" height="340" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj95UtArI56Du5X-ECgahQl3aY1vOZD7beQOJh20a44ViLbOAUiAwq94Kfm3rfRK8mJutHPqAG-gEIarAS52-Zj0ScB3joK1bL9y2jw6tJvmL9IZJlva0z4aTMGo3DZLIGedledXmXXuLop/s640/1863+Rudberg+Helgandsholmen.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Rudberg's drawings showing the then-current chaotic jumble of buildings
on Helgandsholmen as juxtaposed to the calm peacefulness of his
proposed park. *</td></tr>
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This idea of extending Strömparterren across all of Hegandsholmen is a good example of how Rudberg completely ignored existing topography in his proposal. Strömparterren is at least two stories below street level, but Rudberg makes no provision of how the topography of the island was to be negotiated. </div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEidwZitRbTpTlYX2_TS-8I8F9VwTg2Waa-cIvhb26dRI-4gvhLnOdFKyWC3oNYV-CseSBm-hE5zJOrgSR5cv0zxrNHk_8QYh4bxHjAYdOK-o0jafEzihJIh_vtYnpUDTkErEJ8mPncjcSHA/s1600/level+difference.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="810" data-original-width="1080" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEidwZitRbTpTlYX2_TS-8I8F9VwTg2Waa-cIvhb26dRI-4gvhLnOdFKyWC3oNYV-CseSBm-hE5zJOrgSR5cv0zxrNHk_8QYh4bxHjAYdOK-o0jafEzihJIh_vtYnpUDTkErEJ8mPncjcSHA/s400/level+difference.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
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Rudberg similarly ignores topographic realities on Gamla Stan. His proposal is not only to flatten Gamla Stan’s buildings, but even to flatten the island’s considerable topography. This meant that the remaining historical buildings such as the churches and the Stock Market, which sit on the island’s highest ridge, would be reached by monumental staircases. However, Rudberg does not delineate the space needed for such monumental staircases on his plan. </div>
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There was no altruistic social agenda behind Rudberg’s proposal—the point was not to give the poor better housing conditions; instead, the poor were to be moved to the outskirts of town, where they would have access to land for kitchen gardens. The new Gamla Stan was to be inhabited by the clean and morally sound middle class. </div>
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Both the press and the public praised Rudberg’s proposal. The proposal was also seriously considered by the city planning authority which was headed by Bildt. Bildt had previously publicly stated that his ambition was to be Stockholm’s Haussmann, and this proposal was well in keeping with Haussmann’s ideals. In 1863, Bildt formed a commission headed by Wallström and Rudberg to create a comprehensive plan for all of Stockholm. However, the commission was to leave out Gamla Stan—despite Rudberg’s detailed cost estimates which showed otherwise, it would just be too expensive to do anything about Gamla Stan, even if it was desirable. Gamla Stan was a problem that would have to wait until a future date. (Interestingly, leaving Gamla Stan out of modern planning strategies had a more than 200 year old history at this date—<a href="http://walkingstockholm.blogspot.se/2011/11/stockholms-earliest-urban-plan.html" target="_blank">Stockholm’s earliest urban plan</a> similarly ignored the densely built-up and expensive-to-deal with center of the city.) </div>
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Wallström and Rudberg’s plan for greater Stockholm was severely criticized by the reviewing committee (which was not incidentally headed by Lindhagen, more about him in a later post) and thus forgotten. Tragically, Rudberg had literally given his all to his proposals—not long after his plan for Stockholm was so severely criticized, he declared bankruptcy and died of exhaustion. </div>
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<b>Later Proposals </b></div>
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In 1874, City Engineer Brodin with architect Kumlien and Lieutenant Ryding drew up another proposal that was similar in scope to Rudberg’s with the exception of Riddarholmen and Helgandsholmen. Brodin’s proposal paid a bit more attention to existing topography, however, and the proposed new streets were more generously proportioned. The considerable costs of the project would be offset by making the blocks five stories instead of Rudberg’s four stories. The creators defend the destruction of Gamla Stan saying that “nothing of architectonic worth will be lost.” In this proposal, Tessin’s Palace (map 8) was allowed to remain, but the garden would have to be demolished to make way for a new street. Because the city planning office was busy with plans for other areas of Stockholm, Brodin’s proposal was archived without much discussion.</div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjg5FQ6KVDAhztFme4AUZ0fvEuLxQDJCerL8yZeKXEcUVAQG4bi1rJLY4-eEhzjVgIYHbXuHkMjakNFNak_V-fr63Xir9zaExcm5zUC03dipBB6TVtPC5hEHIek1Rri2oDpjwZTo96stPlJ/s1600/1873+Brodin.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1600" data-original-width="1102" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjg5FQ6KVDAhztFme4AUZ0fvEuLxQDJCerL8yZeKXEcUVAQG4bi1rJLY4-eEhzjVgIYHbXuHkMjakNFNak_V-fr63Xir9zaExcm5zUC03dipBB6TVtPC5hEHIek1Rri2oDpjwZTo96stPlJ/s640/1873+Brodin.jpg" width="440" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Brodin's proposal from 1874 *</td></tr>
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The city’s plans for greater Stockholm left Gamla Stan in the limelight, but the central historic district was still affected in some discussions around the planning of bridges. For example, one bridge from Norrmalm (map 12) to Gamla Stan was proposed that would bring a roadway through “<a href="http://walkingstockholm.blogspot.se/2012/09/palaces-from-time-of-great-power-in.html" target="_blank">Riddarhuset’s</a> [map 7] unusually wide vestibule” according to architect Ekman’s 1872 proposal. </div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi_sZwLmlb55-sbKW5R4ZeOVyAo_Tqn_aE4oT2oG_ZSEwsk59efXJh8cVphXbkTZZgJ6Ebnl43WmmcMsCclteiqj_VPzGkx-tpkO4D6lyenbicvDkkIptBeCVIMLBKw_K6vELvw19uspVse/s1600/Riddarhuset+comp.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="747" data-original-width="1600" height="298" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi_sZwLmlb55-sbKW5R4ZeOVyAo_Tqn_aE4oT2oG_ZSEwsk59efXJh8cVphXbkTZZgJ6Ebnl43WmmcMsCclteiqj_VPzGkx-tpkO4D6lyenbicvDkkIptBeCVIMLBKw_K6vELvw19uspVse/s640/Riddarhuset+comp.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Riddarhuset, thankfully without a roadway piercing through its middle.</td></tr>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgYD9sGuBc3DEYeMR_QQcYxST4fdjlLa9nJOM4VhMJsTQ2zLz4qAKZpDS9PQKKWVWlyVXUEZ79LpicfoSDWr5yHf-zdFaa68hzu-Sw0eT-GmG60XJVnO4JSXD3eV_nTRWI2nmT38uDemH_x/s1600/1872+Ekman+Riddarhuset.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1148" data-original-width="1261" height="363" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgYD9sGuBc3DEYeMR_QQcYxST4fdjlLa9nJOM4VhMJsTQ2zLz4qAKZpDS9PQKKWVWlyVXUEZ79LpicfoSDWr5yHf-zdFaa68hzu-Sw0eT-GmG60XJVnO4JSXD3eV_nTRWI2nmT38uDemH_x/s400/1872+Ekman+Riddarhuset.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Ekman's 1872 drawing showing a new roadway cutting through Riddarhuset's vestibule. *</td></tr>
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Throughout the 1880’s, record numbers of apartments were built in Norrmalm (map 12), Södermalm (map 13), Östermalm, and on Kungsholmen. The pressure on Gamla Stan began to lessen and its population began to slowly decline. In 1886 and again in 1888, Commander Champs raised the question of if the time was now ripe to take action in Gamla Stan. His proposal was similar to Brodin’s, but the city still did not find the idea to be monetarily profitable. </div>
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In 1889 and again in 1890, Sandahl drew up plans to completely rebuild Gamla Stan. Streets and blocks were to be regularized like in Rudberg’s and Brodin’s proposals, but Sandahl introduced parks to Gamla Stan. The sloping <a href="http://walkingstockholm.blogspot.se/2012/12/stockholms-castle-and-environs.html" target="_blank">Slottsbacken</a> (map 14) along the Royal Palace was to be terraced and planted as would a new, open square in front of Storkyrkan Church (map 5). Where several streets meet at odd angles, Sandahl provides for generous, scenic squares. Unlike Rudberg and Brodin, Sandahl’s proposal incorporates several main north-south thoroughfares and he even predicts the later-built Centralbro Bridge (map 15). </div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiJifanj6n6kh9sJatHJLHz4brugnw5jbfACV9LVfd2iDNon3U7ZqvuLcu9bAOKpGCMeMmsP1M1zj9zylvrFwCN6bPwYRAvCdZ3ms5p4PUVcLJoQlehBFGhM_gqpkc62AcJqba21tpAz1V3/s1600/1890+Sandahl.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1600" data-original-width="1207" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiJifanj6n6kh9sJatHJLHz4brugnw5jbfACV9LVfd2iDNon3U7ZqvuLcu9bAOKpGCMeMmsP1M1zj9zylvrFwCN6bPwYRAvCdZ3ms5p4PUVcLJoQlehBFGhM_gqpkc62AcJqba21tpAz1V3/s640/1890+Sandahl.jpg" width="482" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Sandahl's 1890 proposal *</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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<div style="text-align: justify;">
Traffic circulation was the main focus of Theorell’s 1891 proposal which included no fewer than four thoroughfares to be cut through Gamla Stan. </div>
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<br /></div>
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<b>Changing Perspectives</b></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
In 1895, the head of the building department Knös and City Engineer Ygberg proposed a plan very similar to Rudberg and Brodin’s plans. This proposal also required the leveling of all topography and consequently monumental staircases to the remaining historical buildings. The comments of the new head of the city building department, Alrutz, mark a turning point in the discussion of what to do with Gamla Stan. He wrote that consideration should be given to other aspects than plainly economic and practical ones, and that “there are people who regard the center of our city as a holy relic and that it would be sacrilege to destroy these old buildings and alleys.” </div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh5weP2J-vJtqjlbVOUabTBbadzs9HdEqU4WV_YdqitspLkENsc3UycvoDhSh9SlvXjmmzaXSZCi_9tLajV36Vi-DLXmMOPaH3o6bD9owm8y1fxARigw_0Ed1xwRIClwBRJ57T32KjuNzKO/s1600/1895+Kn%25C3%25B6s+Yberg.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1600" data-original-width="1518" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh5weP2J-vJtqjlbVOUabTBbadzs9HdEqU4WV_YdqitspLkENsc3UycvoDhSh9SlvXjmmzaXSZCi_9tLajV36Vi-DLXmMOPaH3o6bD9owm8y1fxARigw_0Ed1xwRIClwBRJ57T32KjuNzKO/s640/1895+Kn%25C3%25B6s+Yberg.jpg" width="606" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Knös and Ygberg, 1895 *</td></tr>
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<div style="text-align: justify;">
Alrutz was probably influenced by the widely published architect Hallman (more on him later) who reacted negatively to projects such as Haussmanns Paris. He criticized gridiron planning as well as Paris’s long and “boring” boulevards and instead praised street systems that were at one with the terrain such as historic streets in Sweden’s medieval cities. While German architects such as Sitte had been articulating such ideas and praise for the old way of doing things for decades, Hallman was the first outspoken Swedish architect to turn away from modern planning. Medieval architectural styles were already in vogue, now medieval city planning was once again coming to the fore. </div>
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In 1896, Söderlund presented a motion to city hall to block all planning efforts like the Knös and Ygberg proposal. He wrote that city planning had too long “thought only of traffic requirements” and that the aesthetic was so disregarded that “our newer city plans have a nearly frightful stereotypical rigidness.” Söderlund wrote that artists were needed by the side of engineers in the city planning process. He felt that planners are responsible not only for the creation of sufficient traffic solutions but also to create a city for the future worthy of being a historic capitol. </div>
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<div style="text-align: justify;">
But the next year, another proposal for the demolition of Gamla Stan in favor of traffic thoroughfares was presented by railroad magnate Dalström. Dalström’s plan was very similar to Knös and Ygberg’s proposal except that the new plan paid a bit more heed to existing topography. Somewhat in keeping with the newer attitude on preservation, Dalström admitted that Gamla Stan was picturesque. None-the-less, he argued that demolition was necessary, and that the longer the city waited, the more expensive it would become. </div>
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhtWP7FHpT3vNPxWK6KRhNt5M8lwv8MPxK5gLcvVX-YIaKjxWDWdXZOTOI5RYYlInbxQdNTtCz_sPjJhogdWOJeAbisMTC4HGAUewKpZ-zFCVF71KQuOP4zwp7LUrfAiBO-SmbkOZ67N079/s1600/Dalstr%25C3%25B6m+1896.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1600" data-original-width="1321" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhtWP7FHpT3vNPxWK6KRhNt5M8lwv8MPxK5gLcvVX-YIaKjxWDWdXZOTOI5RYYlInbxQdNTtCz_sPjJhogdWOJeAbisMTC4HGAUewKpZ-zFCVF71KQuOP4zwp7LUrfAiBO-SmbkOZ67N079/s640/Dalstr%25C3%25B6m+1896.jpg" width="528" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Dalström's proposal from 1897 *</td></tr>
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<div style="text-align: justify;">
Yet another proposal in 1901 by engineer Rosenberg also feels familiar. Here, several blocks near the Royal Palace are earmarked for new city and national ministries (the darker blocks in the plan below). </div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiKiq-tjFS87d8_sqfXSx3kpVPprzXMrsMYcJvZgaQsd1BCmDfF3AQUJ01ZViVan2GBlCSkPgnk4oykhnfqmyJXetIcXugE-orp4DG30sQXL2IUasNEhqMi5ghSwKH9g_k6rthQ8oa5-Wcr/s1600/1902+Rosenberg.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1600" data-original-width="1505" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiKiq-tjFS87d8_sqfXSx3kpVPprzXMrsMYcJvZgaQsd1BCmDfF3AQUJ01ZViVan2GBlCSkPgnk4oykhnfqmyJXetIcXugE-orp4DG30sQXL2IUasNEhqMi5ghSwKH9g_k6rthQ8oa5-Wcr/s640/1902+Rosenberg.jpg" width="602" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Rosenberg's proposal, 1901. *</td></tr>
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A large open space by the water was to be made into a park requiring the razing of the <a href="http://walkingstockholm.blogspot.se/2012/09/palaces-from-time-of-great-power-in.html" target="_blank">Bondeska Palace</a> (see #14) (map 16),</div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEga5fTjC3qlOT3rqeXunbINjXEVjsCn74kuS14SydvHVDqUpuW9xdsKkcw0Ata_hyybnfPNwJffmq-aqVubCXke9MZmTxj_kgpXN41Uc7mcMw6sjcbRQjzOSa1DJ1Zsi2YNfdfzsTbmCaGS/s1600/Bondeska+front.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="810" data-original-width="1080" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEga5fTjC3qlOT3rqeXunbINjXEVjsCn74kuS14SydvHVDqUpuW9xdsKkcw0Ata_hyybnfPNwJffmq-aqVubCXke9MZmTxj_kgpXN41Uc7mcMw6sjcbRQjzOSa1DJ1Zsi2YNfdfzsTbmCaGS/s400/Bondeska+front.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
and an open square at the junction of several new, wide streets in the middle of Gamla Stan provided an axis between <a href="http://walkingstockholm.blogspot.se/2011/11/skeppsbron-waterfront.html" target="_blank">Skeppsbron</a> (map 17) and the Royal Palace’s southern portico. At the same time as he proposes tearing down a large area of meaningful history, Rosenberg’s City Hall is ironically historical in style. The city considered Rosenberg’s proposal but decided that it was both too wide-ranging and too contentious. </div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhYRekJW_4IGtSy3O_8a51bbQsnI2rS7M03kfPBai4Xe6lubRITXzzzAILxcOcsIzutvYXPcTXVFqiCW4v1hf59o3ZOo_t5jAvfHgJJYHAVTl2Kq0rl2K5GhKb5WamH7v_-6TYGYRmdkO4p/s1600/1901+Rosenberg.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="814" data-original-width="1282" height="406" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhYRekJW_4IGtSy3O_8a51bbQsnI2rS7M03kfPBai4Xe6lubRITXzzzAILxcOcsIzutvYXPcTXVFqiCW4v1hf59o3ZOo_t5jAvfHgJJYHAVTl2Kq0rl2K5GhKb5WamH7v_-6TYGYRmdkO4p/s640/1901+Rosenberg.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">The new City Hall's facade as proposed by Rosenberg in 1901. *</td></tr>
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<div style="text-align: justify;">
Gamla Stan native and internationally known artist Carl Larsson was perhaps the most famous and influential of the many voices condemning the whole scale demolition of Gamla Stan. He wrote in 1904 that “if I were a millionaire, I would buy all the buildings on one of Gamla Stan’s alleyways. I would as carefully as possible restore them to their original character, but I would simultaneously introduce all of our time’s interior conveniences . . . first of all electric lighting and bathrooms. . . . I am convinced that this idea would shortly win influence, and that the city between the bridges [Gamla Stan] would be the most modern – what a paradox! – and – hurray! – be saved from the poetry-less vandals’ horrible plans.” </div>
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<div style="text-align: justify;">
In 1901, the city funded the Society of St. Erik (the patron saint of Stockholm) whose main task was to inventory Stockholm’s historic building stock. The inventory in conjunction with grass roots campaigns eventually led to a series of historic preservation regulations on both the national and local levels. The new regulations aren’t fail proof—thousands of Stockholm’s historic buildings were demolished in the 1950’s to 1970’s—but Gamla Stan has been relatively safe from wholescale demolition threats since the beginning of the 20th century. These days, the tourist industry serves to ensure that wreaking balls stay out of Gamla Stan. </div>
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<div style="text-align: justify;">
<b>The Insertion of Ministries</b></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
In the mid 1800’s, proposals to renew the Old Town were put aside due to expense. By the late 1800’s, proposals for the comprehensive demolition Gamla Stan were contentious due to a rising interest in historical preservation. However, the need for large buildings to house the various administrative functions of the national and city governments was still acute, and the vicinity of the Royal Palace (map 1) was still the self-evident place for such functions. Newer proposals for Gamla Stan are (for the most part) limited to the insertion of modern ministry buildings within the existing historic fabric.</div>
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<div style="text-align: justify;">
Hallman’s (probably) 1895 proposal for the insertion of a combined City Hall and City Court near the Royal Palace involved combining five narrow blocks into a megablock,</div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhON4pJ8RSnRdn2ISl64mwmBZAxEtqxPTuxqsRgQtURxsrl1rlhnI-4EXxqMKgTuzTbi4e5HUyMYQh2bl3-9sqZayXQLFHykekHeHm77ZqvVGjJ_HGYH4wTLt_vmt0aPGK1_JNpjXe9KjvC/s1600/1895+Kommun+och+R%25C3%25A5dhus.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1040" data-original-width="743" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhON4pJ8RSnRdn2ISl64mwmBZAxEtqxPTuxqsRgQtURxsrl1rlhnI-4EXxqMKgTuzTbi4e5HUyMYQh2bl3-9sqZayXQLFHykekHeHm77ZqvVGjJ_HGYH4wTLt_vmt0aPGK1_JNpjXe9KjvC/s400/1895+Kommun+och+R%25C3%25A5dhus.jpg" width="285" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">*</td></tr>
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<div style="text-align: justify;">
</div>
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<div style="text-align: justify;">
but the large mass was broken down into distinct volumes clad in various historical styles. (This area is outlined in red on the map.) </div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhmX7PCS_L5nb64Azx_72HXZQxr1Z6EQF5jJVfbFMuO3HksON5_AakNk9e3S11P4YbDJOI_pi0Lfk0xYtm1zaYRa_lzWchW7y9kqugahOEFabfHeou2UD6lROc7lAxRa_7yEL6kUucWCyfk/s1600/1893+Hallman+kommun+och+r%25C3%25A5dhus+2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1026" data-original-width="1261" height="520" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhmX7PCS_L5nb64Azx_72HXZQxr1Z6EQF5jJVfbFMuO3HksON5_AakNk9e3S11P4YbDJOI_pi0Lfk0xYtm1zaYRa_lzWchW7y9kqugahOEFabfHeou2UD6lROc7lAxRa_7yEL6kUucWCyfk/s640/1893+Hallman+kommun+och+r%25C3%25A5dhus+2.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Hallman's 1895 proposal *</td></tr>
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Lindgren’s 1905 proposal looks at a slightly expanded area compared to Hallman’s plan.<br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg0BjGEURr2LvoQIPpqx6QCizpMUICP79HbczkHnjBQ9k65mHtwiTt2u94deagCh2Z6QtyBo2SUg_g1LIg3B2e6Io-4H8dWWqaXEOUzidlZ9ZeKm8eCHKG4pKD2c-1u0qenYbquBKRY11Qm/s1600/1905+Lindgren.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1222" data-original-width="1278" height="381" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg0BjGEURr2LvoQIPpqx6QCizpMUICP79HbczkHnjBQ9k65mHtwiTt2u94deagCh2Z6QtyBo2SUg_g1LIg3B2e6Io-4H8dWWqaXEOUzidlZ9ZeKm8eCHKG4pKD2c-1u0qenYbquBKRY11Qm/s400/1905+Lindgren.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">*</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Lindgren’s plan calls for a City Hall, a City Court, a Stock Market, as well as several other ministries to take over the northwestern part of Gamla stan. Again, the architecture is a jumble of historical styles.</div>
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiThqsaHvKyYA5axE8UhRbO8ov2j3nhM6twHsfsl24n6W8B63wc2YS7xQesGL5f8qzhC2MzI024JMsCTGaC1wfsMaPc08Xc2RVQz6ujr2NNFQkM0fVPtG5DVgm50M-6nsOnnKBCzllE0e07/s1600/1905+Lindgren+2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="993" data-original-width="1600" height="396" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiThqsaHvKyYA5axE8UhRbO8ov2j3nhM6twHsfsl24n6W8B63wc2YS7xQesGL5f8qzhC2MzI024JMsCTGaC1wfsMaPc08Xc2RVQz6ujr2NNFQkM0fVPtG5DVgm50M-6nsOnnKBCzllE0e07/s640/1905+Lindgren+2.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Lindgren's 1905 proposal *</td></tr>
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<div style="text-align: justify;">
Nothing came of these plans until Hallman’s idea to combine five blocks into one large ministry building was revisited in 1942, this time for the Finance Department (yellow building on map). Strong protests against the wholesale demolition of all five blocks resulted in a compromise where the buildings facing onto Västerlånggatan (map 2) and Storkyrkobrinken (map 17) were saved, and the three original alleyways through historic buildings facing onto Västerlånggatan remain,</div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj-5FRfPSh8djmmaMyJpg1UCihy-oxXMHDxrosW7S04hP7YREfiopfxgmFSGod254RcUJ5TtMlYWnR92JCExDbWpLLYRbJ8ZoPciWLu07meITVkpRqN8HNc2H3wKlTFdnzwGQu1h4OBFTGi/s1600/Riksdagens+Hus+alley+comp.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1038" data-original-width="1600" height="414" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj-5FRfPSh8djmmaMyJpg1UCihy-oxXMHDxrosW7S04hP7YREfiopfxgmFSGod254RcUJ5TtMlYWnR92JCExDbWpLLYRbJ8ZoPciWLu07meITVkpRqN8HNc2H3wKlTFdnzwGQu1h4OBFTGi/s640/Riksdagens+Hus+alley+comp.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Historical buildings were allowed to remain on the outside of the new megablock.</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
leading now into an interior courtyard of the new building.<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi1DkoKl9YWg4FAQjDLMeY4Jj-pc1w8UuT7ESEPyactFc4Ktjh8AfgWrY84ScgzuWs6Rda_iIXrxY_FP1Op7d8LJuysj8CxGO9A3BNHxt83CsDv51-RVKJFlwX-ML4Jjl-MPQxMhyKkWcv-/s1600/Riksdagens+Hus+interior+courtyard.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="810" data-original-width="1080" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi1DkoKl9YWg4FAQjDLMeY4Jj-pc1w8UuT7ESEPyactFc4Ktjh8AfgWrY84ScgzuWs6Rda_iIXrxY_FP1Op7d8LJuysj8CxGO9A3BNHxt83CsDv51-RVKJFlwX-ML4Jjl-MPQxMhyKkWcv-/s400/Riksdagens+Hus+interior+courtyard.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">The roofs of the surrounding buildings that were allowed to remain are visible from the Finance Department's interior courtyard.</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
While the Finance Department’s building’s plan is out of scale with its surroundings, the ministry’s height, yellow-colored stucco, and architectural detailing are in modest keeping with the historic buildings around. In fact, the seam between old and new on Storkyrkobrinken is quite inconspicuous.</div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiKUJRvqYAQTLJBRRoPgqr1B0cw7PgI4Qmw9RPynNteJE1YcnpsZi6ibaGlEdxj76wlrdU7fBToaH78IEWxe5H_jsXymkmiwHAhz3-wwjVnMrhDBQw_d37Zcn5SgqB6o0DC63jpDofVNyVE/s1600/Riksdagens+Hus+Context.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="747" data-original-width="1600" height="298" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiKUJRvqYAQTLJBRRoPgqr1B0cw7PgI4Qmw9RPynNteJE1YcnpsZi6ibaGlEdxj76wlrdU7fBToaH78IEWxe5H_jsXymkmiwHAhz3-wwjVnMrhDBQw_d37Zcn5SgqB6o0DC63jpDofVNyVE/s640/Riksdagens+Hus+Context.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Left: The building on the left is the Finance Department. Right: Seam between new Finance Department on the left and a historic building on the right.</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
<div style="text-align: justify;">
The slightly rounded facade facing Riddarhustorget (map 18) not only hints at the circular interior courtyard, but it is also clearly reminiscent of Palmstedt’s concave facade at <a href="https://walkingstockholm.blogspot.se/2016/01/tyska-brunnsplana-small-square-in-gamla.html" target="_blank">Tyska Brunnsplan</a> (map 19), not too far away on the island. </div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi1g_PDRwGQTLBHxNaxyyRO7BPc8qd7tuhONdYJpmiC4TQ7EouVLpLsfmMAoPOYEjTgp6StkbK71jbgvRE3mXC15eMLGuzKMeb26fRLn5k_e8ydokDjSw9mf15cz2zwVWib4poFDr1l-ujl/s1600/Riksdagens+Hus+Concave.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="747" data-original-width="1600" height="298" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi1g_PDRwGQTLBHxNaxyyRO7BPc8qd7tuhONdYJpmiC4TQ7EouVLpLsfmMAoPOYEjTgp6StkbK71jbgvRE3mXC15eMLGuzKMeb26fRLn5k_e8ydokDjSw9mf15cz2zwVWib4poFDr1l-ujl/s640/Riksdagens+Hus+Concave.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Concave Finance Department on the left, and concave Tyska Brunnsplan on the right.</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
On the whole, I think that the Finance Department building is a very successful example of a modern building blending into its historic context. I am less enamored, however, of the long, blocky, empty arcade facing onto Myntgatan. I find the arcade to be out of place and more of a reference to historic Italian architecture than Swedish building forms.</div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgQnl_uqEVT_SrohQEPWZtND6Oatca5mxBIZ6SGuNC7AQ3kHPmh1Hfq1f8ZEaj3p_5B9VxUTPaPGxCM1YlhZPx340VRl83X_czHtbpfaTOkD2l-yEDIj-ghKsOHle8V4CzxjySXxm8zMS05/s1600/Riksdagens+Hus+arcade.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="747" data-original-width="1600" height="298" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgQnl_uqEVT_SrohQEPWZtND6Oatca5mxBIZ6SGuNC7AQ3kHPmh1Hfq1f8ZEaj3p_5B9VxUTPaPGxCM1YlhZPx340VRl83X_czHtbpfaTOkD2l-yEDIj-ghKsOHle8V4CzxjySXxm8zMS05/s640/Riksdagens+Hus+arcade.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
And then, of course, there's the question of whether new architecture shouldn't look, well, new. <br />
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<b>Conclusion</b></div>
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When I first started researching this topic, I thought that the Rudberg proposal was a standalone laughing-stock idea that gained little traction. I was astounded to learn that although the Rudberg proposal is the most well-known, it was only one of a whole series of plans to demolish Gamla Stan. I was even more dumbfounded to learn that the plans to raze Stockholm’s historic core were received with admiration for their modernness by the public, by generation after generation of city administration, and by the press. What seems unthinkable today was clearly accepted as a first-rate idea not too long ago. The pendulum of public opinion as well as the self-evident right and wrong in city planning does swing widely. </div>
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While the majority of the demolition plans were created by engineers, the wholescale demolition of Gamla Stan cannot be solely attributed to unartistic traffic planners. City planners in the city administration were clearly interested in the ideas, and the most well-known proposal of all was put forth by Rudberg, an architect. Professionals across the board were positive to the idea of tearing down the Old Town—differences of opinion were a matter of time more than a matter of profession or background. </div>
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I have touched on the topic above, but I can't resist reiterating how strange it is that while the proposals above advocate tearing down the Old Town with the purpose of modernizing it, every single sketch is of historically stylistic architecture, be it Neo-Gothic or Neo-Dutch or Neo-Classical or Neo-Renaissance. The architects and planners were not at all interested in modern-feeling architecture; they were only interested in "modern" city planning with somewhat wider streets, direct thoroughfares for improved traffic circulation, and a cleaned-up middle class. It was ok if the Old Town <i>seemed</i> old and cutesy, but it was not appropriate for central Stockholm to be <i>genuinely</i> old with its associations of crowded and unsanitary living conditions, grungy streetscapes, and worn-out buildings.</div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj3tBlpMkJzJBhJ4Hvv8vPb8FP-QBlj74prpsQMnGoAin2DW0EQGOTNDVTOxAJmCno2rG-AJoWn7OC583sHSIFxEeBHtnU-KWW1RFQ2apgEfIabMg98zIdsILwewirvMeMb9q13-NAWVqoe/s1600/historic+architecture.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="600" data-original-width="1600" height="238" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj3tBlpMkJzJBhJ4Hvv8vPb8FP-QBlj74prpsQMnGoAin2DW0EQGOTNDVTOxAJmCno2rG-AJoWn7OC583sHSIFxEeBHtnU-KWW1RFQ2apgEfIabMg98zIdsILwewirvMeMb9q13-NAWVqoe/s640/historic+architecture.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">*</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
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<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Sadly, this post foreshadows an intense wave of demolition in the mid-20th century. Even though it was only about 50 years after Gamla Stan was pardoned from wholescale destruction, the lessons learned from Gamla Stan were no longer deemed to be applicable. Or at least not applicable to adjacent areas of town. It almost seems like having left Gamla Stan unscathed, planners of the mid-20th century felt justified in demolishing other historic areas. Retaining cutesy Gamla Stan was one thing since the preservation ideals could be contained to a small island, but historic preservation on a larger scale in the rest of Stockholm wasn’t deemed practical. </div>
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I am sad about the loss of other parts of historic Stockholm, but thankful that at least Gamla Stan was allowed to survive!</div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhrPc1N1P2U5jb0rr1_MbvNp3zJsycbaRYOj7xxDbFLoDjtMmeJYc5DATLozhhyj6RgMhUEC3jTkfB0XdbsPrd1wOy-JZTFK_nzKJa__8eOnScAnD6MrsWqoV9edN87SUFoDxHbaOpGpDJs/s1600/Gamla+Stan+comp+2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1038" data-original-width="1600" height="414" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhrPc1N1P2U5jb0rr1_MbvNp3zJsycbaRYOj7xxDbFLoDjtMmeJYc5DATLozhhyj6RgMhUEC3jTkfB0XdbsPrd1wOy-JZTFK_nzKJa__8eOnScAnD6MrsWqoV9edN87SUFoDxHbaOpGpDJs/s640/Gamla+Stan+comp+2.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
<br />
<br />
Sources: <br />
Gösta Selling, <i>Hur Gamla stan överlevde</i> (1973)<br />
Aug. Eman. Rudberg, <i>Förslag til ombygnad af Stockholms stad inom broarna jemte plankarta öfver den nya regleringen</i> (1862)<br />
Béatrice Glase and Gösta Glase, <i>Gamla Stan – historia som lever</i> (1988)<br />
Åke Abrahamsson, <i>Stockholm en utopisk historia</i> (2004)<br />
Thomas Hall, <i>Stockholm: The Making of a Metropolis</i> (2009) <br />
Thomas Hall, <i>Huvudstad i omvandling</i> (2002) <br />
Per Kallstenius, <i>Minne och Vision: Stockholms stadsutveckling i dåtid, nutid och framtid</i> (2010)<br />
<br />
All of the photos are mine.<br />
Images marked with * come from Gösta Selling’s book. Rainahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03436765499184988845noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2772821807884282561.post-43550382466507301212017-08-23T22:38:00.000+02:002018-05-23T21:55:21.179+02:00At the Junction of Geography, Geology and City Planning: Nybroviken, Raoul Wallenbergs torg, Berzelli Park, Nybroplan, and Norrmalmstorg<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhfZEXm97aYfrmKwAXlINvjSaOpXygOEE2E9X7l0o_02e-VEZ0rCGV3LI4hMqIL5Ow-E08oZfPRMuDw0QMUXjLDi6e6dqEWGkeU7GzvzF2frRXMxqcHZip19VQlTlo7jT5xOt3PQRkSVfde/s1600/Berzelii-Park-Maps.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1600" data-original-width="987" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhfZEXm97aYfrmKwAXlINvjSaOpXygOEE2E9X7l0o_02e-VEZ0rCGV3LI4hMqIL5Ow-E08oZfPRMuDw0QMUXjLDi6e6dqEWGkeU7GzvzF2frRXMxqcHZip19VQlTlo7jT5xOt3PQRkSVfde/s640/Berzelii-Park-Maps.jpg" width="394" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">N/P = Norrmalmstorg/Parcktorget, RW = Raoul Wallenbergs torg, NPlan = Nybroplan</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
In an early blog post, I described how <a href="http://walkingstockholm.blogspot.se/2011/11/stockholms-earliest-urban-plan.html" target="_blank">Stockholm’s Earliest Urban Plan</a> called for a series of different street grids that radiated out from the Royal Palace. The shifting points between the rotated street grids were determined by geography—the street grids on Kungsholmen and Södermalm, both islands, were naturally different than the grids of the mainland. North of downtown, the plan called for three different grids which are slightly rotated from each other. The two grids of Norrmalm (orange and yellow) are separated by a high ridge which made a uniform, connected grid difficult. The shift in grids between Norrmalm and Östermalm (yellow and green) occurs at a low point in the land that was filled with water until the mid-1800’s. While there is now little trace of the creek, harbor, and swamp that separated Norrmalm and Östermalm, this low-lying area is still a noticeable boundary between two distinct areas in Stockholm. This blog post covers Nybroviken, Raoul Wallenbergs torg, Berzelli Park, Nybroplan, and Norrmalmstorg, a series of open spaces from the water’s edge into Stockholm’s fashion and business district. <br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEijttHIUZ_OKROtQ-FWYsvK_i0qG-DVJ1wI-U6QjfxKjny7PvoQ0rlOHJ4SvClVRHKfyWYU7eQ9uDn2hGxudwLe_lV6_l8Jjfm5qtF5gbfVkgv9rT01BlU756yerH0t_bsLluxliozmCpuM/s1600/Radial-Streets.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="714" data-original-width="898" height="508" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEijttHIUZ_OKROtQ-FWYsvK_i0qG-DVJ1wI-U6QjfxKjny7PvoQ0rlOHJ4SvClVRHKfyWYU7eQ9uDn2hGxudwLe_lV6_l8Jjfm5qtF5gbfVkgv9rT01BlU756yerH0t_bsLluxliozmCpuM/s640/Radial-Streets.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
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As I described in my <a href="http://walkingstockholm.blogspot.se/2011/09/in-beginning.html" target="_blank">first post</a>, Scandinavia’s landmass is slowly rising out of the sea. Throughout Stockholm’s history, the landmass has become steadily larger and the water’s edge has steadily moved outward. Harbors have slowly become too shallow and new harbors have had to be built, and what were once islands have grown and joined the mainland. This slow change in geography has sometimes been hastened by man, as is the case with Nybroviken or “New Bridge Bay.”<br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiwP7cSA3YDYrBviaLFwQsBPwNWUYETTrCwd3OcMWUD2qM-obEGfvEmVNXnetfBhzgHvvpiQnGlsDJjZl2aJjgmnGWimUKPY9EKN-Kzhzf2pMVqHijEfv3NlsNMqWCvZqPjfSCVnfEARgS5/s1600/1640-waterline-with-colors.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="933" data-original-width="636" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiwP7cSA3YDYrBviaLFwQsBPwNWUYETTrCwd3OcMWUD2qM-obEGfvEmVNXnetfBhzgHvvpiQnGlsDJjZl2aJjgmnGWimUKPY9EKN-Kzhzf2pMVqHijEfv3NlsNMqWCvZqPjfSCVnfEARgS5/s640/1640-waterline-with-colors.jpg" width="436" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Orange = waterline in 1300. Red = waterline in 1640. Blue = waterline today. Green N/P = Norrmalmstorg/Packartorget</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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In this plan from 1663, a small lake drains both northward into Brunnsviken and southward into Nybroviken. The lake (called Träsket) and the creek (called Rännilen) running southward were the original boundary between Norrmalm and Östermalm (I have made the lake and creek blue for clarity).<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiQ6DoDnLlk896Y_xuNAQQ5fDOu3ockQYrl7TfSHLiOuWCT_ysVhK-Ai6nfBzoNUKWiPgZOomljP6zkzdu6T3KJYjGvXKb01sNPWtaA1hPsXNWZ6SilHf6Ng0CXQbFcnb2QrHxm_US37DY2/s1600/1663+plan.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1130" data-original-width="1080" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiQ6DoDnLlk896Y_xuNAQQ5fDOu3ockQYrl7TfSHLiOuWCT_ysVhK-Ai6nfBzoNUKWiPgZOomljP6zkzdu6T3KJYjGvXKb01sNPWtaA1hPsXNWZ6SilHf6Ng0CXQbFcnb2QrHxm_US37DY2/s640/1663+plan.jpg" width="610" /></a></div>
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In 1642, the queen decreed that all fishing boats from out in the archipelago would use a harbor at Packartorget, or “Packing Square,” instead of one of Stockholm’s main harbors where large, international ships docked. The “packing” referred to barrels which were filled with salt and herring for export. In addition to fish, the square also became an important market for other local products that were sold to the city’s citizens to meet their daily needs: hay, firewood, and charcoal were especially important goods that came in from surrounding areas on small boats to Packartorget. <br />
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Plans were drawn up to build a formal, rectangular harbor with quays at Packartorget’s edge. A long stretch of the water’s edge was thus to be regularized with a long, straight dock. When the plans were drawn up, the entire square was still under water, so the project involved filling in wet areas and creating large new areas of solid land. In addition to wooden docks and quays, archeological digs have found purposefully sunken boats filled with gravel as the first layer for filling in the land.<br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi1uiQyjiFG1im6VS19g7pbuUNrQKe02bTh9_sPAyVFRdW5J0eoF3USQ-ofkKVLMpHIO28TOeg5PlOqlFtYmLVI7HryJUnbx0brujuxa441fhDBie88p5ASzZk9gV5QN4mMqDmEstZBQPaD/s1600/1640-harbor-plan.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="997" data-original-width="698" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi1uiQyjiFG1im6VS19g7pbuUNrQKe02bTh9_sPAyVFRdW5J0eoF3USQ-ofkKVLMpHIO28TOeg5PlOqlFtYmLVI7HryJUnbx0brujuxa441fhDBie88p5ASzZk9gV5QN4mMqDmEstZBQPaD/s640/1640-harbor-plan.jpg" width="448" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Proposal from the 1640's. Red = waterline in 1640. Blue = waterline today. Green N/P = Norrmalmstorg/Packartorget. Yellow= Proposed harbor and quayside</td></tr>
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In addition to being a harbor and a market, Packartorget also served as one of the city’s places for corporal punishment until 1810. No executions were performed here, but the public was frequently entertained by other punishments when sinners were tied to the “Shame Pole,” petty criminals were given lashes at the “Punishment Pole,” and carriage taxi drivers who extorted illegally high fares were forced to sit upon the pointy back of the “Wooden Horse” with weights hanging from their feet. The latter punishment was given at Packartorget because many of the city’s taxi-stables lined the square.<br />
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This harbor from the 1640’s and -50’s didn’t last long. Not only was the land rising and making the harbor shallower and shallower with every passing year, but the bay was also serving as an illegal trash dump. By 1675, the harbor had already been moved outward. During the 1700’s, the harbor was moved outward several more times. This map from 1749 shows that the water’s edge had moved outward and that the bay had shrunk considerably in just 100 years. Plans for straight streets along the bay’s edge were overlaid onto the actual conditions which were far less organized.<br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgIBFHbswvs1WlWUHC9wgYqK4Ut1btTGgP0rG-KoxWetZoDLTVniDEIxr1O_R6L-qJDgZXUJNF05F7jP3uxqd9RdjIfeO2v1DVhGyVEhO9WoPLt6_bFV4Vxbour7iBcQGnujXKG1CzgSil1/s1600/1749-proposal.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1523" data-original-width="1600" height="608" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgIBFHbswvs1WlWUHC9wgYqK4Ut1btTGgP0rG-KoxWetZoDLTVniDEIxr1O_R6L-qJDgZXUJNF05F7jP3uxqd9RdjIfeO2v1DVhGyVEhO9WoPLt6_bFV4Vxbour7iBcQGnujXKG1CzgSil1/s640/1749-proposal.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container"><tbody>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Proposal
from 1749. Red = waterline in 1749. Blue = waterline today. Green N/P
= Norrmalmstorg/Packartorget. Yellow= Proposed harbor and quayside.</td></tr>
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</td></tr>
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The above proposal also shows a new bridge which was built in 1742. The older bridge visible on the map from 1663 stretched from Blaiseholmen, at the time a small island separated from the mainland by a narrow channel, to Östermalm. On the map from 1749, Blaiseholmen is no longer an island but is attached to the mainland, and the bridge has moved farther in the bay from Blaiseholmen up to Norrmalm. Nybroviken, or “New Bridge Bay,” eventually became the commonly used name for the bay. <br />
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There is a long, written record of complaints from the area’s citizens to the city and even to the king about the bay’s condition. Some complained about how hard the harbor was to use and about lost income. Others complained about the smell emanating from the bay’s still, swampy water and the piles of trash lining the bay. Still others complained about the unhealthy effects of the illegal but common practice of dumping out latrines into the bay under the cover of darkness. The city’s coffers were literally empty so nothing was done to remedy the situation other than one ineffective attempt to dredge the bay. By 1800, the inner area of the bay near Packartorget became completely unusable and boats began to tie up on the eastern shore instead. “Packing Square” was no longer used for its original purpose. <br />
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A series of plans to regularize the shape of the bay were drawn up through the 1700’s and early 1800’s. All of these plans failed to address the inherent problem that the inner part of the bay was too shallow and that its water was stagnant. Instead, the plans focused on beautification of the city with stately quaysides and waterside avenues. I find it strange that the plans addressed beautification only in terms of looks—the fact that the shallow, inner part of the bay was stagnant and stinky didn’t seem to be on the beautification agenda. Even less attention was paid to the fact that the inner part of the bay was unusable for shipping.<br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiwYrTMchgqmLHQko7JzT7TS39IWFfHDBj3VOxan1x2wog9A_RGNaWKwY2_OZmcPFsg1DdqXlbeBQKdnT8C7z1yGnloVqiOeXGPAne2fCkfAA3HvJpxlvAAKR8yicIPMyUsLCtxx_JUN3UC/s1600/1787-proposal.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1600" data-original-width="1276" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiwYrTMchgqmLHQko7JzT7TS39IWFfHDBj3VOxan1x2wog9A_RGNaWKwY2_OZmcPFsg1DdqXlbeBQKdnT8C7z1yGnloVqiOeXGPAne2fCkfAA3HvJpxlvAAKR8yicIPMyUsLCtxx_JUN3UC/s640/1787-proposal.jpg" width="510" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Proposal from 1787. Red = waterline in 1787. Blue = waterline today.
Green N/P = Norrmalmstorg/Packartorget. Yellow= Proposed harbor and
quayside.</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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Despite all of these proposals over the course of a century, work on the project didn’t begin until 1816. The initial focus was the building of the waterside avenues. The project involved a number of land transactions because the lots historically extended all the way to the water’s edge—now they would be cut off from the water by the avenues. Progress was slow but steady.<br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgDxp042QX71Yyw16fV7kw50vYHTbfinYNlNCOeOpjCE-A9zlitzqdipqUaQ2yADsIugIbL3vD65TzCuDlgmvjy1jolIzuzXHDSea4doGgiCjqEAAH7KYEKxcDoZ9KFP7sEqNjrZrKftk-U/s1600/1816-proposal.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1324" data-original-width="1337" height="632" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgDxp042QX71Yyw16fV7kw50vYHTbfinYNlNCOeOpjCE-A9zlitzqdipqUaQ2yADsIugIbL3vD65TzCuDlgmvjy1jolIzuzXHDSea4doGgiCjqEAAH7KYEKxcDoZ9KFP7sEqNjrZrKftk-U/s640/1816-proposal.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Proposal from 1816. Red = waterline in 1816. The waterline today is off the map.
Green N/P = Norrmalmstorg/Packartorget. Yellow= Proposed harbor and
quayside</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
As I mentioned, the project to line the bay with stately avenues didn’t really address the problem that the innermost part of the bay still stank and was still filled with trash and sewage. In 1834, a cholera epidemic raged through Stockholm killing at least 4000 people. Even after the 18th century prophesies of deadly epidemics were fulfilled, the city still wasn’t prepared (in terms of both will and economics) to do something about the problem. <br />
<br />
The city didn’t act in order to make the bay healthier for its citizens after the cholera epidemic of 1834, but in 1837, the city decided to replace the worn wooden “New Bridge” with an iron bridge in celebration of the King’s 25th anniversary on the throne. The King at least had his priorities in order and insisted that instead of a new bridge, the swampy inner areas of the bay should be filled in and made into a park and that a stone quay should be built at the water’s new edge. Work on this revised plan began in 1838 but proceeded slowly. The inner bay was filled in almost immediately but the new stone quay, which was lined by a cast-iron railing, wasn’t opened for traffic until 1848. <br />
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The park’s design was drawn up in 1852 by Knut Forsberg and it was opened to the public in 1858, becoming Stockholm’s second public park after <a href="http://walkingstockholm.blogspot.se/2017/08/stockholms-first-public-park.html" target="_blank">Strömparterren</a>.<br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh1H7yKwRITEoMSEZAPZP6-baLL86OydKhLbry-LAZ-zi4V9P3VNAG2D54JUyoXwH1pIxEOgFnkxdsvEtv5Ckh_RNMnD1s_Lo9UDtUzn42yILdNKI9a2TffGnmcPJLkN9Ps9EVNs34tuecJ/s1600/Berzelii_park_ritning_1850-tal.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1600" data-original-width="1282" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh1H7yKwRITEoMSEZAPZP6-baLL86OydKhLbry-LAZ-zi4V9P3VNAG2D54JUyoXwH1pIxEOgFnkxdsvEtv5Ckh_RNMnD1s_Lo9UDtUzn42yILdNKI9a2TffGnmcPJLkN9Ps9EVNs34tuecJ/s640/Berzelii_park_ritning_1850-tal.jpg" width="512" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Drawing for Berzelii Park</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
A statue of the prominent Swedish chemist Jöns Jacob Berzelius was erected in the center of the park, giving the gardens the name Berzelii Park. The statue of Berzelius was Sweden’s first public statue of a non-royal subject. Not only was the park meant to be enjoyed by commoners, but the park even honored the accomplishments of a commoner. Times were seriously changing.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgSaja6LYWmBRc7bDncdjFQxIy_2lgRmXlM4eatXGiWUHpoz9xwdnua0h3sFdip1vrBa87YWB4xY4oZZcw73vGKOsEAGP94OMT6VJmOm9GGXG1vhnJVw6tsy1ogcmcR1BdrbH-UHp5Vnpti/s1600/Berzelii+statue.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1080" data-original-width="810" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgSaja6LYWmBRc7bDncdjFQxIy_2lgRmXlM4eatXGiWUHpoz9xwdnua0h3sFdip1vrBa87YWB4xY4oZZcw73vGKOsEAGP94OMT6VJmOm9GGXG1vhnJVw6tsy1ogcmcR1BdrbH-UHp5Vnpti/s400/Berzelii+statue.jpg" width="300" /></a></div>
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About every 50 years or so, new sculptures have been added to the park, but the park’s design, plantings, and layout have remained fairly constant.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgOZWTGTgsDFtdYK3jCXpr7Os-8qjE7ujMasbmkyran_6kElEaB6oOvP1w-e1NMjYUwND4bGNPo_M0p44Yee8IBqILLjjuJfBbaJfBTaUslyNU-s32DTnI4za4PWPrhCyjema7NMCgDQEDR/s1600/Berzelii+statues.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="810" data-original-width="1597" height="324" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgOZWTGTgsDFtdYK3jCXpr7Os-8qjE7ujMasbmkyran_6kElEaB6oOvP1w-e1NMjYUwND4bGNPo_M0p44Yee8IBqILLjjuJfBbaJfBTaUslyNU-s32DTnI4za4PWPrhCyjema7NMCgDQEDR/s640/Berzelii+statues.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
The park provides a small but important element of green in the city's landscape. <br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjamuyZK_u-2dE5fHIubOnZuWstFxhyphenhyphenYfIFmkLjzEG8LX8j9VOieNXBnnjsdUawnTKd3BUoYPyaTDRp4H-f2x-vtWX0fOsEousFNorRSRlTEc6iGeDPX5UnH6HU2xL9h2qZaOPUxtOjL9yR/s1600/Park+comp.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="747" data-original-width="1600" height="298" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjamuyZK_u-2dE5fHIubOnZuWstFxhyphenhyphenYfIFmkLjzEG8LX8j9VOieNXBnnjsdUawnTKd3BUoYPyaTDRp4H-f2x-vtWX0fOsEousFNorRSRlTEc6iGeDPX5UnH6HU2xL9h2qZaOPUxtOjL9yR/s640/Park+comp.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
At some point, the cast iron railing along the quay’s edge was moved to enclose Berzelli Park. The park is a well-defined green space while the surrounding open areas of Nybroviken, Raoul Wallenbergs torg, and Nybroplan are paved with stone pavers and are obviously more “square” than “park.”<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhXjK26dWGVSI1GI0WDHYLKLYE0q_s1f4CuQ_HbRrhJZanQzLB944lf6dg_akcviaJMD3lqDHxjG3fQ5uFAuurHC2RGm8jS2GrtEwQGTQMo2gFCY1ofRYCMjoC4cnUG7j2HpE4389Ikc1c3/s1600/Cast+iron+comp.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="747" data-original-width="1600" height="298" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhXjK26dWGVSI1GI0WDHYLKLYE0q_s1f4CuQ_HbRrhJZanQzLB944lf6dg_akcviaJMD3lqDHxjG3fQ5uFAuurHC2RGm8jS2GrtEwQGTQMo2gFCY1ofRYCMjoC4cnUG7j2HpE4389Ikc1c3/s640/Cast+iron+comp.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
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Like Strömparterren, Berzelli Park became a prominent part of Stockholm’s entertainment scene. Berns opened a cafe at the park’s edge which was enormously popular. In addition to refreshments, the cafe also provided live music. If one didn’t have money to sit inside, one could picnic on the park’s lawns and hear the concerts for free. Over the years, the cafe developed and expanded and Berns Salonger is still a popular upscale restaurant and night club.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjEr7vl0RvTXEZhFwG5zLVI33tF34nbYONGZuzVMgi9BNkWYmTwuZuH5y-1JVk3a0gAwdEyCafu0shWlbVZpXEcIsdF8INzGGxg36U-X4z7salj5I_ruMJ7pZl3T70Aetl6WrX7g3KrDlZg/s1600/Berns+comp.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="575" data-original-width="1600" height="230" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjEr7vl0RvTXEZhFwG5zLVI33tF34nbYONGZuzVMgi9BNkWYmTwuZuH5y-1JVk3a0gAwdEyCafu0shWlbVZpXEcIsdF8INzGGxg36U-X4z7salj5I_ruMJ7pZl3T70Aetl6WrX7g3KrDlZg/s640/Berns+comp.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
In the 1920’s, a China-themed movie theater was built next door to Berns. Berzelli Park’s reputation as Stockholm’s entertainment center became even more entrenched. Today, the theater holds large shows—often Swedish versions of Broadway hits. <br />
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In 1853, a prominent citizen who had property lining Packartorget petitioned the city to change the square’s name. Not only did the name refer to a function that that the square hadn’t served for at least 50 years, but the name was also negatively associated with criminal activity and corporal punishment. The city agreed and the name was changed to the current uninspired Norrmalmstorg, or “Norrmalm’s Square.” Even the street lining the square changed names from Packartorgsgatan to Norrmalmsgatan.<br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhX_D8fu7GRbjpk8-tFbZr-4Wa8EqY-9HBofm0JeL5slozJYTspm89YHNAEmtJ5Z3cPISV1IyIv4UV3qlh7eryPQCK430nCkBtEDcJqasqNEU8909heng6ym5jQvYWst50rEb7W2xTFb-fQ/s1600/Packartorg+buildings+1891.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="958" data-original-width="1600" height="238" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhX_D8fu7GRbjpk8-tFbZr-4Wa8EqY-9HBofm0JeL5slozJYTspm89YHNAEmtJ5Z3cPISV1IyIv4UV3qlh7eryPQCK430nCkBtEDcJqasqNEU8909heng6ym5jQvYWst50rEb7W2xTFb-fQ/s400/Packartorg+buildings+1891.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Photograph from 1891 showing the buildings lining Norrmalmstorg before the district became fancy.</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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When the square was known as Packartorget, it was filled with the
activity and stink of the working class—fish and sewage and corporal
punishment didn’t exactly add up to a fancy address. But when the fish
and sewage were cleared out, the bay was filled in, and the corporal
punishment moved out, Norrmalmstorg was suddenly valuable real estate in
the middle of the city. The low, almost countryside pattern of
settlement was replaced by large, showy urban buildings housing banks,
fine tailors and dressmakers, and upscale cafes.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh2q_h0PHv3JTjIo9fmzwxzqZq4nz-lTTZoouvv8Cnq6iAKiS0JLJH3EA8gVwSVdrmbBiTp8rHV3y0PktQ69APA142fvLpNbedUcIzRFlU3bJ-r8qeNSAIKX_W_EKt1aR7iKrypn0c8eupQ/s1600/Norrmalmstorg+old+buildings+comp.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="747" data-original-width="1600" height="298" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh2q_h0PHv3JTjIo9fmzwxzqZq4nz-lTTZoouvv8Cnq6iAKiS0JLJH3EA8gVwSVdrmbBiTp8rHV3y0PktQ69APA142fvLpNbedUcIzRFlU3bJ-r8qeNSAIKX_W_EKt1aR7iKrypn0c8eupQ/s640/Norrmalmstorg+old+buildings+comp.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
Within 50 years,
Norrmalmstorg was transformed into a desirable, posh address. (Only a
couple of these turn of the century buildings survived the bulldozers of
the mid 20th century, and large mid-century office buildings replaced
them. Even so, Norrmalmstorg continues to be a fancy address for banks
and fashion houses. More about the bulldozers in a much later
post.) <br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh0mf6ZlZYEbKDuDEiwxbj2cfHaMuRutYgZmtR-s3_sg_WpBV8KdsXlgj5GWl3EdiklKOwVm73Sihd90ZxphUBtt5pEGIRhrXzM2hHTvkvyFDe7cREFhGiq3kpGP1D_-Ho0CRQQvhbbtua5/s1600/Norrmalmstorg+comp.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="588" data-original-width="1600" height="234" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh0mf6ZlZYEbKDuDEiwxbj2cfHaMuRutYgZmtR-s3_sg_WpBV8KdsXlgj5GWl3EdiklKOwVm73Sihd90ZxphUBtt5pEGIRhrXzM2hHTvkvyFDe7cREFhGiq3kpGP1D_-Ho0CRQQvhbbtua5/s640/Norrmalmstorg+comp.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Norrmalmstorg</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
Similarly, the bay also underwent a process of refinement from being known as the stinking, swampy Pakckartorgsviken or “Packing Square Bay” to the refined Nybroviken or “New Bridge Bay.”<br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjvmfwe75nhRTDzfdh1f7WYRyJKkQCMDN5xDgXsByMo8E80_T1oqqHz-6Q1oCLvclIeV_Inz0iCnigGrh9GU3wQFNtj_pDG4SVCZKZsfDe02VTLLSt7tbB7ZFKnyHCyqI5qwpwdHzhZ90uu/s1600/Nybroviken+comp.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="588" data-original-width="1600" height="234" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjvmfwe75nhRTDzfdh1f7WYRyJKkQCMDN5xDgXsByMo8E80_T1oqqHz-6Q1oCLvclIeV_Inz0iCnigGrh9GU3wQFNtj_pDG4SVCZKZsfDe02VTLLSt7tbB7ZFKnyHCyqI5qwpwdHzhZ90uu/s640/Nybroviken+comp.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Nybroviken</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
Along with the change in name, the new park, the new waterside avenues, and the new swanky quayside, the surrounding activities and buildings also changed. Historically, the water’s edge was used as an official city trash and sewage dump, but that was obviously now out of place. Instead, Nybroplan or “New Bridge Square” became the setting for the Royal Theater, the posh Berns Salonger, and stately edifices such as the Hallwylska House.<br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhJ88QvtSCUmiBnVNfH9aKc3ZMCJhAzAPvWw3UAIF04EazIqCPG4DYwOXZDJX8AYVYo8_iv7IgqxhuxcKbZUU-U_vqzGsutpwMt5w4C9vUIllcKXxcpVADp2lWhQ1WEknyPzDegX3mwce80/s1600/Nybroplan+comp.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="670" data-original-width="1600" height="268" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhJ88QvtSCUmiBnVNfH9aKc3ZMCJhAzAPvWw3UAIF04EazIqCPG4DYwOXZDJX8AYVYo8_iv7IgqxhuxcKbZUU-U_vqzGsutpwMt5w4C9vUIllcKXxcpVADp2lWhQ1WEknyPzDegX3mwce80/s640/Nybroplan+comp.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Nybroplan and Dramaten, the Royal Theater</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
On the eastern side of the bay, Strandvägen was developed into Stockholm’s Fifth Avenue. I’ll come back to Strandvägen in a later post. <br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiZXQ81O75_CWhR0k9DEyfYdzV2OogqA3qpsRbfTNLWOrb_t9qfC2O9eHBdoT9T_98KR9R1KdWt37GLQfNZtSjQis5l9Shf1W9INJeMcC8TrrzPY53G4Bfh2YRvuHUaef34oefc8Pa3hs3u/s1600/Strandv%25C3%25A4gen+comp.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="747" data-original-width="1600" height="298" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiZXQ81O75_CWhR0k9DEyfYdzV2OogqA3qpsRbfTNLWOrb_t9qfC2O9eHBdoT9T_98KR9R1KdWt37GLQfNZtSjQis5l9Shf1W9INJeMcC8TrrzPY53G4Bfh2YRvuHUaef34oefc8Pa3hs3u/s640/Strandv%25C3%25A4gen+comp.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Strandvägen</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
Not only was the inner part of the bay filled in, but the creek which served as the boundary between Norrmalm and Östermalm was also filled in. There were discussions of building a canal, but the canal idea was abandoned in favor of building a Paris-inspired boulevard. I’ll write more about this boulevard, Birger Jarlsgatan, in a later post, but this prominent street now serves as the boundary between Norrmalm and Östermalm instead of the old creek. <br />
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Changing traffic patterns through the last 150 years have also brought physical changes to the area. Trams have come and gone and come back, cars and parking lots have taken over and then receded. Pedestrians have always been numerous. Once numerous steamboats have been replaced by numerous sightseeing boats for tourists, but the quay is also still used for a few of Stockholm’s public ferries (some of which are refurbished steamboats) and for one of the ferry companies serving the archipelago.<br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgOJCh_GJpk1T2ppUB5fl4tmrGQ1nWtuSIuz1f4YPLAeGAxQxcOJ256XDkdM8Vx15OJL0ChAqn1jtFNg80x4lELllF4RyWBY468ErcYs9RsthWrGizgkrhJG1hOf5Fb5dhQC1vQskHx7pEI/s1600/Nybroviken+boat.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="810" data-original-width="1080" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgOJCh_GJpk1T2ppUB5fl4tmrGQ1nWtuSIuz1f4YPLAeGAxQxcOJ256XDkdM8Vx15OJL0ChAqn1jtFNg80x4lELllF4RyWBY468ErcYs9RsthWrGizgkrhJG1hOf5Fb5dhQC1vQskHx7pEI/s400/Nybroviken+boat.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">One of Stockholm's public transportation ferries is a refurbished steamboat, it stops at Nybroviken.</td></tr>
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The narrowing of the quayside roadbed in 2001 created a new public square between the water and Berzelii Park which was named for Raoul Wallenberg, a Swedish diplomat living in Budapest during World War II. He (obviously with the help of others) managed to save the lives of tens of thousands of Jews in Nazi-occupied Hungary by hiding them in buildings he rented, providing Swedish passports, and smuggling them out of Nazi territory. Reportedly he was also an intelligence agent working for the CIA. He disappeared in 1945 and was later reported to have died in 1947 in the hands of the KGB in a Moscow prison, but this has never been confirmed.<br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhof4fg-Xc2Sc_Cw6ow-3GXlqrQWJ2UNFkOkeMNE8ZX-PKtlthZQ3UtQU5W83LSwdQL6Ucz5lSeDnsIY6UAScQ9diWl0PE0cstma90oobQJmoKZwxfIoqzpqpymhoB9piBVAyIoQi70rmIQ/s1600/Raoul+comp.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="747" data-original-width="1600" height="298" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhof4fg-Xc2Sc_Cw6ow-3GXlqrQWJ2UNFkOkeMNE8ZX-PKtlthZQ3UtQU5W83LSwdQL6Ucz5lSeDnsIY6UAScQ9diWl0PE0cstma90oobQJmoKZwxfIoqzpqpymhoB9piBVAyIoQi70rmIQ/s640/Raoul+comp.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Raoul Wallenbergs torg</td></tr>
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Nybroviken, Raoul Wallenbergs torg, Berzelii Park, Nybroplan, and Norrmalmstorg are an example of how the interaction between geography, geology, and city planning can transform an area. First, geography in the form of a sheltered bay provided city planners with a reason to create public spaces—the harbor and square at Packartorgsviken and Packartorget. The geology of rising land forced the planners to move the harbor again and again; eventually the city was forced to fill in the harbor completely. This geographical change created additional public spaces—the new quay at Nybroviken, the new squares Raoul Wallenbergstorg and Nybroplan, and the new greenspace Berzelii Park. Not only were new public spaces created, but the entire area was transformed from a stinking working-class milieu with very little infrastructure to a refined, exclusive environment of grand avenues, quays, and parks. Despite the transformation, this string of public spaces together with Birger Jarlsgatan still serve as a geographical boundary between two distinct areas of the city. <br />
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Sources:<br />
Bengt Järbe, <i>Dofternas torg: Hur Packartorget blev Norrmalmstorg</i> (1995)<br />
<i>Alla Tiders Stockholm</i> (2014)<br />
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Images: <br />
The photographs are mine except for the interior of Berns which came from http://neumeister.se/work/berns/.<br />
All of the historical drawings, maps, photographs, and artwork came from Bengt Järbe, <i>Dofternas torg: Hur Packartorget blev Norrmalmstorg</i> (1995). I have added the overlaid colors. One exception is Berzelii Park’s original drawing which came from Wikipedia and the map from 1663 which came from <i>Stockholmskartor</i> by Nils-Erik Landell (2000).Rainahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03436765499184988845noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2772821807884282561.post-10651612276437125772017-08-08T15:21:00.000+02:002018-05-23T21:56:55.855+02:00Stockholm’s First Public Park: Strömparterren<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhfVZpi3OwwacX4Ac4Tw77gMWvvD7Q6MMVEO7RVhUBfTOeLSIOJD6lkKz8xD0KudaPR_d2tBzoMs5ympT3xjfSF4PhKvp5hdhcQPtE67owydgChxYRsCM-p7jBiNlKgQ56XG823m4xRCh8/s1600/first+comp.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="588" data-original-width="1600" height="234" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhfVZpi3OwwacX4Ac4Tw77gMWvvD7Q6MMVEO7RVhUBfTOeLSIOJD6lkKz8xD0KudaPR_d2tBzoMs5ympT3xjfSF4PhKvp5hdhcQPtE67owydgChxYRsCM-p7jBiNlKgQ56XG823m4xRCh8/s640/first+comp.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
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I have previously written about several parks: the urban <a href="http://walkingstockholm.blogspot.se/2012/10/kungstradgarden-kings-garden.html" target="_blank">Kungsträdgården</a>, the English Romantic <a href="http://walkingstockholm.blogspot.se/2015/11/haga-park-part-i.html" target="_blank">Haga Park</a>, the canal promenade at <a href="http://walkingstockholm.blogspot.se/2017/04/djurgardsbrunnskanalenthe-resurrection.html" target="_blank">Djurgården</a>, <a href="http://walkingstockholm.blogspot.se/2016/01/gardet-ladugardsgardet-military-parade.html" target="_blank">Gärdet’s</a> extensive heath, and <a href="http://walkingstockholm.blogspot.se/2014/11/langholmen-from-prisoners-to-park.html" target="_blank">Långholmen</a>’s island park, but none of these were created for public use, and today’s use for public recreation is only a bi-product of changing times. Kungsträdgården was originally the royal kitchen garden and later a royal pleasure park, Haga Park was King Gustav III’s private pleasure park, Djurgården was a royal hunting ground and later King Karl XIV Johan’s pleasure park, Gärdet was a military exercise and parade field, and Långholmen was a prison. Strömparterren was Stockholm’s first park created expressly for the public, with public funds. </div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg008bBsz6mPBjxE8wpm36L2AWC1QAq6hI8pBOVr8uN6ZSZDwNTUXvXiTzV2Wm8HKeWlgT7PUFYQARlTh85KFz3s-HUUa0ErUJNVUM8KJerqch0n9U5m-UJgA6MlTJUE1h_iUzeVVeCkxU/s1600/Str%25C3%25B6mparterren-Maps.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1055" data-original-width="636" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg008bBsz6mPBjxE8wpm36L2AWC1QAq6hI8pBOVr8uN6ZSZDwNTUXvXiTzV2Wm8HKeWlgT7PUFYQARlTh85KFz3s-HUUa0ErUJNVUM8KJerqch0n9U5m-UJgA6MlTJUE1h_iUzeVVeCkxU/s640/Str%25C3%25B6mparterren-Maps.jpg" width="384" /></a></div>
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As far as I can tell, the park at Strömparterren marks an important turning point in the development of Stockholm as a city. Previously, public funds had been used to develop the city to make it safer (street lighting), or more sanitary (draining swamps), or better for business (quays, locks). Public funds had been used to create a grander city fit for a monarch and to impress foreign visitors. But until Strömparterren, public funds hadn't been earmarked to make the city a better place for its own ordinary, non-royal, non-noble residents. It certainly didn't hurt that the palace overlooks the park and that the creation of the park meant a better view for the royals, but the park wasn't meant to be <i>used</i> by the royals. It was meant to be used by ordinary citizens. <br />
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The name Strömparterren translates roughly to “The Lower Level Current” and refers to the fact that the park is about two stories below street level at the location where the slightly higher Lake Mälaren (map 2) tumbles out into the Baltic Sea (map 3). In the spring, the water surges over the small rapid and kayakers play in the white water. This meeting point between Sweden’s two historically most important navigable bodies of water is the reason that Stockholm began to develop in the 1100’s (see my <a href="http://walkingstockholm.blogspot.se/2011/09/in-beginning.html" target="_blank">first blog post</a>).<br />
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This small island between the mainland at Norrmalm and the island of Gamla Stan is generally referred to Helgeandsholmen, but it was actually originally three even smaller islands, each with its own name. These diagrams from 1888 (before the parliament buildings were built) show how much more water (green) there originally was between the mainland and Gamla Stan and how the land was successively expanded over time (I have added the red outline to emphasize the 1888 landmass for comparison.) The name Helgeandsholmen means “Holy Spirit Island” and refers to the monk-operated poor house and hospital which was in operation from the 1200’s until the Reformation in the 1500’s. When King Gustav Vasa seized all church property during the Reformation, the monks were kicked off of this valuable real estate and the Royal Stable was moved here instead. </div>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">1527, 1680, 1773, 1888 (1)</td></tr>
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In addition to the Royal Stables, Helgeandsholmen has been home to many other various uses over time including the luxurious homes of several important figures at court, a tannery, a cannon making factory, a treasury, and always a fishing harbor (map 4). Even today, there is usually someone fishing in the rich rapids between the lake and the sea. </div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiPQZwWBLZaBX97sJZ2M-vHtCrzwQ7E_n4r3pobecktMWt7N8MkA4HMtKpB8OReQVfegAkr5fywCGqyL5bqHVA9fV-AGremx0GEpzdzCNFkDUm2gy9EIC7FWIyFbWD4zCJ17WWgKcH_3NU/s1600/fishing+comp.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="588" data-original-width="1600" height="234" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiPQZwWBLZaBX97sJZ2M-vHtCrzwQ7E_n4r3pobecktMWt7N8MkA4HMtKpB8OReQVfegAkr5fywCGqyL5bqHVA9fV-AGremx0GEpzdzCNFkDUm2gy9EIC7FWIyFbWD4zCJ17WWgKcH_3NU/s640/fishing+comp.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Ironically, several historic fishing boats are tied up to the quay at Strömparterren--a refined taste of the once chaotic and smelly fishing harbor.</td></tr>
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The fishing harbor was a very lowly counterpoint to the <a href="http://walkingstockholm.blogspot.se/2012/12/stockholms-castle-and-environs.html" target="_blank">Royal Palace</a> (map 4) which was right next door. Additionally, it became popular to stroll through Kungsträdgården (map 5), past <a href="http://walkingstockholm.blogspot.se/2015/12/gustav-adolfs-torg-and-norrbro.html" target="_blank">Gustav Adolfs Torg</a> (map 6), across Norrbro bridge, and to the Palace. The smelly, chaotic fishing harbor was not in keeping with the surrounding stately spaces and buildings. An accident involving a fishing boat that hindered commercial boat traffic was the last straw and in 1821, the King decided that the fishing harbor was to be removed. To my knowledge, the removal of the fishing harbor and the development of the park at Strömparterren (map 1) is Stockholm’s first explicit example of “Urban Renewal” and “Gentrification.” The lowly, disorganized harbor was replaced by an orderly, geometric park with plantings and trees where upstanding citizens could recreate and even spend a bit of money. The park opened in 1832.</div>
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Almost from the beginning, a cafe was built under the bridge. A music pavilion was built in the 1880’s and the park was a popular destination until the 1920’s when its popularity waned. </div>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">The cafe (2) and music pavilion (3)</td></tr>
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Since the 20’s, Strömparterren has been a bit off the beaten path. Today, a few tourists stroll through the park on their way to the Medieval Museum (which replaced the cafe under the bridge), but locals today have very little reason to use the park—it’s not in a residential area, or an area with a lot of offices, or on the way to anything that would be part of a local’s daily life. The park’s location two stories below street level makes it even less likely to be well used—the level difference means that one doesn’t just spontaneously perch on a bench while walking by.</div>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Street level to the left, park level to the right.</td></tr>
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After the park fell out of popularity, it became run down. It was renovated in the 30’s and has been renovated about every 20 years since, sometimes with a new sculpture or a new layout of flowerbeds. </div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi8ZomO1Y_MWAht9hupRIoA5cbSlyHKN7ithA4_SxMVYUCOF1_GVjNkw9lVmiZv3oxCXf8frza74EhwV-hmP2440JTUkeTul5JL0xoZNh08p1Hr4JC7DKu4l6GcTRytM_rSfVPMWWIoKVE/s1600/milles+drawing+comp.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="567" data-original-width="1600" height="226" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi8ZomO1Y_MWAht9hupRIoA5cbSlyHKN7ithA4_SxMVYUCOF1_GVjNkw9lVmiZv3oxCXf8frza74EhwV-hmP2440JTUkeTul5JL0xoZNh08p1Hr4JC7DKu4l6GcTRytM_rSfVPMWWIoKVE/s640/milles+drawing+comp.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Carl Mille's sculpture <i>Solfångaren</i> was erected in 1926, a drawing from 1924 showing plans for the park's first large restoration (4).</td></tr>
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Even though it isn’t well used, its prominent location ensures its
upkeep. The mature trees provide an important counterpoint of green in
the dense landscape of downtown.</div>
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It’s a shame that the park is so often overlooked. The large trees and the plantings are quite pretty, and the ambiance is calm and relaxed. The location jutting out into the water is beautiful, and the atmosphere of history is practically tangible in the park, surrounded as it is by the Royal Palace, Parliament (map 7), and the Opera House (map 8). </div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh9bPfItrmEIZEedlT0RAsEXSmLm2wT_7IBcXgq6w3cUSusY57RUksb63wxZ5rUz8uL0HG-vBLaOvzN7kqrKFhOuh_Wo2VS87bAtDgfpvxKjamli4Zw0zU4Gb7XoAQZZEsazt5C-MQCgQM/s1600/palace+parliament+comp.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="747" data-original-width="1600" height="298" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh9bPfItrmEIZEedlT0RAsEXSmLm2wT_7IBcXgq6w3cUSusY57RUksb63wxZ5rUz8uL0HG-vBLaOvzN7kqrKFhOuh_Wo2VS87bAtDgfpvxKjamli4Zw0zU4Gb7XoAQZZEsazt5C-MQCgQM/s640/palace+parliament+comp.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">The Royal Palace on the left and Parliament on the right. </td></tr>
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It’s a small and somewhat intimate park, but despite its size, it is quite varied without feeling crowded—fountains, statuary, a reflecting pool, grass lawns, dense plantings, mature trees, waterside paths, a cafe, and views out over the city. Strömparterren is a park that we Stockholmers should make better use of. </div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgB-o-HuwCEuGttssqFOEFYmS3CFdmt0A3dlz5R4dqUDgE7LQdhWca51lJD6JU_P9f1Y7Nla3aY1lxthiIXxnndI-YKNd-fALWSXt70579VJcHdbc54q-pe8aYKymLdRG3_CDymXPPZzQQ/s1600/flowers+bench+comp.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="588" data-original-width="1600" height="234" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgB-o-HuwCEuGttssqFOEFYmS3CFdmt0A3dlz5R4dqUDgE7LQdhWca51lJD6JU_P9f1Y7Nla3aY1lxthiIXxnndI-YKNd-fALWSXt70579VJcHdbc54q-pe8aYKymLdRG3_CDymXPPZzQQ/s640/flowers+bench+comp.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
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Sources:<br />
Klas Lundkvist, <i>Norrbro och Strömparterren</i> (2006)<br />
<i>Alla Tiders Stockholm</i> (2014)</div>
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All images are my own except for:</div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
(1) Klas Lundkvist, <i>Norrbro och Strömparterren</i> (2006)<br />
(2) http://www.wikiwand.com/sv/Str%C3%B6mparterren<br />
(3) https://digitaltmuseum.se/011014490655/notering-pa-kortet-stockholm-stromparterren?i=12&aq=text%3A%22str%C3%B6mparterren%22</div>
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(4) https://digitaltmuseum.se/011024570995/ritning?search_context=1&count=10&pos=5&technique=Kopia</div>
Rainahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03436765499184988845noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2772821807884282561.post-49538662062609581652017-06-28T20:11:00.000+02:002018-05-23T22:00:48.873+02:00Haga Park, Part II<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgo2E_2M0M93igmgmMsE5I3lnDdw_7yklU8HrIyHoLXpuWMO_zJA-u2Qm_cLk5rPqycWSbhnfKAIish-zIdwHpDx_UHquLG2G3KLL_ni_b4JJzeieD1VgfbXTTbI8lj92Mj5KjzFkmd4sk/s1600/first.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="588" data-original-width="1600" height="234" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgo2E_2M0M93igmgmMsE5I3lnDdw_7yklU8HrIyHoLXpuWMO_zJA-u2Qm_cLk5rPqycWSbhnfKAIish-zIdwHpDx_UHquLG2G3KLL_ni_b4JJzeieD1VgfbXTTbI8lj92Mj5KjzFkmd4sk/s640/first.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
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A while ago, I wrote about King Gustav III’s beautiful <a href="http://walkingstockholm.blogspot.se/2015/11/haga-park-part-i.html" target="_blank">Haga Park</a>. The park that I wrote about is gorgeous, popular, and truly stands out as one of Stockholm’s finest green spaces. In this post, however, I am going to present the less successful sides of Haga Park. In many cities even these less impressive areas would be valuable and beautiful green spaces, but compared to Stockholm's other beautiful parks, and especially being adjacent to Gustav III's Haga Park, these areas just can't quite compare. In this post I'm going to address why I think these other areas don't live up to their full potential and what changes could be made to better integrate them into Stockholm's park system.</div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj355PRw0cynk5qIJRHuh8psTqxryrYlmYJWnV27fIre8G89qgUYUoTZBlS2CjomE0b1oDBum5LLse_xrfwRiKuMoaivkriaYrySXP4-Xzg4idP6J2Vcj3j5cJSbdNhQzmNMJth_WjfXfE/s1600/Haga-Maps.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1600" data-original-width="910" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj355PRw0cynk5qIJRHuh8psTqxryrYlmYJWnV27fIre8G89qgUYUoTZBlS2CjomE0b1oDBum5LLse_xrfwRiKuMoaivkriaYrySXP4-Xzg4idP6J2Vcj3j5cJSbdNhQzmNMJth_WjfXfE/s640/Haga-Maps.jpg" width="362" /></a></div>
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While Haga Park (map 1) is officially only on the west bank of the Brunnsviken bay, the green space more-or-less wraps around the entire 3.5 km long bay in one long, continuous park. Certain parts of the park are landscaped and manicured while others are more-or-less naturally wild. Still other parts are simply just neglected. A ~10 kilometer-long trail follows the water’s edge all the way around the bay. This trail varies from gently sloping gravel walks in Haga Park to boardwalks at Bergshamra to cliff climbs at Tivoli to forest paths at Frescati. While it is possible to circumnavigate the bay, several psychological and physical barriers make circumnavigation seem daunting. </div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi5GElx4QhKSuH5IA6OOMsebakgIo7Gw7HSUEnuOKhyphenhyphenYuWfdtBvZeuk1NQ0zvPgVEpcsn1wxlfarG7H6FpCPPQSZK4ukAFLh3frNwUpufklyS9m6CZ3uJ1HV4Hx62BkjGBR3LWXcLrboBs/s1600/forest+boardwalk+comp.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="588" data-original-width="1600" height="234" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi5GElx4QhKSuH5IA6OOMsebakgIo7Gw7HSUEnuOKhyphenhyphenYuWfdtBvZeuk1NQ0zvPgVEpcsn1wxlfarG7H6FpCPPQSZK4ukAFLh3frNwUpufklyS9m6CZ3uJ1HV4Hx62BkjGBR3LWXcLrboBs/s640/forest+boardwalk+comp.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
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First, while there are trails on either side of the cliffs at Tivoli, there is no real trail between the waterside trail and the clifftop. One is either forced to climb up the cliff face or to bushwhack through the steep undergrowth. </div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiyDABBfypb5hGb4iSraSUg7lF2IIQ2i4ZiE3KACtU7yxErSCnWShdegOPx0Ic4-rl2L2sf1bbwsovFJY1jbhYFZtgj3y-Luwa-1c73T4uzX7sy5dSiS0fFDfeTzaQFARfdVMIn8uYTp6c/s1600/Tivoli+cliff+comp.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1038" data-original-width="1600" height="414" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiyDABBfypb5hGb4iSraSUg7lF2IIQ2i4ZiE3KACtU7yxErSCnWShdegOPx0Ic4-rl2L2sf1bbwsovFJY1jbhYFZtgj3y-Luwa-1c73T4uzX7sy5dSiS0fFDfeTzaQFARfdVMIn8uYTp6c/s640/Tivoli+cliff+comp.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
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Secondly, the bay’s outlet at Ålkistan canal is bridged, but pedestrians are forced up onto the highway’s bridge in an awkward series of hard-to-find stairs and somewhat murky passages under the bridge. </div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgA4NYo-CZ98rYQMTN8QpxVtqZutRNa4gelB9TqxWbW1rmgDpjkN0C5PO8Fea6LCVdVmCCBYyx9woHaG521EiJysAV7sTC7PAIdz5pKZcispI8IIZJB1GLVSU_cQrN_e0uJNf52if5Ye-k/s1600/%25C3%25A5lkistan+underpass+bridge+comp.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="588" data-original-width="1600" height="234" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgA4NYo-CZ98rYQMTN8QpxVtqZutRNa4gelB9TqxWbW1rmgDpjkN0C5PO8Fea6LCVdVmCCBYyx9woHaG521EiJysAV7sTC7PAIdz5pKZcispI8IIZJB1GLVSU_cQrN_e0uJNf52if5Ye-k/s640/%25C3%25A5lkistan+underpass+bridge+comp.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
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Additionally, the green space is completely surrounded by busy and noisy highways. While one is never out of earshot of the highways, one cannot see the highways for most of the circumnavigation. However, at the northern end of the bay, the highway skirts the water’s edge and pedestrians are forced onto a sad bit of trail that is hemmed in by the busy highway—hardly a relaxing or beautiful experience. The southern side of the green ring is also fragmentary with a thin layer of greenspace between the water and the railroad tracks and highway, and the trail in this area is less than obvious and can be difficult to piece together. </div>
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Another strange factor is that while there are posted maps of the various areas around the bay, I have never seen a trail map that shows the entire interconnected network of trails and sights of interest. I am guessing that this is due to the fact that the green spaces are technically in two different municipalities (Stockholm and Solna) and that the municipalities don’t work together to maintain a connected network of trails, but why is this the case? Why can’t/don’t the municipalities collaborate to create and maintain a contiguous park around the bay? It seems that such a large, contiguous green space is <i>especially </i>valuable when it is only two blocks from downtown!<br />
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Why are some parts of this green ring so beautiful and some parts so neglected? What would it take to create and maintain a coherent park all the way around the Brunnsviken bay?<br />
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<b>The Vision</b><br />
The less successful areas of the park stem from a grandiose, 230 year-old scheme that was doomed to failure. King Gustav III’s first purchase of land at Haga was originally just one farm, but as his visions for the park and palace grew and grew, he purchased several of the adjacent properties. Eventually, his grand scheme developed to the point that he saw Brunnsviken bay as the center of a wheel of English parks—the ring of parks was envisioned as a green belt around the water. However, the king didn’t have the means to acquire all of the land around the bay, so he began to encourage his friends and family members to purchase property and to develop it according to his grand plan.</div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjFEw633xHOrSGIrylNWUCshxE28vC5wd9PymknojqXQ9fabmQINS7LJXhc_6fP-njv1JodhYYhJrSXwvWnXFa2p0UDDB3yc3Pzne5CHsC3eUoZk739n0K3B6hO6TQBxk1S1jI9yW1W3GE/s1600/Park+watercolor%252C+Desprez%252C+1791.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="591" data-original-width="1600" height="236" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjFEw633xHOrSGIrylNWUCshxE28vC5wd9PymknojqXQ9fabmQINS7LJXhc_6fP-njv1JodhYYhJrSXwvWnXFa2p0UDDB3yc3Pzne5CHsC3eUoZk739n0K3B6hO6TQBxk1S1jI9yW1W3GE/s640/Park+watercolor%252C+Desprez%252C+1791.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">In his watercolor of Gustav III's palace, Desprez shows obelisks and other follies on the properties across the bay. *</td></tr>
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While travel overland from one side of the bay to the other was quite far, by water the trip was a matter of minutes. Even before his friends and followers began to buy the surrounding properties, architect Louis Jean Desprez began to draw imaginative “gondolas” for the king’s romantic vision of visiting friends by boat. Two boats were actually built, The Dolfin and The Boar. Drawings for several other boats including a temple and a viking dragon have survived, but these were never built. </div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgkpeL19bY4jLqdRCahkl8bWl02rJMWkzFxrLY3fR9BatigBr9B1XAXeOba0opU2-GTC8ba56wSgFC738_bp7jJmgm5Zh-HCL7CoNKon3qPMdOnvu7HSxaHtbwgM4Uo4MC1XmxJSmM6fwQ/s1600/Galler+ship+with+Scicilian+tempel%252C+Desprez.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="810" data-original-width="1275" height="253" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgkpeL19bY4jLqdRCahkl8bWl02rJMWkzFxrLY3fR9BatigBr9B1XAXeOba0opU2-GTC8ba56wSgFC738_bp7jJmgm5Zh-HCL7CoNKon3qPMdOnvu7HSxaHtbwgM4Uo4MC1XmxJSmM6fwQ/s400/Galler+ship+with+Scicilian+tempel%252C+Desprez.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Desprez's drawing for one of the "gondolas" that was never built. *</td></tr>
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Needless to say, many people were eager to become the King’s neighbor and to have such intimate access to the King’s ear. However, the late 1700’s was an economically weak period in Sweden’s history and very few people had the money needed to purchase large tracts of land much less to develop it into English parks.<br />
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<b>Bellevue </b>(map 2)<br />
Parliamentarian and Governor of Stockholm Carl Sparre was the first to try. His purchase of Pasch's Malmgård (suburban farm, see #18 <a href="http://walkingstockholm.blogspot.se/2013/05/malmgardar-summer-housessuburban-farms.html" target="_blank">here</a>) was approved by the king. Unfortunately, the property was saddled with debt and its buildings were in poor repair, but Sparre further indebted himself by building a second large residence on the property. Due to a steep ridge jutting out into the water, the King named the property Bellevue.</div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg3Mr0eAXFsH26HBX8cpaFNdA2b8DwY81p0WKCiEc3rdA8fcIBZobIJsMeimNWL8ZCqf9Zp0uBCNZJIvx9yYg3QLaFBiIX3resi3op34TGiBObbSvMNfJ6lgJDXbzzpziF-1TCYajPjtBU/s1600/Bellevue+house+comp.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="588" data-original-width="1600" height="234" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg3Mr0eAXFsH26HBX8cpaFNdA2b8DwY81p0WKCiEc3rdA8fcIBZobIJsMeimNWL8ZCqf9Zp0uBCNZJIvx9yYg3QLaFBiIX3resi3op34TGiBObbSvMNfJ6lgJDXbzzpziF-1TCYajPjtBU/s640/Bellevue+house+comp.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">The house on the left was built by Pasch, the house on the right by Sparre.</td></tr>
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The year after Sparre purchased the property, the King went on a long grand tour through France and Italy, and Sparre was requested to join. He was away while the house was built, and upon his return, he turned his focus from the house to the property at large. In 1784 he hired Fredrik Magnus Piper, the same landscape architect who designed Haga Park for the King, to design an English park for the Bellevue property. Like Haga, Bellevue’s design is characterized by site lines from one folly to the next, all placed on high points around the property. The site lines crossed from Bellevue into Haga, and Piper developed both parks together. One folly that Piper designed was a castle with a salute battery for one high point and he planned to place a round temple (designed earlier by Palmstedt) on the ridge point jutting out into the water facing Haga. Neither were built but a Chinese parasol was built out on the ridge point instead. </div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjg5dCGJFLcwIi6DMpgY_SOHhdal2ln63ayhs11IwpyJ4VZGDX3XZ_v2JRvCEXUA-hdm9ft6QXQbXnSNwD7k9AK-LaiEMN77rSif7u60FKcnHRz0AUISZ82h8zGcDiYy_QXe6eFA4Yf1Ro/s1600/Bellevue+folly+comp.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="729" data-original-width="1600" height="290" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjg5dCGJFLcwIi6DMpgY_SOHhdal2ln63ayhs11IwpyJ4VZGDX3XZ_v2JRvCEXUA-hdm9ft6QXQbXnSNwD7k9AK-LaiEMN77rSif7u60FKcnHRz0AUISZ82h8zGcDiYy_QXe6eFA4Yf1Ro/s640/Bellevue+folly+comp.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Left: Palmstedt's drawing of a Greek temple folly from 1784. Right: Piper's 1786 drawing for a salute battery folly from 1786. Neither were built. *</td></tr>
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In addition to the follies, meandering paths for walking and for riding were designed to navigate the steep pitches up and down the cliffs. In places, the cliffs were dynamited to allow a more gentle approach. Earth was moved to provide dirt for grassy fields and hundreds of trees were planted in clumps around the large lawn to create a park-like setting. </div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg1UYoCOB3M5NZu_UNR9FeEdnuImpMNUbIV9cyITgreKEc4BZpeOdeBKHyeTN6cdW8Q-2S8VPJBpMphz6TwGA4QbmwOui23GcWUBk_MP1fkRiXk2f7GvMTR7FwybIGu8z0GTyWs5MlyXow/s1600/Bellevueparken_1809.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1080" data-original-width="775" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg1UYoCOB3M5NZu_UNR9FeEdnuImpMNUbIV9cyITgreKEc4BZpeOdeBKHyeTN6cdW8Q-2S8VPJBpMphz6TwGA4QbmwOui23GcWUBk_MP1fkRiXk2f7GvMTR7FwybIGu8z0GTyWs5MlyXow/s640/Bellevueparken_1809.JPG" width="458" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Piper's drawing for the park at Bellevue. *</td></tr>
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Sparre died in 1791 and work on the park halted. The king bought the debt-riddled property and gifted it to his brother Duke Karl on the condition that the duke pay off the property’s debts and continue to develop the park according to Piper’s plans. The King even designed a palace to be built (at the Duke’s expense) on the great lawn between Bellevue and Haga. The duke, however, was strapped for cash and was forced to refuse the gift. The park was never fully realized. </div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhUmYFfUsOZ4Kr2A_Q5O6rtjLV7nizjGEBE5pDhbchBZbL-KCrGzT5eOMW_O2rgBDNBqsPc4U3xVLBqCIIWDyG9fzMyRAprOc5hBsMcJ-gJ648y-ER72Aj25vehrvtjtKRjb2KTdwyq0WI/s1600/King+palace+Bellevue.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="817" data-original-width="1514" height="215" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhUmYFfUsOZ4Kr2A_Q5O6rtjLV7nizjGEBE5pDhbchBZbL-KCrGzT5eOMW_O2rgBDNBqsPc4U3xVLBqCIIWDyG9fzMyRAprOc5hBsMcJ-gJ648y-ER72Aj25vehrvtjtKRjb2KTdwyq0WI/s400/King+palace+Bellevue.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">King Gustav III's design for his brother's palace at Bellevue. *</td></tr>
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Today, the area feels parklike, but it is disconnected from Haga, a park amidst the traffic. </div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg5cVaKzZ0I06-dAlSURBUczOWjPYFqV_YxDQmC7OUUnnBB7kLQUHHaM9Mi1mTqS7tJb7CH8-m0a__IKtF9787vSsW0iZqq6L3hYEl7LEuY_wadGTVvDz8uYYqCfz4jXBz8ps0sDuykpI0/s1600/Bellevue+park+parasol+comp.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="747" data-original-width="1600" height="298" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg5cVaKzZ0I06-dAlSURBUczOWjPYFqV_YxDQmC7OUUnnBB7kLQUHHaM9Mi1mTqS7tJb7CH8-m0a__IKtF9787vSsW0iZqq6L3hYEl7LEuY_wadGTVvDz8uYYqCfz4jXBz8ps0sDuykpI0/s640/Bellevue+park+parasol+comp.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Left: One of Piper's steep tree-lined paths leading up to the crown of the ridge. Right: The Chinese parasol marks the view point overlooking Brunnsviken bay.</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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<br />
<b>Tivoli </b>(map 3)<br />
After the King’s trip through Italy, all of the newly acquired areas around Brunnsviken bay were given names inspired by Italy. Interestingly, though, the landscaping ideals remained inspired by romantic English gardens instead of the more formal Italian gardens. Tivoli was the first of these properties to be developed.<br />
<br />
Court favorite Gustaf Philip Creutz was a successful poet who rented land from the Crown at the bay’s northern end. He hired Piper in 1784 to create an English park at Tivoli. Piper’s drawings have unfortunately been lost but a survey from 1786 show that several meandering paths around and up to one of the property’s high points as well as several terraces had already been completed when Creutz suddenly died in 1785. Paths up to Tivoli's other high point were never completed; a path up the cliff is still lacking today.</div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjq0ags3MoGX78K5w9l0C0vhEQx_nw5rnfB3vUAceBj7febNwEhS2v2o4U8FiWi2ltF6v8lvhu6tU8I-APTO6ebGSk64ZRylqrts9wqn9O8zoBuAf9TuJJFFEzsz7eWjbGH9aCyG_bMRIQ/s1600/Tivoli+drawing.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1080" data-original-width="1194" height="361" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjq0ags3MoGX78K5w9l0C0vhEQx_nw5rnfB3vUAceBj7febNwEhS2v2o4U8FiWi2ltF6v8lvhu6tU8I-APTO6ebGSk64ZRylqrts9wqn9O8zoBuAf9TuJJFFEzsz7eWjbGH9aCyG_bMRIQ/s400/Tivoli+drawing.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">1786 Survey showing the paths that had already been built when Creutz died. *</td></tr>
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<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br />
Like Sparre, Creutz was bankrupt and in debt when he died. The King took over the land and toyed with the idea of moving his palace to the scenic bluff at Tivoli, but he soon abandoned that idea. The paths and terraces became overgrown and were forgotten. Today, Tivoli is one of the area’s wilder sections and the King’s abandonment of the area is still felt. Burned out structures, graffitied foundations, and the lack of a trail up the cliff all speak of neglect. </div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh-T7TdlTYrji6DALWEagdUcLVQmAkjKkUxbzYkdBYlchK3xD28O7Wx0sZQGQn1ilHpUFBkQBCc6jNt-sBSicOsXjgIUcauaXSz72dcB2TuMY08dluUp_hL-aySK1f74M9R4zdht2K-zPk/s1600/Tivoli+grafiti+terrace+comp.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="588" data-original-width="1600" height="234" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh-T7TdlTYrji6DALWEagdUcLVQmAkjKkUxbzYkdBYlchK3xD28O7Wx0sZQGQn1ilHpUFBkQBCc6jNt-sBSicOsXjgIUcauaXSz72dcB2TuMY08dluUp_hL-aySK1f74M9R4zdht2K-zPk/s640/Tivoli+grafiti+terrace+comp.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Abandoned structures and terraces are either covered in graffiti or completely overgrown and forgotten. </td></tr>
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<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br />
<b>Frescati </b>(map 4)<br />
Like Tivoli, the land at Frescati was owned by the Crown because it was a subsidiary farm under the Royal Palace Ulriksdal. (See "<a href="http://walkingstockholm.blogspot.se/p/architecture-asides-continued.html" target="_blank">Ulriksdals Slott</a>") In 1786, the King rented out Frescati, the area directly across the bay from the site of his palace at Haga, to Gustaf Mauritz Armfelt, a diplomat and military officer and the king’s “favorite.” It is not clear to me when the King bought Frescati or exactly what his relationship to Armfelt was. In any case, Desprez was hired in 1787 to design a royal bathing complex at Frescati. Armfelt had the temple-like main building built in 1791, but it was built as his residence instead of as a bathhouse. </div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiwmFJJiDBnqUkg6pc4q4Bdh5ybn7Ha1pcSPv-dMpLCP4BUuRDHJab_umK3euA7Kk-8udRsIFLRa2OPnjcnKe7NADMwSnh9hPi-LXdU3FZcv2ltL1hGdX0OvigwnVTZWy8H6R31GuD42ag/s1600/Bathhouse+comp.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="747" data-original-width="1600" height="298" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiwmFJJiDBnqUkg6pc4q4Bdh5ybn7Ha1pcSPv-dMpLCP4BUuRDHJab_umK3euA7Kk-8udRsIFLRa2OPnjcnKe7NADMwSnh9hPi-LXdU3FZcv2ltL1hGdX0OvigwnVTZWy8H6R31GuD42ag/s640/Bathhouse+comp.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Desprez's 1787 design for the bathhouse *, and the residence that was actually built.</td></tr>
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<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br />
After the King’s assassination, Armfelt was forced to flee the country, and the land reverted to being property of the Crown. <br />
<br />
<b>North of Haga</b><br />
In 1791, the King had plans to buy the two farms north of Haga, Annelund (map 5) and Frösundavik (map 6), in order to close the circle around the bay. However, the King was assassinated just a few months later so the properties were not purchased and no plans were ever drawn up for that part of the park. These properties are still privately owned.<br />
<br />
<b>In the Mean Time...</b><br />
After Gustav III’s assassination in 1792, the future of Haga Park was assured because the park was already a popular public institution and the palace Pavilion continued to be frequently used and tended by succeeding kings. The other areas including Annelund, Frösundavik, Bergshamra, Tivoli, Frescati, and Bellevue, however, had a much more uncertain future since they were never fully anchored in either the Royal or the public spheres.<br />
<br />
Much has been built in and around the above green spaces in the intervening years between Gustav III’s assassination and the creation of Stockholm’s National City Park which includes Haga and all of the surrounding land surrounding the Brunnsviken bay. Instead of describing these intrusions chronologically I’ll go clockwise around the water, starting just north of Haga Park.<br />
<br />
<b>Frösundavik </b>(map 6)<br />
Like Haga, Frösundavik was historically a farm with relatively modest buildings. The buildings were renovated in the early 1800’s in the Empire Style inspired by Haga’s palace pavilion. </div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiLRFdWVa4dsDa8GzjcBP46ql8qztgcFUbY2VlQKv7iABYk2Q-RCs4XijNLsmnFtjx4ijpUkpg_1bkT5G82s8zoEu0hGXmA_6wzrJefHd-xuoHLy0oEPLAThg1-bX-8B5nZOrqjlF9mAko/s1600/Fr%25C3%25B6sundavik+house+comp.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="588" data-original-width="1600" height="234" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiLRFdWVa4dsDa8GzjcBP46ql8qztgcFUbY2VlQKv7iABYk2Q-RCs4XijNLsmnFtjx4ijpUkpg_1bkT5G82s8zoEu0hGXmA_6wzrJefHd-xuoHLy0oEPLAThg1-bX-8B5nZOrqjlF9mAko/s640/Fr%25C3%25B6sundavik+house+comp.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">The farm's main house and wing.</td></tr>
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<div style="text-align: justify;">
The farm was sold at the beginning of the 20th century to a developer who thought to capitalize on the area’s beautiful and convenient location on the water just outside of Stockholm and subdivided the property into lots. The lots were sold and several houses built, but the state bought the entire farm, including the private houses, in 1917 in order to build barracks, </div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhkoCigq5PUJLNzsS3KWKxNfo8jxjZzegklcF6h6XEgy_azNdqqZjtDXA9e4Kg822Lc2QIRqezdAqIpHdoZsLAtkoy8QvPlvbw1-wY5IOPhRYp8NKuNgOgc242Zoj69XdLWRzWcp4vxvaw/s1600/Fr%25C3%25B6sundavik+kassern+comp.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="747" data-original-width="1600" height="298" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhkoCigq5PUJLNzsS3KWKxNfo8jxjZzegklcF6h6XEgy_azNdqqZjtDXA9e4Kg822Lc2QIRqezdAqIpHdoZsLAtkoy8QvPlvbw1-wY5IOPhRYp8NKuNgOgc242Zoj69XdLWRzWcp4vxvaw/s640/Fr%25C3%25B6sundavik+kassern+comp.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
a mess hall, exercise houses, riding arenas, and houses for officers for the Army Engineers. </div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi95kZBxdzZ7jmqVM5Lib5I4949wYxxVcXQygOSz8SJIGvJAvrBXzxx9QTwbAaibSz733Bit2qzGihfR3ofIqaQnnmNKHg4lFbFwZ-qsX9D-IBPNfOD0GySzoQEcdgtFJ6IBtv7dIuEk2I/s1600/Fr%25C3%25B6sundavik+mess+hall+officers+housing+comp.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="588" data-original-width="1600" height="234" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi95kZBxdzZ7jmqVM5Lib5I4949wYxxVcXQygOSz8SJIGvJAvrBXzxx9QTwbAaibSz733Bit2qzGihfR3ofIqaQnnmNKHg4lFbFwZ-qsX9D-IBPNfOD0GySzoQEcdgtFJ6IBtv7dIuEk2I/s640/Fr%25C3%25B6sundavik+mess+hall+officers+housing+comp.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">The mess hall on the left and officer's housing on the right. This villa on the right was actually built before the military base was established.</td></tr>
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<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
The area was de-militarized again in the 1970’s and the complex was first used as a rehab center and is now a hotel and conference center. </div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj_R0NYTHaDNZPk1egZkwidbv8J08dvkl0ZhGAp2BgJKCrdbqNEgeRqQVcwCWW-phu1OWd2Y4bkOuXj8PtMlneAbU2QIuWBaiM6BnlSbJ1uNx-3s43HliewjuSXa8VJTuVDGzg-OeCXN_0/s1600/Fr%25C3%25B6sundavik+addition+comp.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="588" data-original-width="1600" height="234" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj_R0NYTHaDNZPk1egZkwidbv8J08dvkl0ZhGAp2BgJKCrdbqNEgeRqQVcwCWW-phu1OWd2Y4bkOuXj8PtMlneAbU2QIuWBaiM6BnlSbJ1uNx-3s43HliewjuSXa8VJTuVDGzg-OeCXN_0/s640/Fr%25C3%25B6sundavik+addition+comp.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Hotel and conference center additions to the older military complex.</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Several of the army buildings are in disuse and disrepair. In contrast, the waterside villas are now extremely attractive housing. </div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhq8i_KFfeQwqzMjQ5kgAmdUcpTDKWUODrY008_vCFsmkQ75aWe0K4JAw9zgZ8CmI5phPGyPyYZxNfROui9seKKzijZW5l7egVAGKAVykv1H83fvmSf8Th0oS9f1y_8mBI-aS2pV42PwpY/s1600/Fr%25C3%25B6sundavik+disuse.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="810" data-original-width="1080" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhq8i_KFfeQwqzMjQ5kgAmdUcpTDKWUODrY008_vCFsmkQ75aWe0K4JAw9zgZ8CmI5phPGyPyYZxNfROui9seKKzijZW5l7egVAGKAVykv1H83fvmSf8Th0oS9f1y_8mBI-aS2pV42PwpY/s400/Fr%25C3%25B6sundavik+disuse.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">How is this possible?</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br />
<b>Annelund </b>(map 5)<br />
Annelund was yet another farm but starting in the mid 1700’s, its proximity to Stockholm allowed it to be used as a summer residence. Around 1770, a new main house was built in the classical Empire Style. An almost barn-looking gymnasium was built in 1825 by the then-current resident who was a gymnastic fanatic. </div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgkGvomg9_QVe-BYkTkMgV_o6uUCGNUkziHJjInCXA9_OZicWVyvtP7BhucT2GlMS8HrPKT54q69pYfOd9rAkFjn6M7gZr5Nd7tUw-ofvKk6L2ddguVOUKj0202gt1MdNNyANUzeJdIjnk/s1600/Annelund+house+gym+comp.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="588" data-original-width="1600" height="234" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgkGvomg9_QVe-BYkTkMgV_o6uUCGNUkziHJjInCXA9_OZicWVyvtP7BhucT2GlMS8HrPKT54q69pYfOd9rAkFjn6M7gZr5Nd7tUw-ofvKk6L2ddguVOUKj0202gt1MdNNyANUzeJdIjnk/s640/Annelund+house+gym+comp.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
The property was bought in the 1980’s by the SAS airline which proceeded to build a gigantic office for 1400 employees in 1985.</div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjUIW2EkL4lyUQxV9amJPHVXotHSOFhFQAFLDAALmHsWWJyZdWAoBTFdMPO4VtU0HKuTu-lPFhYMfTBISbEW6Irn-bC8x0YYuZw8UU_fu6u6vb4I0IJuUMF0SntsReycXI1MFzl5m6yZmE/s1600/SAS+comp.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="588" data-original-width="1600" height="234" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjUIW2EkL4lyUQxV9amJPHVXotHSOFhFQAFLDAALmHsWWJyZdWAoBTFdMPO4VtU0HKuTu-lPFhYMfTBISbEW6Irn-bC8x0YYuZw8UU_fu6u6vb4I0IJuUMF0SntsReycXI1MFzl5m6yZmE/s640/SAS+comp.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br />
<b>Linnéaholm </b>(map 7)<b> </b> </div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Further north is the farm Linnéaholm which was sold to the army and was used as officer’s housing when the Army Engineers occupied Frösundavik. The property was later sold to SAS.</div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhP-ip36239FAB8SLSUvNzloZqQRolbJCCODoeIdL1EUdX7fzmoO72SeZZwAE_oMk1S9_f8IVHrHkA2-mKxEew5ER_jUkkaWAiI_YOMYAct1KoEeb8KR5_WIB_TR3QWxBxIGBvrMzXjt9A/s1600/Linn%25C3%25A9aholm+house+view+comp.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="588" data-original-width="1600" height="234" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhP-ip36239FAB8SLSUvNzloZqQRolbJCCODoeIdL1EUdX7fzmoO72SeZZwAE_oMk1S9_f8IVHrHkA2-mKxEew5ER_jUkkaWAiI_YOMYAct1KoEeb8KR5_WIB_TR3QWxBxIGBvrMzXjt9A/s640/Linn%25C3%25A9aholm+house+view+comp.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">The house at Linneaholm and the view across the bay toward Bergshamra.</td></tr>
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<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br />
<b>Karlshäll</b> (map 8)<br />
North of Linnéaholm, the park narrows into a thin green strip between the water and the highway. Eventually, a small penninsula juts into the water. This peninsula is Karlshäll, which technically belongs to the Ulriksdal Palace estate on the other side of the highway. After Karlshäll, the trail is again a sad strip between the water and the highway.</div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjHBHU6Y977EvbhyphenhypheniMuARPLQvIySMhFO4krixpzM0l6r5l_x5zR6lpTaFaFiW2lRVaqzax55jJ4qzjP7Imp4TNvkFPNBr6mWsnI_YbiPskGFislaFrmephg0CAsbRdPl3rf9iFOQy1otaE/s1600/Karlsh%25C3%25A4ll+comp.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="588" data-original-width="1600" height="234" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjHBHU6Y977EvbhyphenhypheniMuARPLQvIySMhFO4krixpzM0l6r5l_x5zR6lpTaFaFiW2lRVaqzax55jJ4qzjP7Imp4TNvkFPNBr6mWsnI_YbiPskGFislaFrmephg0CAsbRdPl3rf9iFOQy1otaE/s640/Karlsh%25C3%25A4ll+comp.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br />
<b>Bergshamra</b> (map 9) </div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgj5ANvaDW5HQVjQ76TkRhy0b0_pp6OQM-dMjUfxytbsB-J4rdYxRT7h1KVKRaFvLSvSWr34WBTvFFbm6EOSPACk9N-Sn1XqBsUxRs0K1D6T0bQaJlGQxpafbW-Vgp6Sii5jj39nlQVKeA/s1600/Bergshamra+trail+comp.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="747" data-original-width="1600" height="298" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgj5ANvaDW5HQVjQ76TkRhy0b0_pp6OQM-dMjUfxytbsB-J4rdYxRT7h1KVKRaFvLSvSWr34WBTvFFbm6EOSPACk9N-Sn1XqBsUxRs0K1D6T0bQaJlGQxpafbW-Vgp6Sii5jj39nlQVKeA/s640/Bergshamra+trail+comp.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Sections of trail at Bergshamra</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Bergshamra was a farm dating back at least to the middle ages. In the 1600’s it was incorporated into the Ulriksdal Palace estate, but it was rented out as a farm until the 1900’s. The main farm buildings have been since torn down, but the Tivoli Pavilion, built as a summer folly by one of the farmers in 1800, is still used as a private residence today. </div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhW9J2KAr9GGiFgSOy4gL8cqSD8ulQaaAefQhOYldjpSnjxi42vblgw01Kj2v3N1zHrbg8RKA_QZxO7lO-NPTlPWT0QmWneMm7viuyI0h4wR5XKEVg0RmTJqvjVZl5-ySHbxPYQNK8ebSU/s1600/Tivoli+farm+comp.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="588" data-original-width="1600" height="234" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhW9J2KAr9GGiFgSOy4gL8cqSD8ulQaaAefQhOYldjpSnjxi42vblgw01Kj2v3N1zHrbg8RKA_QZxO7lO-NPTlPWT0QmWneMm7viuyI0h4wR5XKEVg0RmTJqvjVZl5-ySHbxPYQNK8ebSU/s640/Tivoli+farm+comp.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">The Tivoli Summer pavilion on the left. On the right, sheep grazing in
an apple orchard. The farm is still somewhat active today, I believe as
a 4H (or similar) program. </td></tr>
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In the mid-1800’s, King Karl XV allowed several of his friends to build summer houses in the “Swiss” style on the hill sloping down to the water. These are now coveted residences. </div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEis9Tk3FnI5T92wNVKoXLvqweLkECrly-lkJQgaKfw9KslylCaPHOr1DRnzSgb7fEjYs8N37tLhQum3bJxRs_5RBfckyrdXwygwmVOwCoFfzySgNRmcRII_UJT8R9Xi_sR4VGfLVLe6sGw/s1600/Bergshamra+by+comp.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="588" data-original-width="1600" height="234" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEis9Tk3FnI5T92wNVKoXLvqweLkECrly-lkJQgaKfw9KslylCaPHOr1DRnzSgb7fEjYs8N37tLhQum3bJxRs_5RBfckyrdXwygwmVOwCoFfzySgNRmcRII_UJT8R9Xi_sR4VGfLVLe6sGw/s640/Bergshamra+by+comp.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
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A colony garden was laid out in 1919; it is still popular today.</div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhC8EPNe5u8KqwHRVNTY1Dhr4gR5HbqNRYetty-p0kHuKDL7wa603S2IG8rsr4IxKqwQuXIcb5LGWpyv3OjgRgDLk1n37wLv20zsyOzqd2fqUTBTshZO2onRZRq2sTVLbFNju0wJEmzQpc/s1600/Bergshamra+garden+comp.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="747" data-original-width="1600" height="298" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhC8EPNe5u8KqwHRVNTY1Dhr4gR5HbqNRYetty-p0kHuKDL7wa603S2IG8rsr4IxKqwQuXIcb5LGWpyv3OjgRgDLk1n37wLv20zsyOzqd2fqUTBTshZO2onRZRq2sTVLbFNju0wJEmzQpc/s640/Bergshamra+garden+comp.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Each little private garden plot has a fence and a tiny little cottage.</td></tr>
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In the 1940’s the city of Solna bought Bergshamra from the crown in order to build a new multi-family housing development. The first apartment buildings in the area and a small commercial center were built in the 50’s and 60’s. Throughout the 80’s, 90’s, and early 2000’s, additional apartment buildings and row houses were built. </div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEizirUkXvXB0wq-zuGlyB3CSEtAAlrxis3vwdf59Rm2-9NT-yvzXmSjXesCstOZKK3pmH5zxJi698uflYlKwtnDRnIE3rdHulWWBcmpmGQJNVPhVAFOhUtt39RMtyK8b3VdKK2PbfC0U7Y/s1600/Bergshamra+suburb+comp.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="588" data-original-width="1600" height="234" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEizirUkXvXB0wq-zuGlyB3CSEtAAlrxis3vwdf59Rm2-9NT-yvzXmSjXesCstOZKK3pmH5zxJi698uflYlKwtnDRnIE3rdHulWWBcmpmGQJNVPhVAFOhUtt39RMtyK8b3VdKK2PbfC0U7Y/s640/Bergshamra+suburb+comp.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Some of the more recent building stock at Bergshamra.</td></tr>
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<b>Tivoli </b>(map 3)<br />
Tivoli was originally part of Bergshamra farm until Creutz rented the property in the late 1700’s. Once he died, the property was more or less abandoned, and the area still feels quite abandoned today. </div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEje0m1EB_VGcOJ0VOCoVfuuCgRnKuUehq5Ush1RBwMhqGnqvRt87HlIuk71tzZ5DmAyLFpuQajJ2QPs7GVztDDWutcwPKVaNwI3XdgQez25Pl_82qV6EpiTzqOYE15bfaIkbiExyb3aIlk/s1600/Tivoli+trail+comp.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1038" data-original-width="1600" height="414" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEje0m1EB_VGcOJ0VOCoVfuuCgRnKuUehq5Ush1RBwMhqGnqvRt87HlIuk71tzZ5DmAyLFpuQajJ2QPs7GVztDDWutcwPKVaNwI3XdgQez25Pl_82qV6EpiTzqOYE15bfaIkbiExyb3aIlk/s640/Tivoli+trail+comp.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Sections of the "trail" at Tivoli.</td></tr>
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<b>Ålkistan Canal </b>(map 10)<br />
One of the most significant changes to Haga park was the lowering of the water in Brunnsviken in 1863. At one point in time, the bay was navigable from the Baltic, but the <a href="http://walkingstockholm.blogspot.se/2011/09/in-beginning.html" target="_blank">continuous rising of the land</a> meant that the bay had become completely closed off from the sea and that the water in the bay was polluted and stagnant. In 1863, a canal between Brunnsviken and the Baltic was blasted through the granite and the water level in the bay sunk four or five feet. This drastically changed the park’s waterline which receded far from its original location. Gustav III’s Pavilion’s and Haga Palace’s close relationship with the water was lost. Today, there are pedestrian trails along the canal connecting up to the highway bridge above, but this area is definitely a low point on a pedestrian circumnavigation of the bay.</div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjzXAh3vMfuyelZrsIA5gPMfARvIyzQf1uiSh-MANjwYJJ1B_kDuUnMLE5KX0hs_pTAABnK0xhL7tXE4VHiHL0bTK5b1N2daUoB1mF-r3TfAGw7QVJ29fjVVpGXLWtZwZ7k_n1EYUCliuc/s1600/canal+comp.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="588" data-original-width="1600" height="234" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjzXAh3vMfuyelZrsIA5gPMfARvIyzQf1uiSh-MANjwYJJ1B_kDuUnMLE5KX0hs_pTAABnK0xhL7tXE4VHiHL0bTK5b1N2daUoB1mF-r3TfAGw7QVJ29fjVVpGXLWtZwZ7k_n1EYUCliuc/s640/canal+comp.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Canal toward the bay, and toward the open water.</td></tr>
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<b><br />Institutions Belt</b><br />
A large portion of the land on the eastern side of the bay was eventually developed at the turn of the 19th century as part of the Institutions Belt that wrapped around a significant part of downtown Stockholm. The northern part of Frescati became a botanical garden; just east of the garden the Royal Academy of Sciences and the mammoth Natural History Museum were built. The southern and eastern parts of Frescati and Albano were donated to Stockholm’s University. In some cases the water’s edge became privately owned while in other cases the water remained under the Crown’s domain. In both cases, however, public access to the paths along the water have fortunately been maintained. <br />
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I have no argument against public land being used for such noble institutions as museums, botanical gardens, and universities. (Especially when the museums, gardens, and universities are free!) However, this division of the land for uses other than the contiguous park that Gustav III originally envisioned has contributed to the scattered feel of the various areas. <br />
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Even so, as I mentioned above, the city of Stockholm has consciously kept the water’s edge accessible to the public. On the Stockholm side of the canal, one first passes a few summer homes at Sofielund and Fridhem; these were built in the mid 1800’s. (map 11) </div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi8-FlOxjS6qoszCsv9lzVDNHGMqtofA9hmnLLisrCFQ_3zXzkTYisa3ltxaUwCDvCtsO8uSXO-mx01e7pUn6BsyxprWkFTRq7kZkA407IgGQkGaEIdJBF8R7vlMNMFFDgeRy0DyDCNHls/s1600/Fridhem+house+and+temple+comp.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="588" data-original-width="1600" height="234" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi8-FlOxjS6qoszCsv9lzVDNHGMqtofA9hmnLLisrCFQ_3zXzkTYisa3ltxaUwCDvCtsO8uSXO-mx01e7pUn6BsyxprWkFTRq7kZkA407IgGQkGaEIdJBF8R7vlMNMFFDgeRy0DyDCNHls/s640/Fridhem+house+and+temple+comp.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Even though it was built in the 1860's the round temple pavilion at Fridhem would be at home in Gustav III's Haga.</td></tr>
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Quickly one enters Bergianska Trädgården, Stockholm’s botanical garden (map 12) which was planted in 1885 (it had previously been in the northern reaches of what is now downtown). Various greenhouses and houses for the director and the head gardener and such have been added to the site over the last 150 years. The waterside path as well as all of the botanical gardens and grounds are open to the public to wander.</div>
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Beyond the botanical garden, the path becomes a bit more rugged again. The waterside cliffs and small man-made sand beach are extremely popular with bathers in the summertime and picnickers throughout the other seasons. (map 13) </div>
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Students are perhaps the most common demographic at the “beach” because the path becomes quite civilized again as it skirts around two university developments at Frescati and at Albano (map 14). The university buildings don’t address the water in any significant way; instead, they face in toward the university. While one can sense their presence from the waterside path below, the university buildings are generally more obvious from afar.</div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgk92NivMppbg83Na0GkYFIAIzsyasPY9iawJVdEZ-etUzFEGrMzG7cmjlsMgbv_vV6QxBv51wO2NEhQmVQMipBIzoDn2TtQvxNSLGRXJa-US3qzKR6JwtRu5gPCQ0QtaFJaE8o3pHjrH8/s1600/University+comp.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="588" data-original-width="1600" height="234" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgk92NivMppbg83Na0GkYFIAIzsyasPY9iawJVdEZ-etUzFEGrMzG7cmjlsMgbv_vV6QxBv51wO2NEhQmVQMipBIzoDn2TtQvxNSLGRXJa-US3qzKR6JwtRu5gPCQ0QtaFJaE8o3pHjrH8/s640/University+comp.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
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Two university boat clubs (at least I assume that they are connected to the university) are the only real university presence at the waterside. </div>
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The paths are very generous and parklike here.</div>
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I will cover the Institutions Belt more deeply in a later post. <br />
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<b>Bellvevue</b> (map 2)<br />
After passing by Frescati and Albano, one passes by an extensive boat club with docks out on the water and wintertime boat storage up on the shoreline. Here, the “park” is again just a thin strip between the water and the highway. The park soon opens up again at Bellevue.</div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhhF4ajQu05MnAtJc0otzQw62Xzhcrom3owTUrpz_Z0v_KjzCZLJAD81Bhc9eQUM7Mx966k_u_tqAxjVWVbsxJt83M1TK-ZoBUAFmWJYVWlZPZK27hKExZniGETrVVqWzueDlUFS9H01wM/s1600/Bellevue+boat+docks+highway+comp.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="588" data-original-width="1600" height="234" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhhF4ajQu05MnAtJc0otzQw62Xzhcrom3owTUrpz_Z0v_KjzCZLJAD81Bhc9eQUM7Mx966k_u_tqAxjVWVbsxJt83M1TK-ZoBUAFmWJYVWlZPZK27hKExZniGETrVVqWzueDlUFS9H01wM/s640/Bellevue+boat+docks+highway+comp.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Left: Highway/trail leading toward Bellevue. Right: Boat docks along Bellevue's ridge.</td></tr>
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Past Bellevue’s ridge, the park is again indefinite as an access road more or less takes up all of the space between the highway and the water. Eventually, one comes out to the Stallmästaregården which was originally the Stable Master’s house for Karlberg Palace. Today, it is a hotel and restaurant. Just beyond the restaurant, Haga Park opens up into a large, grassy lawn. <br />
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<b>Conclusion</b><br />
The city of Stockholm is obviously aware of the value of a contiguous park system around Brunnsviken bay. Why would the entire area, even the privately owned properties, have been included in the National City Park? However, while the city (and the country of Sweden) may understand the intrinsic value of having such a large, contiguous park just at the edge of downtown, it does not seem able or willing to maintain all of the parts with equal enthusiasm. Certain areas of the park are gorgeously maintained while others are seemingly abandoned.<br />
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My argument is not that all areas of the green space need to feel park-like with the romantic and grand, manicured lawns of Haga Park. I love that some areas around Brunnsviken feel like natural forest with rugged, rutted trails. The variation between manicured gravel walks, boardwalks, and forest trails is a large part of why I like the area so much. <br />
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My argument is more about the area <i>feeling</i> accessible to the public than about the paths being physically accessible to everyone. Most of my Swedish friends don’t even know that it is possible to walk all the way around the bay, mostly on parkland. Because no trail map makes the entire network of paths clear, only the most curious public is incentivized to cobble together a continuous hike or run. And perhaps most importantly, because the city is obviously absent from some parts of the area, less desirable segments of the population have begun to move in. Arson, graffiti, and homeless camps all contribute to make some areas feel insecure. This creates a downward spiral—fewer and fewer “legitimate” visitors use the area which creates a more and more isolated atmosphere where vandalism and perhaps crime can thrive.</div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiWmio5j_FomjJJTB6n7_9o88fhkZN7bgRiFQ-gYXBJipju-Lo_3LaLxKvyoNdXDfOegDFhqnzJdnM3jxYa6ia1PEg6Guein-yg0yHYpyjNox-jPTtPCIUl_BKW2zn5g-Bjfzb6_FlzSY4/s1600/arson+grafitti+comp.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="588" data-original-width="1600" height="234" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiWmio5j_FomjJJTB6n7_9o88fhkZN7bgRiFQ-gYXBJipju-Lo_3LaLxKvyoNdXDfOegDFhqnzJdnM3jxYa6ia1PEg6Guein-yg0yHYpyjNox-jPTtPCIUl_BKW2zn5g-Bjfzb6_FlzSY4/s640/arson+grafitti+comp.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Tivoli area</td></tr>
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Perhaps its just a matter of time. The National City Park was only established in 1994 and it is vast, encompassing 27 square kilometers or almost 7000 acres. Not to mention the twenty museums and hundreds of historic buildings which need to be maintained. The city's to-do list must be a century long. Stockholm is currently undergoing a building boom where every possible empty lot is being exploited; the city’s population is exploding which will result in both a bigger tax base and more need for green spaces. Perhaps revitalization of the park’s forgotten realms is next up on the to-do list. </div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi9z1DiN4ev2FoNtNhNCvE557B043MFl_Jel22Cf3SWK2WklGI7sKGikIFBellQpMkMrQVqqi_WrLgusXk3V3_e5TIDUPyLFyMy8Ko-GQ7eT8fiOuTCO76v-P_ohEwKsNFXm9qLeweyJOc/s1600/green+trail+comp.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1038" data-original-width="1600" height="414" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi9z1DiN4ev2FoNtNhNCvE557B043MFl_Jel22Cf3SWK2WklGI7sKGikIFBellQpMkMrQVqqi_WrLgusXk3V3_e5TIDUPyLFyMy8Ko-GQ7eT8fiOuTCO76v-P_ohEwKsNFXm9qLeweyJOc/s640/green+trail+comp.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
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And perhaps, just perhaps, the sections of trails which are jammed between the water and the highways will be improved in the future. It would require taking space away from the cars and giving it to the parks instead, but a green strip of trees and dense bushes shielding the path from the traffic would do so much to improve the whole experience of the park. </div>
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All of the necessary ingredients except for one are already in place: the park already features water, clifftops with wide open views, pine forests, deciduous forests, open meadows, trails, varied landscapes, varied trail conditions, several easy access points from public transportation, and visitors. All that is lacking is a little extra effort from the city to knit these features into a completed, contiguous fabric.</div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiCvlrl81-DeLAHHxqLeuGU6sgkXpHUL3s3DXI8b0wAJg62-6rxXI7GZwqO0DLcjS0Y7ZTGYYGWdwqL4A3TczaaWpLysZF9xchX7eidnmc92je2zPb1KI2shFelLiEEEtZAxVQIBIHDeQo/s1600/water+view+comp.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="588" data-original-width="1600" height="234" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiCvlrl81-DeLAHHxqLeuGU6sgkXpHUL3s3DXI8b0wAJg62-6rxXI7GZwqO0DLcjS0Y7ZTGYYGWdwqL4A3TczaaWpLysZF9xchX7eidnmc92je2zPb1KI2shFelLiEEEtZAxVQIBIHDeQo/s640/water+view+comp.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
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<b>Sources: </b><br />
Ingrid Sjöström, editor, <i>Haga: Ett kungligt kulturarv</i> (2009)<br />
Rikard Larsson, <i>Haga: Parken och visionerna</i> (2015)<br />
Johan Rittsél and Johan Engström, <i>Husen i Nationalstadsparken - Stockholmsdelen </i>(2005)<br />
Lars Lagerås, “Byggnader i Nationalstadsparken – Solnadelen” (2006) <a href="https://www.solna.se/Global/Stadsbyggnad%20och%20trafik/Styrning/Byggnader%20i%20Nparken%20Solnadelen_.pdf">https://www.solna.se/Global/Stadsbyggnad%20och%20trafik/Styrning/Byggnader%20i%20Nparken%20Solnadelen_.pdf</a><span id="goog_446060721"></span><span id="goog_446060722"></span></div>
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All of the images are my own unless marked *. These are taken from </div>
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Ingrid Sjöström, editor, <i>Haga: Ett kungligt kulturarv</i> (2009)</div>
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Rainahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03436765499184988845noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2772821807884282561.post-11023227606919249612017-04-21T23:14:00.000+02:002018-05-23T22:05:24.990+02:00Djurgårdsbrunnskanalen—The Resurrection of an Island<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhBornN7Y8L7433NbaUoVJgPfvwGBgfHEpTtG_jqjcnzK2OpngBAWvjb8FkrW1SYRMI9dxD1Rq8DAZfzgVCyX4n7tA9YDy16iT8d06ZnZuDU0X1mOY_eNCF-W3PfYaTngMDaNa8EKBSu2Y/s1600/Djurg%25C3%25A5rdsbrunnskanalen-maps.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="552" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhBornN7Y8L7433NbaUoVJgPfvwGBgfHEpTtG_jqjcnzK2OpngBAWvjb8FkrW1SYRMI9dxD1Rq8DAZfzgVCyX4n7tA9YDy16iT8d06ZnZuDU0X1mOY_eNCF-W3PfYaTngMDaNa8EKBSu2Y/s640/Djurg%25C3%25A5rdsbrunnskanalen-maps.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
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Stockholm is rising, constantly, out of the sea. As I wrote in my <a href="http://walkingstockholm.blogspot.se/2011/09/in-beginning.html" target="_blank">first blog post</a>, Stockholm’s islands have been rising out of the water at a rate of about one centimeter per year since the last ice age ended; the land is springing back after bearing the weight of the ice for so many millennia. This continual rising of the land has played tricks on Stockholm’s historical landscape—navigational landmarks from the bronze age and seaside castles from the Renaissance are now sometimes miles from the water. As more and more land rises from the sea, islands become connected and what seems today to be one large island is made up of what was historically several islands; each part of the new mega-island generally retains its own unique island name. In a similar manner, islands become connected to the mainland. This is exactly what happened to the island of Djurgården, and this blog post is about the canal that was dug between Djurgården and the mainland in the 1830’s, turning Djurgården back into an island. </div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhaXhM3mpI55q5p6vhAJr1NLDYYr0WQb6bqgqSNNrw32A0WWuWCy-NsWTRxDFCAhGXsXyU-lkU0SVHm_VAVwhdqBNUHWMcO_mJfmX8mkces9BF5SkocIqRJCM2EMWUvfPVgKu-IERzaVLg/s1600/Djurg%25C3%25A5rdsbrunnskanalen.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="234" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhaXhM3mpI55q5p6vhAJr1NLDYYr0WQb6bqgqSNNrw32A0WWuWCy-NsWTRxDFCAhGXsXyU-lkU0SVHm_VAVwhdqBNUHWMcO_mJfmX8mkces9BF5SkocIqRJCM2EMWUvfPVgKu-IERzaVLg/s640/Djurg%25C3%25A5rdsbrunnskanalen.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
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Today, the canal is an iconic part of Stockholm’s recreational landscape, and the 5 kilometer loop at the canal’s edge is one of Stockholm’s most popular walking and jogging paths. Spring’s first sunny and somewhat warm weekend brings crowds of winter-weary Stockholmers to the canal—the paths are so packed with people that it’s hard to pass a slower walker. In my research, I learned that recreation and beautification are at the heart of the canal’s existence. </div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgu16j_P7KrUSbagGWZtI6Fb-gtsPs3uvpRhT5794fol7q0ybE_gd_GvyS6e_SN1sxfpVCUcWFIYfOGfZbOIEhgnyfy-Xwp5GF91aYk6zmbG5ukZNglyWIb30ViJYWhK7MMvJEy_bGz0H8/s1600/%25C3%2596stermalm+open+water+comp.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="234" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgu16j_P7KrUSbagGWZtI6Fb-gtsPs3uvpRhT5794fol7q0ybE_gd_GvyS6e_SN1sxfpVCUcWFIYfOGfZbOIEhgnyfy-Xwp5GF91aYk6zmbG5ukZNglyWIb30ViJYWhK7MMvJEy_bGz0H8/s640/%25C3%2596stermalm+open+water+comp.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">The beginning of the 5km loop is at the edge of the city at Östermalm, and the far end of the loop is where the canal meets the open water.</td></tr>
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<b>Background History</b><br />
The island of Djurgården was used for agriculture for centuries under its various owners—first the crown from about 1100 or so, then Klara Convent starting in 1288, and then the crown again in 1452. Today, the island is still owned by the crown, but the crown’s agricultural pursuits ended in 1580 when King Johan III began to use the island as a royal hunting ground, giving the island its modern name of Djurgården or “Animal Park.” From the mid 1600’s, the hunting park was enclosed with a six foot tall fence, but the public was always allowed to wander through the gates for a small fee, even during hunts. </div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgRTzotZXFdJH_AMmFG_LciY__YoYJ_fvPhkkPxrZzpboNW2e43xuWgcc0EwttwHKFhw1oCT6mHsSv29EosVfFBeDAfdomMpR794tno18kVfVi1XrC4rQPOS5I0XjqaiXopyVH5FvfYzUM/s1600/gate.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgRTzotZXFdJH_AMmFG_LciY__YoYJ_fvPhkkPxrZzpboNW2e43xuWgcc0EwttwHKFhw1oCT6mHsSv29EosVfFBeDAfdomMpR794tno18kVfVi1XrC4rQPOS5I0XjqaiXopyVH5FvfYzUM/s400/gate.jpg" width="300" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">One of the Royal Hunting Ground's gates</td></tr>
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Gatekeepers were employed by the crown and provided a minimal salary, but their main income came from the gatekeepers’ special right to sell alcohol from their gatehouses. This resulted in a lively pub culture where Stockholmers have travelled to Djurgården for weekend and holiday entertainments for several centuries. A few of these pubs are still in business, but even long-closed pubs remain in Stockholm’s consciousness through well-known stories, poems, and songs composed by Sweden’s iconic authors, poets, and songwriters over the centuries. <br />
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Monarchs continued the hunting tradition on Djurgården until King Gustav III at the end of the 18th century; he was much more interested in arts and culture than in hunting. The last stags were moved away from Djurgården in 1829. During Gustav III’s time, Djurgården began a transformation from royal hunting ground to recreational area for Stockholm’s public, but it was really King Karl XIV Johan that created today’s park landscape. <br />
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In the public’s eye, Gustav III actually did more to hurt Djurgården than to help it. He began to give away large parcels of land as estates to politically important allies, and these private estates were fenced off from public access. Because the island had always been used by the public, Stockholmers were upset about these developments. Immediately after Gustav III’s death, a public commission was established to regulate and administer the island, and a new law was passed that gifts of crown-owned land only lasted as long as the regent lived; the next regent has the right to take back such gifts. <br />
<b><br />King Karl XIV Johan</b><br />
Just as <a href="https://www.blogger.com/LINK%20http://walkingstockholm.blogspot.se/2015/11/haga-park-part-i.html" target="_blank">Haga Park</a> is the result of Gustav III’s epoch, his politics, his interests, and his whims, so is Djurgården a product of Karl XIV Johan’s politics, interests, and efforts. As I wrote <a href="http://walkingstockholm.blogspot.se/2016/04/military-buildings-of-1800s.html" target="_blank">here</a>, Karl XIV Johan was imported from France to be Sweden’s king. He was chosen due to his successful military career under Napoleon, and much of his focus as regent was on modernizing Sweden’s military. I am sure that the fact that he was enormously wealthy didn’t hurt his case in being chosen as monarch considering that Sweden was painfully cash poor at the time. Karl XIV Johan brought his personal wealth to Sweden and proceeded to invest his funds in a variety of projects. All of the work at Djurgården was privately financed by the king, not through the public treasury. <br />
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Karl XIV Johan bought a modest country estate called Rosendal (map 1) on the island of Djurgården in 1817. </div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiHmjMnCTz7MXE7yemZi6M00GJGwK18PQIkqPxx62IQzYfJpkJ_Zlgam00brQh34iNh0GKV23l77cJ5b6sr_emB1XgV5_CTBPNYR2CDhVBLcsrmj-4_9wDnvnAmZmhj37daWCHuUrABX3s/s1600/Jeanette+%25C3%2585kerman+1817.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="328" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiHmjMnCTz7MXE7yemZi6M00GJGwK18PQIkqPxx62IQzYfJpkJ_Zlgam00brQh34iNh0GKV23l77cJ5b6sr_emB1XgV5_CTBPNYR2CDhVBLcsrmj-4_9wDnvnAmZmhj37daWCHuUrABX3s/s400/Jeanette+%25C3%2585kerman+1817.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">One of Jeanette Åkerman's many paintings of Rosendal, 1817. (2)</td></tr>
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We don’t know exactly why he chose this location, but it seems plausible that the new king felt a need for a fresh start and didn’t want to be associated with the tumultuous events surrounding Gustav III and Haga Park. Like Haga, Djurgården was an easy commute from the city, but it was in the opposite direction from Haga and had never been the focus of other regents. The estate is also directly across the water from the <a href="http://walkingstockholm.blogspot.se/2016/01/gardet-ladugardsgardet-military-parade.html" target="_blank">military parade field Gärdet</a>. The military-interested king could watch the military exercises from his new estate, and he even had a pontoon bridge built over the bay in 1828 so that he had direct and easy access. </div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi1NtZcJ_7NODY6xhY8Q-mc0zcrZO5kaBo77bJJfIzF0waU1w8mfPcD46gLewQnMZLa1HKpZAmAbmbfRE5Vcmez3dr4leiqfC_3A5_xH4-_GA4PKXdoCmeDsZic2ejsWcwaz7bfyOw6OAY/s1600/View+from+palace.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi1NtZcJ_7NODY6xhY8Q-mc0zcrZO5kaBo77bJJfIzF0waU1w8mfPcD46gLewQnMZLa1HKpZAmAbmbfRE5Vcmez3dr4leiqfC_3A5_xH4-_GA4PKXdoCmeDsZic2ejsWcwaz7bfyOw6OAY/s400/View+from+palace.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">View from Rosendal over the water to the militar parade field Gärdet</td></tr>
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The king was content to live in the modest house at Rosendal, but he immediately began improving the grounds. His first action was to remove the fence around the estate, giving Stockholmers free access to roam the grounds once again. This action was a politically shrewd move and gained him much support. All of his further improvements of the park were twofold, both to create beautiful surroundings for himself and for his family, but also to provide Stockholm with a beautiful park for exercise and leisure. In this way, the creation of Djurgårdens park landscape was very much a political statement as King Karl XIV Johan professed himself to be both “of the people” and “a servant of the people.” In this light, it is not too surprising that the Swedish people accepted this random, non-noble person as their leader and king. </div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgA-es3QlOupSME52DeMKxbFsINJjCHrsnMMOT_wBJlASksuV3VCAhiyZDN49-BaiBlQaEZ1TkFAAgQydIl6pHtxjLaKMyj_7fCLx8xhg7FaaI9DJANHQS02WyfzWsbScN_aUzCz6NzC84/s1600/Blom+lithography.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgA-es3QlOupSME52DeMKxbFsINJjCHrsnMMOT_wBJlASksuV3VCAhiyZDN49-BaiBlQaEZ1TkFAAgQydIl6pHtxjLaKMyj_7fCLx8xhg7FaaI9DJANHQS02WyfzWsbScN_aUzCz6NzC84/s400/Blom+lithography.jpg" width="283" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Lithography by Fredrik Blom (2)</td></tr>
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<b>Landscape at Rosendal</b><br />
It is unclear if the park was designed by any one landscape architect or if it just developed over time—there are no known comprehensive proposals or drawings remaining today. One drawing for the gardens nearest the Palace shows how an earlier proposal for a formal, geometric design was overplayed with a more modern, informal curving design. </div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiWTFbBJzFX8KruEHynlHAyBa5D1Ee-bNBZ_VwSVOp2wlW_jnViZoV2D2IlNrKyxiUIDnxS1-207HW3FFIEUoFIHV7Af_vtXRsLvGZYdUb9iNH0p6F62FzalmWNC9XvBBCfqAQWtck-sXY/s1600/unsigned+garden+overlay+comp.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="422" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiWTFbBJzFX8KruEHynlHAyBa5D1Ee-bNBZ_VwSVOp2wlW_jnViZoV2D2IlNrKyxiUIDnxS1-207HW3FFIEUoFIHV7Af_vtXRsLvGZYdUb9iNH0p6F62FzalmWNC9XvBBCfqAQWtck-sXY/s640/unsigned+garden+overlay+comp.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Unsigned garden design proposal (2)</td></tr>
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Djurgården’s park is a product of the English Romantic landscape movement. Even though the park looks natural, it was sculpted and designed by man. Trees were felled to create sight lines, undergrowth in the forests was cleared to create more open and welcoming woodlands, and new trees were strategically planted to shade the winding paths and to create visual backdrops. </div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgn6z1TdB55_aTvYXjjwvP58RrFXZmR3yj82ec98ba9fGwti2ZchjrVxiTRkIY0bj4WMFVZ8Y_6Eteh5PbhQzpfdXLrfmjDGeHtY34UhlLPrhjbCzMFsnWWc-fWydCPVo0KsY9rMin9FVQ/s1600/forest+comp.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="414" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgn6z1TdB55_aTvYXjjwvP58RrFXZmR3yj82ec98ba9fGwti2ZchjrVxiTRkIY0bj4WMFVZ8Y_6Eteh5PbhQzpfdXLrfmjDGeHtY34UhlLPrhjbCzMFsnWWc-fWydCPVo0KsY9rMin9FVQ/s640/forest+comp.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">pine forests and hardwood forests</td></tr>
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Existing roads were widened and new walkways were created, and variation was key—sometimes the paths were shaded, sometimes in open sunlight; sometimes they went through forests, sometimes through grassy meadows; sometimes they climbed uphill, sometimes they went downhill; sometimes they passed through formal gardens, sometimes through wildflower meadows. Bedrock was blasted and low areas filled in to create gentler slopes. Karl XIV Johan’s efforts lasted 25 years and exceeded Rosendal’s boundaries. By the time of his death, the park landscape extended across a large part of the island.</div>
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Most Stockholmers today would associate the name Rosendal with the estate’s gardens and greenhouses (map 2) before the Palace came to mind. After King Karl XIV’s death, the new regents King Oscar I and Queen Josephina were very interested in gardens, and their focus lay much more with flowering gardens than with more generalized park landscapes. In 1850, a large “winter garden” designed by Chiewitz was built on the Rosendal grounds, and a number of more utilitarian greenhouses were built to extend Stockholm’s short growing season. </div>
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After Oscar I’s death, the greenhouses and gardens were rented out to the Swedish Gardening Association Svenska Trädgårdensföreningen for a period of fifty years, but the gardening association never managed to make the enterprise profitable. When the lease ran out, the gardens and greenhouses were then rented out to private entities, but none of these enterprises were very successful, either. Starting in 1984, a non-profit public-private initiative was founded. Stiftelsen Rosendals Trädgård does hands-on research on organic gardening methods; maintains traditional strains of fruits, flowers and vegetables for biological diversity; sells organic fruits, vegetables, breads and other goods which come from the gardens; plants gorgeous pick-yourself flower gardens; and operates a wildly popular garden café and restaurant which specializes in organic and locally grown foods. Somewhat ironically, this non-profit organization seems to be running a much more profitable garden business than any of the previous for-profit tenants. </div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhvY5ybA1Lckm_xI_WYGS2wb82ir6lh0hF4o7H8OctJeUtMDDV6Ch3Jb9lEXxXhkO8aC6FGb1H75sqj4fZc_H5R9IDSkf1Si5-58FuWuaB33BcuDAdBreVPeHGWYNs0tD84lmDKsujyJTU/s1600/Rosendals+tr%25C3%25A4dg%25C3%25A5rden+comp.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="234" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhvY5ybA1Lckm_xI_WYGS2wb82ir6lh0hF4o7H8OctJeUtMDDV6Ch3Jb9lEXxXhkO8aC6FGb1H75sqj4fZc_H5R9IDSkf1Si5-58FuWuaB33BcuDAdBreVPeHGWYNs0tD84lmDKsujyJTU/s640/Rosendals+tr%25C3%25A4dg%25C3%25A5rden+comp.jpg" style="cursor: move;" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Left: The Winter Garden has long since been converted into rental housing. Right: One of the cozy garden tables at the Rosendal Café.</td></tr>
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<b>The Canal</b><br />
The canal, Djurgårdsbrunnskanalen (map 3), was a key part of the island’s transformation. Historically, Djurgården had been an island and the water passage between the island and the mainland was navigable. In the mid-1600’s wooden poles were driven into the waterway so that ships could no longer avoid the <a href="http://walkingstockholm.blogspot.se/2014/05/stockholms-tollhouses.html" target="_blank">toll station</a> (Stora Sjötullen) on Djurgården’s southern shore. However, by the mid 1700’s, the land had risen so much that the waterway disappeared and Djurgården was now connected to the mainland. A swampy area called Isbladsträsket formed because water had no natural way to drain out from this low area.</div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjLWvYFMaIbYtB6tWIGQ5uSyY9JlbpxKVQjes_lOt38JwpAvPtRT1GmTFlNDbxyyBhyrmRAdAQF_4LEuC6XlLnTJgDtD-uiUOdpaF0uGBMJFaLPzXibEdhBCjBqXUNtbulcLbJKKKjV4Qo/s1600/Maps+1696+1791+comp.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="286" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjLWvYFMaIbYtB6tWIGQ5uSyY9JlbpxKVQjes_lOt38JwpAvPtRT1GmTFlNDbxyyBhyrmRAdAQF_4LEuC6XlLnTJgDtD-uiUOdpaF0uGBMJFaLPzXibEdhBCjBqXUNtbulcLbJKKKjV4Qo/s640/Maps+1696+1791+comp.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Map from 1696 showing that a waterway still existed, and map from 1791 showing that the waterway had disappeared. (1)</td></tr>
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The popular myth among Stockholmers is that the canal was built in order to keep the deer, moose, stags, and reindeer on the correct side of the royal hunting ground, but this is not true since the hunting ground hadn’t been in use for about 50 years when the canal was dug. Instead, King Karl XIV Johan had the canal dug for other reasons. Firstly, malaria was a real problem in Stockholm at the time, and the swamp at Isbladsträsket was dangerously close to Rosendal. The king wanted to drain the swamp to protect his and his family’s health. He hired the Göta Canal’s engineer Carl af Forsell to dig the old boundary between Djurgården and the mainland. </div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi40w1LRbE0q2CUOsGp1D7MFSz73CJxsURszRXl9sRBsc1CFpHVArQl9mS1rEH9uWhJOpwd17iDczXIqrRShrqhuLlRxPShWd0Ar2CqOfUTOrPRrZn0llcEFOHkGNdfRGco58zyl3uqNt4/s1600/canal+comp.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="234" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi40w1LRbE0q2CUOsGp1D7MFSz73CJxsURszRXl9sRBsc1CFpHVArQl9mS1rEH9uWhJOpwd17iDczXIqrRShrqhuLlRxPShWd0Ar2CqOfUTOrPRrZn0llcEFOHkGNdfRGco58zyl3uqNt4/s640/canal+comp.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
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Naturally, the canal wasn’t meant to be purely practical; its parallel paths were planted with trees and its romantic curves were incorporated into the park landscape. The canal ended up being an expensive affair—it took 10 years to build and wasn’t finished until 1834—but the expense was worth it because the canal has been an iconic and popular part of Stockholm’s recreation for almost 200 years. </div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjWy_pT3b4yqrKvyoonp2ZNKY7_ZqRnrd6Hlg69Wb5VEpYGKgO1YvdBp8pXnSq1ZvH7uCt3diB2PLUH5lKuL59Daovh_99CXoMkb65FmZoqnxwZwwDKGMCiTzZ37O1nrOJIvofaRA0X2Lc/s1600/paths+comp.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="234" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjWy_pT3b4yqrKvyoonp2ZNKY7_ZqRnrd6Hlg69Wb5VEpYGKgO1YvdBp8pXnSq1ZvH7uCt3diB2PLUH5lKuL59Daovh_99CXoMkb65FmZoqnxwZwwDKGMCiTzZ37O1nrOJIvofaRA0X2Lc/s640/paths+comp.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
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<b>Summer Cottages along the Canal</b><br />
North of the canal, the land had historically been used for military purposes. Two exceptions were at natural springs where the crown gave permission for private entrepreneurs to build and run health resorts at Djurgårdsbrunn (Djurgården’s well) starting in the 1740’s (map 4)</div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjemOZTVFRs2nLIcYtQ4Dpc2ohCRtJyO68-5Prj8yI18Glfdr-_givpJ3y2GV1vo8PNSx12Ks85J2LNyyxfmM_TRt5QnX2-paJHq-53wrMkgXyGC3GMlmTkgTpTEc_Gtf5GggPiTtpTEMk/s1600/Brunn+comp.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="298" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjemOZTVFRs2nLIcYtQ4Dpc2ohCRtJyO68-5Prj8yI18Glfdr-_givpJ3y2GV1vo8PNSx12Ks85J2LNyyxfmM_TRt5QnX2-paJHq-53wrMkgXyGC3GMlmTkgTpTEc_Gtf5GggPiTtpTEMk/s640/Brunn+comp.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">The health spa's main building burned down in 1988 but the director's villa from 1929 and the warm bathhouse from 1832 are among the surviving buildings which have been converted into coveted rental housing.</td></tr>
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and at Källhagen (Spring Pasture) in the early 1800’s (map 5). </div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiHXilStpPwOsStJt2thWMLYA0AaoLpyA7_YtbmqZc3KuoiQlobRrUkTYeT_d1sIfxBEXDDs0kA5UMjIy8ZWhy_QqRc9A3DrR9KFk79cp1KbaB6OP-lYCwT1QPWCFO5IHXspXjADtWfF5Y/s1600/k%25C3%25A4llhagen.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiHXilStpPwOsStJt2thWMLYA0AaoLpyA7_YtbmqZc3KuoiQlobRrUkTYeT_d1sIfxBEXDDs0kA5UMjIy8ZWhy_QqRc9A3DrR9KFk79cp1KbaB6OP-lYCwT1QPWCFO5IHXspXjADtWfF5Y/s400/k%25C3%25A4llhagen.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Källhagen's original building</td></tr>
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However, the swamp’s disappearance and the new canal’s romantic waterway made a lot of real estate newly valuable. </div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgrS_bPPlNcw_RP0WlTGfo16ANUbnuPcga8nsxmuH4EJgj6tI_8gQByB5i3pHFQINC1jQ5rzO-gVwGXv2HJOBdKeja8KqVV7f0ss_dCVV44cIiUrhAmC4_lUPhzfcMr33oCbe0cOmPDX1s/s1600/swamp+comp.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="298" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgrS_bPPlNcw_RP0WlTGfo16ANUbnuPcga8nsxmuH4EJgj6tI_8gQByB5i3pHFQINC1jQ5rzO-gVwGXv2HJOBdKeja8KqVV7f0ss_dCVV44cIiUrhAmC4_lUPhzfcMr33oCbe0cOmPDX1s/s640/swamp+comp.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Today the swamp is back! In an effort to restore the valuable bird nesting site, the city has stopped pumping water out of the swamp and into the canal.</td></tr>
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In thanks for his efforts, the king gave canal engineer Carl af Forsell the use of several estates across the water from Djurgården, and Forsell built himself a summer house at the newly established estate of Rosenhill in 1826 (map 6). In 1827, Forsell sold the lot next to his house where the Ekmarckska House was designed by Fredrick Blom, the same architect who designed Rosendal Palace (actually, the Ekmarckska House is so like Blom’s first proposal for Rosendal Palace that I wouldn’t be surprised if he had recycled the same drawings for this private villa). </div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg4oIWq2EWbzzHGBIv6RyPyZVPn7r2MAscs6v_SQ7B25BUEfYqUa8-_XTn9rKeGLcB93jMx_EnT-2rhE6BMFipQlyabhrJzUxgiHMYgPNveaDaswaO81rOvfU17chKDCui6jfVXlXb7vDg/s1600/Forsell+Eckmanska+comp.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="234" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg4oIWq2EWbzzHGBIv6RyPyZVPn7r2MAscs6v_SQ7B25BUEfYqUa8-_XTn9rKeGLcB93jMx_EnT-2rhE6BMFipQlyabhrJzUxgiHMYgPNveaDaswaO81rOvfU17chKDCui6jfVXlXb7vDg/s640/Forsell+Eckmanska+comp.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Rosenhill to the left and Ekmarckska to the right.</td></tr>
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Just to the east of Rosenhill, Forsell built two summer villas which he rented to other private people. One of these rental houses was replaced in 1890 by a new summer cottage, Villa Rosenhill. Several storage buildings on the estates have been since rebuilt into year-round residences.</div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi27VF3VUoHcRdYzAHLtIBD5enViv-4ZbIi3ew34EYGQkXyBt8qlFbaDIpNA9htFqM6Q5yZRyUUhTam978UYArJCAwBRIJ1USnIA-lRnBmWr5DTb0yrDqV4onUZtjNKEC8qwa88UKVzbZ0/s1600/Forsell+rental+Villa+Rosenhill+comp.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="298" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi27VF3VUoHcRdYzAHLtIBD5enViv-4ZbIi3ew34EYGQkXyBt8qlFbaDIpNA9htFqM6Q5yZRyUUhTam978UYArJCAwBRIJ1USnIA-lRnBmWr5DTb0yrDqV4onUZtjNKEC8qwa88UKVzbZ0/s640/Forsell+rental+Villa+Rosenhill+comp.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Rental cabin to the left and Villa Rosenhill to the right.</td></tr>
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Further down the canal, several more summer estates were built in the 1830’s by wealthy private individuals. Villa Lido was designed by architect Carl Christoffer Gjörwell and Bergshyddan was probably designed by Fredrik Blom. </div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiCt6iS-agz39397sy-MIEZJjyqxndD5vmcSgIoCNUY84RWx0yhV7bG5Qzr1z9QOq0ptL9-e3v_XZoSQ1bdBXoa626GLRcP3TwQhwjcCZsKdf55gGTwqYBhxlgNWKsiAk416xikcn86We8/s1600/Lido+Bergshydden+comp.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="234" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiCt6iS-agz39397sy-MIEZJjyqxndD5vmcSgIoCNUY84RWx0yhV7bG5Qzr1z9QOq0ptL9-e3v_XZoSQ1bdBXoa626GLRcP3TwQhwjcCZsKdf55gGTwqYBhxlgNWKsiAk416xikcn86We8/s640/Lido+Bergshydden+comp.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Villa Lido to the left and Bergshyddan to the right.</td></tr>
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More villas and a tower were also probably designed by Blom at Fridhem, although these buildings have undergone extensive renovations (map 7). </div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgR-yFudxefy2zoN2oiDNJiZsaHuzFYlTE3VAFU0IG5zrlXUqry4M5NOHDfTEMo8dNF_LG80IC7KvCW7nKaMwB1MPnBilPLKZB1eywqRLka9ndrtqtXOnGzt8CY75vbosF6H-bI_P2nf38/s1600/Fridhem+com.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="234" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgR-yFudxefy2zoN2oiDNJiZsaHuzFYlTE3VAFU0IG5zrlXUqry4M5NOHDfTEMo8dNF_LG80IC7KvCW7nKaMwB1MPnBilPLKZB1eywqRLka9ndrtqtXOnGzt8CY75vbosF6H-bI_P2nf38/s640/Fridhem+com.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Fridhem</td></tr>
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The tradition of building private summer estates on the north side of the canal continued throughout the 1800’s as evidenced by Johanesdal which was built in 1851 (map 8). </div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgsN2-afrflO7V5yH_4x210j5FgG89Y9qmKJoAaEMJ16lafoCvhZkkY3fzuYxC9v6ikPB-6PxZwSdaXRwyRmoddeM3x_80dOtme6Z0BbSbbtk7thGVzF0romMT69Z-Py63ovohpCESN-ZA/s1600/Johanesdal.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgsN2-afrflO7V5yH_4x210j5FgG89Y9qmKJoAaEMJ16lafoCvhZkkY3fzuYxC9v6ikPB-6PxZwSdaXRwyRmoddeM3x_80dOtme6Z0BbSbbtk7thGVzF0romMT69Z-Py63ovohpCESN-ZA/s400/Johanesdal.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Johanesdal</td></tr>
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Eventually, all of these summer “cottages” were winterized and today they are inhabited year-round. A more recent addition includes a modern house that has views out over both the canal and the open water beyond. </div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgh_hWfZqV5SLbUCVSdDKOXn2zwY9atLzJuwkBlbJzCXkYC44ZSYwzZEZ-Wi56rCNBX3Z_AqUWBT8OtoUgMamUR25y3K5Hs5tAwFGtl3A_yeUz-HPseLDTXsn83mv9DiQ6V3Q7MU-QeKoI/s1600/modern.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgh_hWfZqV5SLbUCVSdDKOXn2zwY9atLzJuwkBlbJzCXkYC44ZSYwzZEZ-Wi56rCNBX3Z_AqUWBT8OtoUgMamUR25y3K5Hs5tAwFGtl3A_yeUz-HPseLDTXsn83mv9DiQ6V3Q7MU-QeKoI/s400/modern.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
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These private estates north of the canal are at odds with King Karl XIV Johan’s efforts to open up Djurgården as a public park, and I’m not quite sure how to reconcile their existence with the king’s obvious efforts to ingratiate himself in the public eye by symbolically doing away with private land on Djurgården. Perhaps he felt that giving “military” land away was not as terrible as giving parkland away. Whatever his reasoning, it is notable that these estates are not actually on the island of Djurgården and that most of them do not interfere with the public walkways at the canal’s edge. Today, however, they create a strange band of private land separating the public canal walkway and the huge public park at Gärdet. <br />
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These private estates create a very different atmosphere from one side of the canal to the other. The southern, Djurgården side of the water feels wilder, more natural, and distant from the city. On the northern, Gärdet side of the water, the paths feel more like a city park and are even partly paved in contrast to the southern side’s gravel paths. While the focus on the southern side is more on nature, the northern side has a much more social atmosphere. This social feeling is of course further strengthened by the restaurants at Djurgårdsbrunn and at Källhagen; the row of museums featuring Maritime History, Technology, and Ethnography; and the physical nearness of the neighborhood of Östermalm. </div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEglYcSfD8EggiXJ-X2kxm9SDvt9l5ZmJ1eaG4IyMLWbHJkCeb1RYFrBl84o8jHb945TPSWW82PdQ0bRHwRZCckZ9zPid8pfSb68e0eSzqsmktjQmU-qhhPGDxGIWhUDW3cDiEhqiro-s2A/s1600/museum.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="234" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEglYcSfD8EggiXJ-X2kxm9SDvt9l5ZmJ1eaG4IyMLWbHJkCeb1RYFrBl84o8jHb945TPSWW82PdQ0bRHwRZCckZ9zPid8pfSb68e0eSzqsmktjQmU-qhhPGDxGIWhUDW3cDiEhqiro-s2A/s640/museum.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Maritime History Musuem</td></tr>
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<br />
There are a smattering of private estates on the Djurgården side of the waterway, but these were all built well after King Karl XIV Johan’s death in 1844. The one exception is Gröndal (map 9), but it was already in private hands before Karl XIV Johan began his project at Rosendal. Gröndal had originally been built in the 1700’s and used by one of the royal hunting ground’s employees, but it was completely rebuilt in the 1820’s.</div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhrIvyDACym8o3OXM75ESUZfWSRQb2h3ZDgQ2xqdoTEpLjizwhKzXqABYyZrjVX2IkJQQXkwtj4CrGZaaZouCFWEzFUaIGfoUCcJRyDYsKqmE9hxo2gAQrD_7D2eIfnQfCHqBp2zH8-Jw8/s1600/Gr%25C3%25B6ndal+comp.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="298" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhrIvyDACym8o3OXM75ESUZfWSRQb2h3ZDgQ2xqdoTEpLjizwhKzXqABYyZrjVX2IkJQQXkwtj4CrGZaaZouCFWEzFUaIGfoUCcJRyDYsKqmE9hxo2gAQrD_7D2eIfnQfCHqBp2zH8-Jw8/s640/Gr%25C3%25B6ndal+comp.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Gröndal</td></tr>
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<b>Rosendal Palace</b><br />
Building a new royal palace at Rosendal was not the king’s priority or intention. For official functions and entertaining, Stockholm Castle and Drottningholm Palace were already more than sufficient. Rosendal was a family retreat and the king was content with the relatively rustic farm estate house until it burned to the ground in 1819.<br />
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None of the plans for the new palace were overly ostentatious. While the palace is of course larger than the average middle class home, it is far smaller than many non-royal estate houses in Sweden. Instead of quantity, the king chose to focus on quality and he set out to prove that Swedish products were every bit as beautiful, luxurious, and worthy as their French counterparts. Rosendal Palace became a showcase for Swedish industry and craftsmanship. <br />
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The first couple of drawings for a new palace were by Lidströmer, </div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjMB6A_M0Cg47XQnN9RvszDZsO6bXRpdoUjn6GZ3TJ0jF3zmMjy4OwOKAViRcrVKTWFCNido5AGO9-BLjJLVwo1KxMMsrHxxmXxC0pEDsLuMMxLXUbnaGPNSjuKJ2nBHK_iuoiQkVRQhqg/s1600/pre+blom+drawing.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="494" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjMB6A_M0Cg47XQnN9RvszDZsO6bXRpdoUjn6GZ3TJ0jF3zmMjy4OwOKAViRcrVKTWFCNido5AGO9-BLjJLVwo1KxMMsrHxxmXxC0pEDsLuMMxLXUbnaGPNSjuKJ2nBHK_iuoiQkVRQhqg/s640/pre+blom+drawing.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Lidströmer's drawing for Rosendal (2)</td></tr>
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but he was quickly replaced by architect Fredrik Blom whose drawings are less monumental in character. </div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjcYYMWc7ByMcK0ta-PglbSaa3BHiJOkyBMcsALbGndfKvJ7Pp9_ybQESPSYFr-iN1mi3lLNhJuVd8yMZwr319rN6aa-0Uej4Ifr_M95YhXL8CTzrOicwXPomKSpj9ynwi0CdO0ShLO8rg/s1600/Blom%2527s+first+drawing.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="438" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjcYYMWc7ByMcK0ta-PglbSaa3BHiJOkyBMcsALbGndfKvJ7Pp9_ybQESPSYFr-iN1mi3lLNhJuVd8yMZwr319rN6aa-0Uej4Ifr_M95YhXL8CTzrOicwXPomKSpj9ynwi0CdO0ShLO8rg/s640/Blom%2527s+first+drawing.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Blom's first drawing for Rosendal (2)</td></tr>
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Instead, Blom’s first two proposals are distinctively “summer pavilions” with largely glass facades.</div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhvw6zLdc_aKOENhb41hwRowEMioVE1UQ0L1pZw9c6STfhOBASS9UC4myoKIZeRSDrScHVh-HOLgO1y_M8DRh0MJS79mlryetR74K5ONnKStYgqxRtHGIBttqB7C_zqSvFjPawqX3YYHcE/s1600/Blom%2527s+second+palace+drawing.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="452" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhvw6zLdc_aKOENhb41hwRowEMioVE1UQ0L1pZw9c6STfhOBASS9UC4myoKIZeRSDrScHVh-HOLgO1y_M8DRh0MJS79mlryetR74K5ONnKStYgqxRtHGIBttqB7C_zqSvFjPawqX3YYHcE/s640/Blom%2527s+second+palace+drawing.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Blom's second proposal for Rosendal Palace (2)</td></tr>
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Blom’s third proposal was less decorative and is more climate-realistic with much smaller windows. It is this third proposal that was built.</div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgN443Q31tmYTz2PU9g4bX9OMJQB6-XjISEB-IytAy3JECovekDPW1QNU2EuugbLcQpirZi41kQKyidchWoImxIfPtuQN7Z31HtIyvdvQEYd528lQOdCv1tJDQaZZQSfAKhqe0Ti1LQxIc/s1600/Blom%2527s+third+palace+drawing.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="364" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgN443Q31tmYTz2PU9g4bX9OMJQB6-XjISEB-IytAy3JECovekDPW1QNU2EuugbLcQpirZi41kQKyidchWoImxIfPtuQN7Z31HtIyvdvQEYd528lQOdCv1tJDQaZZQSfAKhqe0Ti1LQxIc/s640/Blom%2527s+third+palace+drawing.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Blom's third and final proposal for Rosendal Palace (2)</td></tr>
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Although Blom’s palace looks like a stuccoed stone building like just about any other French or Swedish palace, it is actually a log cabin structure covered in stucco. Log cabin technique had been the main building technique in Sweden for at least a millennia. Wood is generally abundant in Sweden, solid wood walls are good insulation against the winter cold and wind, the logs last for centuries (there are still log cabin buildings dating from the 1200’s in Sweden), and log cabin buildings are relatively easy to move from one site to another as needed. Moving log cabins around sounds like a lot of work to us today, but it was in fact a common occurrence through most of Sweden’s history. In short, King Karl XIV Johan chose to highlight a traditional building technique, showing that it could be just as luxurious as stone. </div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEio4HoXQtEk_NChCvoCNdNb2Ijch6150FJQ_nHKbLy4bqRnOl73nYOjV9uDzov2FMqn3o_JMXlG8lBGJZp1yJn8NAuuL942BMuGhB7ucA15zM3QemeiekmLNdTy3EYLB1KFiJvvkcroiMM/s1600/Rosendal+palace.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="338" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEio4HoXQtEk_NChCvoCNdNb2Ijch6150FJQ_nHKbLy4bqRnOl73nYOjV9uDzov2FMqn3o_JMXlG8lBGJZp1yJn8NAuuL942BMuGhB7ucA15zM3QemeiekmLNdTy3EYLB1KFiJvvkcroiMM/s640/Rosendal+palace.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
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Not only was the palace’s construction system uniquely Swedish, but the exterior detailing was also Swedish. The marble colonnade is from Kålmorden and the amusingly oversized vase in the garden was carved from one piece of Swedish porphyry stone.</div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhNoitbMK1QJwMJ5iFjkoq-wNHu5UnWPs5X7s9D43kwp8NuDLDDjhr0mfpB0oonrJoPJb_T0UzR-_hd3FFr4KyQj6sOg3ZERv_phKvvfJntvyvdKMCueRKTXxE0buttwcFvmdujqxlANsc/s1600/columns+vase+comp.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="298" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhNoitbMK1QJwMJ5iFjkoq-wNHu5UnWPs5X7s9D43kwp8NuDLDDjhr0mfpB0oonrJoPJb_T0UzR-_hd3FFr4KyQj6sOg3ZERv_phKvvfJntvyvdKMCueRKTXxE0buttwcFvmdujqxlANsc/s640/columns+vase+comp.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
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Construction of the palace was finished in 1825, but already in 1826 Blom was hired to design an expansion. The palace’s dining room was beautiful, but it was not functional as many back-of-house functions for storage etc. were never included in the design. The new addition would house a large dining room as well as all of the necessary back-of-house spaces. <br />
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The dining room addition was a hard assignment given how symmetrical the original palace building was. Instead of matching the palace, Blom decided to accent the dining room’s differentness. Instead of a solid, permanent building like the palace, Blom designed a light, pavilion-like dining room which was actually more in keeping with his first proposals for the palace. This glassed-in dining room became a theatre where the King and his family ate on display before all of the Stockholmers who gathered outside the windows to watch the king eat his meals. The dining room stage reinforced the King’s political message that he was of and accessible to the people. </div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhWhid2JoLytKHrsHwHHFVUSkS10_n-zbo4_syNi_wjIbwCFf57moSt0AknBokoLoZMiUxiKsw4h8N-CMGVI2K877LsCXfSY7Wgw92YxbVITWbS_RIfT9hvlh0jFLDrgIaU7Oz4kWmpjyw/s1600/matsal.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhWhid2JoLytKHrsHwHHFVUSkS10_n-zbo4_syNi_wjIbwCFf57moSt0AknBokoLoZMiUxiKsw4h8N-CMGVI2K877LsCXfSY7Wgw92YxbVITWbS_RIfT9hvlh0jFLDrgIaU7Oz4kWmpjyw/s400/matsal.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">The dining room addition is all closed up for winter in this photograph, but during King Karl XIV's day, the public could peek through the windows to watch the king and his family dine.</td></tr>
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Just as the Haga Pavilion was the benchmark for Gustavian interior design, King Karl XIV Johan understood that Rosendal Palace would become the new model for interior design and goods. Instead of importing French luxury goods, he bought a few example pieces—silk from Lyon, gilded chandeliers from Paris—to be used as models for Swedish production. Essentially, the king single-handedly set the entire Swedish industry for producing luxury goods in motion. If the king had imported pieces from France, the copy-cat nobility would have done the same. But since the king made a point of buying from Swedish producers, the nobility and middle classes followed suit.<br />
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Gustavian Neo-Classicism with its delicate forms and pastel colors was replaced by a heavier Empire Style influenced by Napoleonic France. The Empire Style featured bolder, darker colors and to me seems almost to transition into the Victorian era’s darker tones. </div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjhK0tCDlPTeUny2XmXo2Fp60XpGDxJhwvb-eSIGgAJUtSumseVnVjsihyphenhyphenIVQ2S2Khop6z2mAJVdKw7Y9vapoilZW4ssdhcvI3jxyeCRjkXBnmTRF5PcZi9RgZAwmtpSyt3kf8s_-W0rpg/s1600/interior+comp.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="456" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjhK0tCDlPTeUny2XmXo2Fp60XpGDxJhwvb-eSIGgAJUtSumseVnVjsihyphenhyphenIVQ2S2Khop6z2mAJVdKw7Y9vapoilZW4ssdhcvI3jxyeCRjkXBnmTRF5PcZi9RgZAwmtpSyt3kf8s_-W0rpg/s640/interior+comp.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">(2)</td></tr>
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<b>Outbuildings at Rosendal </b> <br />
Several of Rosenda’s outbuildings were already in place before the Palace was built such as the kitchen buildings which were original to the estate. The Officer’s Pavilion was designed by Lidströmer and built in 1820 to house the King’s guard while he stayed at Rosendal. </div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEimUmf40q4GnrNwCTt8ucUICp43pmDrhbcx7yeI4OUO0DBHoiWobQvhlBOEcfAEbDU6SOWMDuwgB9g2RxCTltoghIyNSF5sWDfWepZYH5QD9hdz2K2_MB4V5Pv26ZpySpJfnztSqXzy5yU/s1600/Kitchen+guard+comp.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="234" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEimUmf40q4GnrNwCTt8ucUICp43pmDrhbcx7yeI4OUO0DBHoiWobQvhlBOEcfAEbDU6SOWMDuwgB9g2RxCTltoghIyNSF5sWDfWepZYH5QD9hdz2K2_MB4V5Pv26ZpySpJfnztSqXzy5yU/s640/Kitchen+guard+comp.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">The kitchen and the guardhouse</td></tr>
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The so-called Queen’s Pavilion was designed by Lidströmer and quickly built after the Rosendal house burned down as a provisory retreat for the King. The Queen’s Pavilion was originally only one story but a second story was added just a couple of years later. The kitchen, the Officer’s Pavilion, and the Queen’s Pavilion are all rented out as private homes today. </div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhvWVA0iAB1-CobzVrfVnbpW7PZEjzLuyddbA2Dhf0jb5a2oGlu1BhlTr90WcvWWr5Sk1Guhdpgr2piOW_DWEJT0zt_6roNTKsKnMK7KtT3EcZeJFoZ2zOIVG_k36vkxyBhF3W16jeQDlg/s1600/Drottning.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhvWVA0iAB1-CobzVrfVnbpW7PZEjzLuyddbA2Dhf0jb5a2oGlu1BhlTr90WcvWWr5Sk1Guhdpgr2piOW_DWEJT0zt_6roNTKsKnMK7KtT3EcZeJFoZ2zOIVG_k36vkxyBhF3W16jeQDlg/s400/Drottning.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">The Queen's Pavilion</td></tr>
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Among the outbuildings built after the Palace was finished are the Ice House from 1832 (architect unknown) </div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgSL5VO3qWJWGN_gJrSdcbsydcspMGbDel7VKgr4E2-Ki-Uc0n6RmEcTAjzu9DXjxQDzaft9vmUTuPkRO6UYXRbzqpJSZsp8e4dTtyxjOFNVmhfV9oDnjMKcXM2syWW_UpwVbdHNTa4Ams/s1600/ice+house.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgSL5VO3qWJWGN_gJrSdcbsydcspMGbDel7VKgr4E2-Ki-Uc0n6RmEcTAjzu9DXjxQDzaft9vmUTuPkRO6UYXRbzqpJSZsp8e4dTtyxjOFNVmhfV9oDnjMKcXM2syWW_UpwVbdHNTa4Ams/s320/ice+house.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Ice House</td></tr>
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and the Horse Stall (map 10) which was designed by Blom and built in 1836. The horse stall is still used today and many of Djurgården’s trails are specifically maintained for horse-use. </div>
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<b>Plans for an Art Museum </b><br />
Interestingly, while the King’s vision for his palace was not about grandeur, he did have grand plans for an art museum on the grounds. Gustav III had also toyed with the idea of a sculpture museum at Haga, but those plans were never realized and Sweden was still embarrassingly art museum-less. Parliament did not support the idea of building an art museum because museums were seen to be upper class, capitol city diversions that did not improve the conditions of the working class throughout most of Sweden.<br />
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Sweden’s castles and palaces were already overflowing with paintings and sculptures when King Karl XIV Johan brought his large personal art collection from France. Once in Sweden, the king continued to collect and even to commission new works of art, and the need for exhibition space grew acute. Despite Parliament’s misgivings, Karl XIV Johan commissioned drawings for a sizeable museum. Blom’s drawings from 1836 are heavily influenced by other European museums such as the Uffizi in Florence and Soane’s Dulwich Picture Gallery and show a long, narrow building with a domed central pavilion. Sculpture was to be housed in the central pavilion and the long wings were meant for paintings. </div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhpMFSOYzf03ACc0l_1yqZEVNP1MAA_uaOGR4NSOzBuRiIxQSIlV-YiMfflcrC7qKg6Fm9U9rMTPNpjwgGDM39t_wjtI8xPTF2bj1rk_XA1HlP7dv-uGjAgCExMh1Pfi7nvF-mzVPrwmCI/s1600/Blom%2527s+art+museum.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhpMFSOYzf03ACc0l_1yqZEVNP1MAA_uaOGR4NSOzBuRiIxQSIlV-YiMfflcrC7qKg6Fm9U9rMTPNpjwgGDM39t_wjtI8xPTF2bj1rk_XA1HlP7dv-uGjAgCExMh1Pfi7nvF-mzVPrwmCI/s640/Blom%2527s+art+museum.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Blom's drawings for an art museum on Djurgården (2)</td></tr>
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In 1834, construction work began: the foundation was dug and marble columns (Swedish, of course!) were carved and transported to the site. However, the king seems to have slowly lost interest in the project, and construction work tapered off. By 1841, no more orders were signed and the project was forgotten. Another half century would pass before Stockholm finally got its first national art museum. <br />
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<b>Conclusion </b> <br />
I originally intended to focus this post on the Djurgården Canal, but it soon became apparent that the canal is a small puzzle piece in a much broader historical, architectural, and political context. King Karl XIV Johan’s decision to buy Rosendal and to re-open much of Djurgården’s landscape to the public was the key to today’s lovely park landscape on Djurgården; today the entire island is part of the world’s first National City Park. While the winding canal and its tree-lined paths are only a small part of the island, they symbolically represent the park in the city’s public consciousness. Other parts of the island get a good bit of use (especially the garden café at Rosendal), but other walking paths on Djurgården are not used at nearly the same level as the canal-side paths. To my knowledge, the island of Djurgården was the first park in Stockholm that was created specifically for the goal of public use. </div>
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<b>Sources:</b><br />
Johan Ritsél and Johan Engström, Husen i Nationalstadsparken (2005)<br />
Christian Laine, Editor, Rosendals slott (2003)<br />
Jan Mårtenson, Kungliga Djurgården (2007)<br />
Staffan Tjerneld, En bok om Djurgården under 300 år (1980)<br />
Björn Hallerdt, Editor, Ekoparken (1995)<br />
Henrik Waldenström, Guide till Ekoparken (2001)<br />
Tommy Hammarström and Lennart Utgren, Ekoparken – kunglig mark (2004)</div>
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The above images are my own except for images marked with </div>
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(1) Staffan Tjerneld, En bok om Djurgården under 300 år (1980)</div>
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(2) Christian Laine, Editor, Rosendals slott (2003)</div>
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Archi-dork sidenote: <span class="st">Sigurd Lewerentz designed a boathouse on the canal:</span></div>
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Rainahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03436765499184988845noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2772821807884282561.post-14944366432353553982016-12-01T20:07:00.000+01:002018-05-23T22:10:36.334+02:00Norra Begravningsplatsen—The Northern Cemetery—A Different Type of Green Space<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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My writing of this blog post stalled first due to a lack of research resources and then due to our move, which has more or less taken over my year. When it comes to research resources, there are plenty of papers and books that describe the circumstances under which the cemetery was founded, but I have found no resources, not even university theses or dissertations, which delve into the subsequent stages of the cemetery’s development and expansion. I have a pretty good idea of how I could find more information, but as it would involve making a series of appointments at research archives and libraries, I have decided to let it lie until the day I need to find a dissertation topic. </div>
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Stockholm’s Northern Cemetery actually lies in the adjacent city of Solna, but it was founded by and is still maintained by the City of Stockholm. The land originally belonged to the Crown and was a part of the <a href="http://walkingstockholm.blogspot.se/p/architecture-asides.html" target="_blank">Karlberg Palace</a> estate; the land was well outside of the city and its tolls. Although the new cemetery wasn’t super convenient to get to, its remote location was the point—not only were Stockholm’s traditional church graveyards overflowing and no longer able to support the city’s population, but nineteen century Stockholm was one of Europe’s dirtiest and deadliest cities. Wave after wave of sickness rippled through the city, and the death rate was one of the highest in Europe. Removing burials to the countryside was one of Stockholm’s first active strategies for improving public health. <br />
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The idea of an edge-of-town cemetery was first mentioned in 1802, but it wasn’t until 1815 that land was donated by the king and designated for the purpose. In 1817, City Engineer Hieronymus von der Berg and City Architect Carl Christoffer Gjörwell drew up an ovular and a semi-circular design for the cemetery. The semi-circle idea was chosen by the cemetery commission, and it was further developed by Carl Gustav Blom-Carlsson after the cemetery’s consecration in 1827. The base of the semi-circle is parallel to the major road to Uppsala, and a double row of trees, an earthen wall, and two parallel ditches separate the calm of the cemetery from the relative chaos of the road. </div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiIkt6pEmuMvaGLEYYspWIEViEFZoSjc5_hLr9Q_1M9whIEWPSW-mU_27ATOOTXBySuOH-N8CJiYnOf5qQTV9p2fqDm8ZDJk7eJbCmpQkEwLRnUa59LXGGIe5t1ghpSbdYZeP0HSFRHZT8/s1600/Blom+Carlssons+plan+and+original+chapel+drawing+comp.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="250" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiIkt6pEmuMvaGLEYYspWIEViEFZoSjc5_hLr9Q_1M9whIEWPSW-mU_27ATOOTXBySuOH-N8CJiYnOf5qQTV9p2fqDm8ZDJk7eJbCmpQkEwLRnUa59LXGGIe5t1ghpSbdYZeP0HSFRHZT8/s640/Blom+Carlssons+plan+and+original+chapel+drawing+comp.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Blom-Carlsson's original drawing for the cemetery layout, as well as his original chapel design. *</td></tr>
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Today, the road to Uppsala is an eight lane highway so the contrast
between the din of the concrete highway and the green, leafy quiet of
the cemetery is even more marked. </div>
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Three straight tree-lined paths radiate from the middle of the base out to the arc of the semi-circle. A chapel and a private mausoleum occupy two of the junctions of the radial paths and the arc, acting as focal points at the end of the paths. Originally, a chapel was planned at the central junction, and the arc was meant to be lined with private mausoleums which would provide a wall at the back edge of the cemetery. Only the one mausoleum was built, and the result today feels imbalanced since there is nothing marking the third junction point. (map 1)</div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjlKaqmglkoqtxk7ShM79U1EC_9jYfHlwCism3CpdFX55D5V2UxFsrIBMBJv0RC6YI-y8uwgBVhZGv0KU6Lc5ohCIiklN8DKHvfCQ951fLPDvO2ctoa25IsPtuas7NMcGn0YLU_UnR6N04/s1600/Wetterska+Mausoleum+comp.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="298" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjlKaqmglkoqtxk7ShM79U1EC_9jYfHlwCism3CpdFX55D5V2UxFsrIBMBJv0RC6YI-y8uwgBVhZGv0KU6Lc5ohCIiklN8DKHvfCQ951fLPDvO2ctoa25IsPtuas7NMcGn0YLU_UnR6N04/s640/Wetterska+Mausoleum+comp.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">The original cemetery's one mausoleum</td></tr>
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The cemetery was consecrated in 1827 and the first burial took place the same year, but it wasn’t actually developed into the semi-circular design until some time later (date unclear). The private mausoleum was built in 1835 and the chapel marking the junction of the middle radial path and the midpoint of the semicircle wasn’t built until 1855. </div>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Blom-Carlsson's drawing for the 1855 chapel.*</td></tr>
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Originally, funerals were held in the deceased’s church in town before burial at the cemetery, but customs changed and soon even the funeral services were held out at the cemetery. By that time, tastes had changed from the strict Neo-Classicism of the semi-circle and the chapel, also designed by Blom-Carlsson, is Neo-Gothic. </div>
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Aside from the pinnacles reaching toward the heavens, the facade’s ornamentation is in stucco, not carved in stone. Behind the chapel are two buildings which now form a little plaza toward the cemetery’s current “main street.” These were built in 1883 in a Neo-Renaissance style. Again, details are etched into stucco. </div>
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To the north of the semi-circle, two separate cemeteries were established for Stockholm’s Catholic (1847, map 2) and Jewish (1857, map 3) populations. These cemeteries are demarcated by fences and are still financed by the Catholic and Jewish parishes in Stockholm (the rest of the cemetery is financed by the city). Not only do the Catholic and Jewish populations have their own land for burials, but they even have their own chapels for funeral services. A small, almost abstractly Islamic synagogue was designed by Fredrick Vilhem Skolander in 1857 for the Jewish cemetery. The synagogue's smooth, butter-yellow stucco and ornamentation etched into the plaster are very similar to Blom-Carlsson's chapel. </div>
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A small Neo-Romanesque/Gothic stone chapel designed by Clason was built in the Catholic cemetery in 1900. </div>
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A prominent building in the cemetery’s landscape is the North Chapel (map 4) which was designed by Gustav Lindgren and built in 1909. This building is actually both a crematorium and a chapel, and it replaced an earlier crematorium which was built in 1887 as one of the world’s first modern crematoriums. I am not sure why Sweden was so forward-thinking about cremation, but today 9 of 10 Stockholmers choose cremation over a traditional casket burial. The chapel sits on top of the crematorium, hiding the grisly function of the building with a large and widely visible Neo-Renaissance dome. The only clue to the crematorium function are two chimneys which rise up in the back of the building, but they are not visible from the main entry. The crematorium was in use until 1989; today, the building is only used as a chapel. </div>
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When the Northern Cemetery was first developed, each parish was free to decide if it would continue to bury its members in the graveyard around its church, or if it would use the out-of-town cemetery. Because of the crowded conditions in the church graveyards, many parishes didn’t hesitate to begin using the Northern Cemetery. In the 1880’s, laws changed and it was made compulsory that all parishes would use the suburban cemeteries. The original semi-circular cemetery was soon outgrown, and adjacent land was expropriated in several rounds to expand the cemetery. <br />
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This is about where current research ends. The cemetery was expanded several times from the 1830’s to the turn of the century, and a slew of new buildings were built, but there is no published information on which sections were designed when, or by whom. I’ve tried to deduce a chronological order from looking at when people were buried in each of the sections, but nearly all of the sections have representatives from the mid 1800’s all the way up to today. Some of the areas have slightly higher concentrations of graves from a particular period, but the concentrations are not high enough to be a surefire indicator. <br />
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Today, the cemetery consists of at least 10 different and distinct sections. The majority of the sections are very formally laid out, but there are a couple of exceptions, most notably on and around the cemetery’s highest point of Lindhagens kulle or Lindhagen’s Hill. Open areas of graves under hardwood trees alternate with more secluded areas where thick hedges create private and shared rooms. A third, distinct type of landscape are graves under the cover of a pine forest, which creates a much darker and more somber atmosphere. The pine forest can be found on and around Lindhagen’s Hill.<br />
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In the southwestern part of the cemetery near Aftonstjärnasväg or Evening Star’s Street (map 5), a very formal area is entered through a portal reminiscent of medieval churchyard portals. A main walk lined by alternatingly tall and short hedges bisects the area, and hedge-defined rooms lead off the main walk. </div>
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These rooms are triangular and seen from above, they form a chevron pattern, although the complexity of the design isn’t as apparent on the ground. </div>
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A wall of graves follow the hedges. Further down the central walk, the hedges create rectangular rooms and each grave is nestled into its own room. </div>
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This theme of private rooms is repeated along the poetically named Solglimtsvägen, or Sun Ray’s Road (map 6). Sun Ray’s Road crosses over a slight rise, and the topography adds a lot of drama to the walk because you can’t see over the horizon when walking up the rise. Here, the private hedge-lined areas are a few steps up from the road, and the rooms are considerably larger. The hedges are taller, creating more privacy. Large family monuments occupy most of the rooms, and this area feels much more exclusive than the Evening Star area I just described. Its central location also means that it is far away from all the surrounding roads and is very quiet, surely not diminishing its exclusivity. </div>
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A more informal area of private, hedge-defined rooms is nestled into the base of Lindhagen’s Hill (map 7). Here, tall pine trees add a roof to the walls of the hedges, making the area feel more intimate. The central walks are grass, instead of paved like in the previous two areas I mentioned. These walkways are curved and a bit meandering, and the area feels a bit like a boxwood hedge maze punctuated by headstones. It’s a quiet, secluded, green and lush area, and I personally think that this area would be better for mourning than the more public, formal areas described above. </div>
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Between the forested areas and the hedged-in areas of the cemetery are sloping meadows and lawns dotted with hardwood trees. Graves dot these more open areas, but they are still more-or-less lined up in well spaced rows and divided into “blocks” by paved paths. </div>
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A few beautiful, wildflower dotted lawns are barren of graves and will be developed as needed. These more open areas provide a beautiful contrast to the forested areas of the cemetery as well as to the open but very formal areas. </div>
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These areas are not unique in any way, but the combinations and juxtapositions of different cemetery typologies is fairly unique and makes for a beautiful place. <br />
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The more modern developments are also fairly open under hardwood trees. But here, much of the idyllic beauty is missing. The lawns are flat instead of romantically sloping, the graves are squeezed much more tightly together, and the regularity of the rows is much more apparent and dominant in the landscape. </div>
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There are also two relatively modern memory gardens where mourners can sit at peace if their loved one’s ashes have been scattered without a grave monument. One is at the highest point of the cemetery and was built in 1978 (map 8). Despite its high position it has no view out over the surrounding valleys. </div>
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I’m fairly certain that the other memory garden is quite young as it is representative of a new phenomenon where one’s ashes are scattered somewhere other than the cemetery but the bereaved still want to have a monument to their loved ones (map 9). Here, names are etched in glass mounted against a stone wall. Only one wall has glass mounted on it, there are several more waiting to be filled. Both memory gardens feature moving water, probably both for the soothing sound and to provide a degree of acoustical privacy since the areas are very open and public in nature. </div>
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Another very recent phenomenon in the cemetery is a concentrated area of Roma graves (map 10). Sweden has always had its share of “wandering gypsies,” but it wasn’t until Romania joined the EU that a significant population legally established itself in Stockholm. With legal status came the right to be buried in the North Cemetery. The Roma graves are very un-Swedish and are therefore very easy to pick out. While wealthy Swedes were buried with pomp in large, showy graves or even large mausoleums a century ago, today’s grave monuments are understated and generally don’t deviate from the norm in either size or design. In contrast, the Roma graves are huge, three-dimensional structures decorated with gold designs, color photos, an excess of candles, and/or concrete statuary. These monuments are the “My Big Fat Greek Wedding” of headstones compared to the graves of modern Swedes.</div>
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Only the Roma are concentrated into a fairly segregated area (I believe by choice); other immigrants are well integrated into the cemetery at large. Only occasionally does an immigrant grave really stick out. This one, for example, is decidedly not <i>lagom</i>, or moderate. While Swedish graves are generally well tended with recently planted flowers and a single grave candle at All Saints’, this grave was all decked out in May, months and months from Halloween or All Saints’. </div>
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I doubt that I am alone in thinking that Lindhagen’s Hill (map 8) is the most interesting and beautiful area of the cemetery. This part of the cemetery is very Victorian in concept and was probably developed in the 1880’s, although many of the graves are from around 1915. Earlier parts of the cemetery were laid out on easily developed flat areas, but Lindhagen’s Hill is fairly steep and the terrain, the dense pine forest, and the frequent outcroppings of granite do not make for classically imposed order. Instead, the designer (who!?!) worked with the landscape, placing graves along paths which swoop up and down the hill. Many mausoleums in this area are even built <i>into</i> the hill and have a roof covered in grass. </div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjIPRms6u9uOWGMix24ihcBLuhlkINxfe8bokF2pOANgWSkQ-OFPbAXDD337DRK4iCcXW5nGgp0e5HtAu6aL3de2y1xIZJ5Enx67K88I6-h6TlxI6nt4u7qtH3DMC_I6KTNj0nwdXMa2pU/s1600/Lindhagen+M+in+hill+comp.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="234" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjIPRms6u9uOWGMix24ihcBLuhlkINxfe8bokF2pOANgWSkQ-OFPbAXDD337DRK4iCcXW5nGgp0e5HtAu6aL3de2y1xIZJ5Enx67K88I6-h6TlxI6nt4u7qtH3DMC_I6KTNj0nwdXMa2pU/s640/Lindhagen+M+in+hill+comp.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
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In some places, the hillside wasn’t steep enough so a stone wall was built to create a "cave" suitable for a mausoleum. </div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhGloTpM1pejELYOT2lYBElpGRRajKeWDEvWK9WPnQIdFCWO0S0F1NTBE7nKe13aKSeSh-iLAbR-g0m4RZ4gt9CO2BqTqUSJ3QU1jW_qjZNFgawGmQNgi_HshgtE8o40sZXGRqeN-LM-OE/s1600/Lindhagen+constructed+hill%252C+Asplund.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhGloTpM1pejELYOT2lYBElpGRRajKeWDEvWK9WPnQIdFCWO0S0F1NTBE7nKe13aKSeSh-iLAbR-g0m4RZ4gt9CO2BqTqUSJ3QU1jW_qjZNFgawGmQNgi_HshgtE8o40sZXGRqeN-LM-OE/s400/Lindhagen+constructed+hill%252C+Asplund.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">This mausoleum was designed by Gunnar Asplund</td></tr>
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Other mausoleums are freestanding, but even these generally blend into the topography and flora.</div>
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While other areas of the cemetery have a mix of styles, this area is almost exclusively Neo-Classical. Many of the elements are heavy and earth-bound, but a few of the mausoleums are more Gustavian with light, delicate details that nearly float up to the heavens. </div>
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Two of the classical mausoleums stand out as especially important for architects because they were designed by Sigurd Lewerentz and Gunnar Asplund, the architects who designed Stockholm’s World Heritage listed Skogskyrkogården or <a href="http://walkingstockholm.blogspot.se/p/architecture-asides.html" target="_blank">Woodlawn Cemetery</a>. These two mausoleums are fairly similar in that they are somber, sturdy temples, but Lewerentz’s mausoleum to the left has much less ornamentation than Asplund’s mausoleum to the right. </div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEibhoKmgV-YJXL8NvEa0gXVo4wmBeVMKp8DxO199msKs1Rmqvl7DE3QPX8ULlE4Ouhw2xiHufgphtp1OzkPR1H9NFt46yOSNarj41rcRjqFT6d7c651Wy1azO8T0E7IgDDyileDCyeKVb0/s1600/Lindhagen+Lewerenz+Asplund+comp.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="234" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEibhoKmgV-YJXL8NvEa0gXVo4wmBeVMKp8DxO199msKs1Rmqvl7DE3QPX8ULlE4Ouhw2xiHufgphtp1OzkPR1H9NFt46yOSNarj41rcRjqFT6d7c651Wy1azO8T0E7IgDDyileDCyeKVb0/s640/Lindhagen+Lewerenz+Asplund+comp.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Right: a detail of Asplund's mausoleum.</td></tr>
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The main exception to the Neo-Classical rule are graves which are entirely worked into nature. Several mausoleums are nothing more than a door embedded into a granite hillside, and another gravestone is just names and dates etched into the living granite.</div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiKZnWV0IaLtAw3ywr5cpZheEJM57ElV-fcqcCArp4y9SHpyZIkWcZcI-WKDLoe8uFSDoXiMAaLLxosrOY9NkH1qfchfrPspWKde4WEtbCfZDGj_k5DSSGM2IYvbe7CNEkIWAfoEBij36U/s1600/Lindhagen+nature+comp.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="234" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiKZnWV0IaLtAw3ywr5cpZheEJM57ElV-fcqcCArp4y9SHpyZIkWcZcI-WKDLoe8uFSDoXiMAaLLxosrOY9NkH1qfchfrPspWKde4WEtbCfZDGj_k5DSSGM2IYvbe7CNEkIWAfoEBij36U/s640/Lindhagen+nature+comp.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
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Another exception are monuments mimicking ancient grave types from Sweden’s stone, bronze, and iron ages. The grave of a famous archeologist is like a stone age chamber grave made of giant stone slabs, and several other grave monuments are placed on top of grave mounds mimicking the mounds prevalent in the iron age. </div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh-qGV186rZTSMKoswTjKqF6iDhR48Hxswy2nYQNDyHXzbEHoC774oK2gY8BkuoPAQcs1Li36mKUaGOm55XikHa7PktCDK3j1Bp0M1Lyd9_o8_o0SjVUhsHzHcRedGi8aj61bZvmhFogbM/s1600/Lindhagen+chambered+grave+grave+mound+comp.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="234" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh-qGV186rZTSMKoswTjKqF6iDhR48Hxswy2nYQNDyHXzbEHoC774oK2gY8BkuoPAQcs1Li36mKUaGOm55XikHa7PktCDK3j1Bp0M1Lyd9_o8_o0SjVUhsHzHcRedGi8aj61bZvmhFogbM/s640/Lindhagen+chambered+grave+grave+mound+comp.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
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Lindhagen’s Hill is a who’s who of early 20th century Stockholm. The extremely wealthy industrial elite are buried here as are the wealthy owners of newspapers, printing houses, and department stores. Politicians from very well-to-do circumstances rest here, and even a few royals are buried here—Oscar Bernadotte gave up his right to the throne in order to marry of his own free will, and was therefore no longer entitled to be buried with other Royals in <a href="http://walkingstockholm.blogspot.se/2011/10/riddarholmen-knights-island.html" target="_blank">Riddarkyrkan</a> or in the royal cemetery at <a href="http://walkingstockholm.blogspot.se/2015/11/haga-park-part-i.html" target="_blank">Haga Park</a>. On Lindhagen’s Hill, one continued to be neighbors with the same people one had lived beside in Stockholm’s wealthy enclaves like Saltsjöbaden or Djursholm. Even in the afterlife, there was no need to associate with the masses.</div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjS2oGFkIctRoQBj0IkUivUYqMbHZFJkllB0MEXB_gQbR0_fccNhqk5rCBufIgk2xS7d6nGKoCs7M9TVR41GM53SIBIC-XMIJ2thjWHl78kbyqlAQvHDVFMw5iJwEvPSD3FRyQMiwEGPBI/s1600/Lindhagen+prince+mausoleum+comp.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="234" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjS2oGFkIctRoQBj0IkUivUYqMbHZFJkllB0MEXB_gQbR0_fccNhqk5rCBufIgk2xS7d6nGKoCs7M9TVR41GM53SIBIC-XMIJ2thjWHl78kbyqlAQvHDVFMw5iJwEvPSD3FRyQMiwEGPBI/s640/Lindhagen+prince+mausoleum+comp.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Prince Oscar Bernadotte's family mausoleum was designed by Gunnar Asplund. Drawing*</td></tr>
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I find Lindhagen’s Hill very interesting, not only because of the beautiful setting and fascinating architecture, but also because of this segregation in the afterlife. In the mid-1800’s, even the wealthiest of Stockholmers weren’t willing to shell out lots of money to be buried in the “fancy” part of the cemetery along the back of the semi-circle. Even Alfred Nobel, one of Sweden’s wealthiest figures ever was buried among everyone else in the “regular” part of the cemetery inside the semi-circle. But by about 1915, it seems that all of Stockholm’s elite wanted to be buried in showy mausoleums up on the hill. It seems that something in Swedish society changed, making it acceptable to ostentatiously display one’s wealth in the afterlife. </div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhuOrUzjNMBAnQj9FhpyYog1444e9V2-cqutbjYdwHiUK-AfbatuiybluBtq8GpSVUYlioUYv080APrBtZcgULEQqH7MtSVSolezHdg98yBQoAjGFBhO4iVmDrndpz47a_Hu_zxcfUz_As/s1600/Nobel.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhuOrUzjNMBAnQj9FhpyYog1444e9V2-cqutbjYdwHiUK-AfbatuiybluBtq8GpSVUYlioUYv080APrBtZcgULEQqH7MtSVSolezHdg98yBQoAjGFBhO4iVmDrndpz47a_Hu_zxcfUz_As/s400/Nobel.jpg" width="300" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Nobel's grave (not on Lindhagen's Hill)</td></tr>
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This switch didn’t escape Stockholm’s cultural elite. August Strindberg, one of Sweden’s most important authors, called the hill “<i>Fåfängens kulle</i>” or “The Hill of Conceit.” In his will, Strindberg specified that he absolute did not want to be buried on the hill, and that he wanted no more than a simple wooden cross to mark his grave. <br />
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Apparently, either the money for or the desire for such ostentatious burials eventually dried up, because there are several built-up terraces on the hill that have no visible graves.</div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhF1kgmTt4p7d5OBIX1VoRNBnl_1eGtYN5LaTN5zJAgJYj-5_6ocyatRSmhIjRQJ7Xudh8VbxMuduOl2DZa8gpz5oABZYLBGgaPk0V5nIMAeAX1uiqwX9wtIuQOYWs8GYru3gltc4QYbiA/s1600/Lindhagen+empty+terrace+comp.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="298" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhF1kgmTt4p7d5OBIX1VoRNBnl_1eGtYN5LaTN5zJAgJYj-5_6ocyatRSmhIjRQJ7Xudh8VbxMuduOl2DZa8gpz5oABZYLBGgaPk0V5nIMAeAX1uiqwX9wtIuQOYWs8GYru3gltc4QYbiA/s640/Lindhagen+empty+terrace+comp.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
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But regardless of the conceited nature of the hill and of changing burial fashions, I very much like the atmosphere on Lindhagen’s Hill. The ambience is so somber with the dense, dark canopy of pine forest, the grey granite and concrete structures, and the nearly black copper and iron mausoleum doors. Even though the structures are expensive buildings boasting of the owner’s wealth, they are still relatively reserved and discreet in design, and all of the various mausoleums work together to create a melancholy whole. It’s all so fascinatingly Victorian. Lindhagen’s Hill is literally a city of the dead where corpses and ashes dwell in large, three-dimensional structures.</div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiw44fSgC3fUYij-VAKlcmmTkevjH69waOl4c3UeRqlNdSx3XqLMP6MQz-d0T05Z8QP9C3KbmZy0XRnEk5Rsy6Dqud5NkPXfh6Z1W4pQiw4hRam2DraLARqIUKAJP8jOBw5jvIdaGRYFNM/s1600/Lindhagen+city+of+dead+comp.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="234" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiw44fSgC3fUYij-VAKlcmmTkevjH69waOl4c3UeRqlNdSx3XqLMP6MQz-d0T05Z8QP9C3KbmZy0XRnEk5Rsy6Dqud5NkPXfh6Z1W4pQiw4hRam2DraLARqIUKAJP8jOBw5jvIdaGRYFNM/s640/Lindhagen+city+of+dead+comp.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
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Not all wealthy Stockholmers chose to be buried up on Lindhagen’s Hill. Many are buried in other sections of the cemetery, and gravestones vary from a simple slab like actress Ingrid Bergman </div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgefY5zp5h47V6hEQierOMmfvGP60zL8gmAU2WZeG3ZUrYTmaTUbG3z6sc5Kcdkb2gi62p5NmYdgjMzssHH6hofdI0Vl3C6t0s8aO2t10OAngkGnUiiL9omjp8jrzIfEG29z6123caXRjk/s1600/Ingrid.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgefY5zp5h47V6hEQierOMmfvGP60zL8gmAU2WZeG3ZUrYTmaTUbG3z6sc5Kcdkb2gi62p5NmYdgjMzssHH6hofdI0Vl3C6t0s8aO2t10OAngkGnUiiL9omjp8jrzIfEG29z6123caXRjk/s400/Ingrid.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
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to works of art commissioned by Stockholm’s foremost artists such as Carl Milles (left) and Carl Eldh (right). </div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjpH67tR1Dw6Yn1OvLY6OIgwIBXN4sDvR07GeFgCRqjOJsnZckeDF0qbi2l-7uwt9XNfLX1y6ntWqKGfa7y3nMVGOoJOLKM__tCvhCnOGwm80sy3xuxQ3trcU13GdbDUFw7mkl5uk06COY/s1600/Carl+Milles+and+Carl+Eldh+art+comp.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="414" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjpH67tR1Dw6Yn1OvLY6OIgwIBXN4sDvR07GeFgCRqjOJsnZckeDF0qbi2l-7uwt9XNfLX1y6ntWqKGfa7y3nMVGOoJOLKM__tCvhCnOGwm80sy3xuxQ3trcU13GdbDUFw7mkl5uk06COY/s640/Carl+Milles+and+Carl+Eldh+art+comp.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
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Many of Stockholm’s cultural figureheads in literature, architecture, art, and music are also buried in the cemetery. Of course I sought out one of Sweden’s important architects, Ragnar Östberg, who has a Corinthian capitol marking his grave. </div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgAlnIJdJJMAbhi6_ZMw9MXg0CkrT2aiQDgyje2AEa9wrYZryQD06V2pUJ2HRLXAt60b_Sw9GGM2O2SkDsl59QAQOpTxO3O8JGd9N0onJ8YOngvnHCKNpv_5i1_T413prenegHD96aVp9g/s1600/architect.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgAlnIJdJJMAbhi6_ZMw9MXg0CkrT2aiQDgyje2AEa9wrYZryQD06V2pUJ2HRLXAt60b_Sw9GGM2O2SkDsl59QAQOpTxO3O8JGd9N0onJ8YOngvnHCKNpv_5i1_T413prenegHD96aVp9g/s400/architect.jpg" width="300" /></a></div>
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When purchasing a gravesite at the North Cemetery, one originally had a choice between 50 years and eternity. By this point in time, many of the earlier graves have been replaced, and new graves are continually added to older areas. Sometimes, the contrast between a historical and a new grave is startling, but the mix generally works well. </div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjyn-YOMZmEBWNEwDMw_kl50fUIBXQS3l1gytsC3oevs3CTHRePKcl4kSYwEjiMVq4DW7YAgI5hVX3DfMlt8fzXF5szObUADjIu5UeTyxhyA_nzUzRfi3aK5Z82JeyAeWazJUveBOltXxM/s1600/new+and+old.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjyn-YOMZmEBWNEwDMw_kl50fUIBXQS3l1gytsC3oevs3CTHRePKcl4kSYwEjiMVq4DW7YAgI5hVX3DfMlt8fzXF5szObUADjIu5UeTyxhyA_nzUzRfi3aK5Z82JeyAeWazJUveBOltXxM/s400/new+and+old.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
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Ornate Victorian graves with elaborate cast-iron fences are side-by-side with very simple modern headstones, and modern sculptures are side-by-side with faux Viking rune stones.</div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEggkkCdPQsMiPaiLAN6uMgN-C2NJ0t9dOFvCukD_5zsMx5aWiqD6GpqzbpaSMRy8I8xiB0UNXcsRlEWyDwCPJ_-sBclBnMxf518VhyphenhyphenRbMa4_b2BlsU4zEdEaZ-1YDiumCiGfO1mDGVqHXk/s1600/Victorian+rune+stone+comp.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="298" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEggkkCdPQsMiPaiLAN6uMgN-C2NJ0t9dOFvCukD_5zsMx5aWiqD6GpqzbpaSMRy8I8xiB0UNXcsRlEWyDwCPJ_-sBclBnMxf518VhyphenhyphenRbMa4_b2BlsU4zEdEaZ-1YDiumCiGfO1mDGVqHXk/s640/Victorian+rune+stone+comp.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
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Although I have mentioned the various types of plantings in the cemetery, I think it is worth noting again because they represent a significant change in how cemeteries were designed and used over time. Stockholm’s cemeteries in the 1700’s were not pleasant places to be. They were purely utilitarian, and parishes didn’t do much to make the cemeteries pleasing. Cemeteries were often muddy, and they stank of rotting corpses. No trees, flowers, or bushes were planted in them. It wasn’t until the 1800’s that cemeteries started to be viewed as parklike landscapes. When it was built, the Northern Cemetery was unique in Stockholm because of its structured design and because allés of pruned linden trees were planted along the paths, much like a palace garden. Later in the 1800’s, trees and flowers were planted partly to mask the smell, but also as a symbol for the cycle of life. Hedges became incorporated into the designs and were used to create rooms. On Lindhagen’s Hill, “natural” plantings of pine forest, bramble bushes, wildflowers, and blueberry patches pervade every nook and cranny. Aside from the gravestones, there is little to differentiate the Northern Cemetery from <a href="http://walkingstockholm.blogspot.se/2015/11/haga-park-part-i.html" target="_blank">Haga Park</a> next door.<br />
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This is very evident in how the cemetery is used today. It is still an active cemetery, and funerals are preformed in the chapels and new bodies are interred nearly every day. Mourners sit at graves or on benches, and the graves are often cared for by loved ones. However, this burial and mourning function occurs simultaneously with more parklike uses. Stockholmers jog through the cemetery, and one route through the cemetery is a popular shortcut for bicycle commuters. People walk their dogs here, they go on weekend strolls here, and they even sit on benches to enjoy a snack. They come here to talk in private on their cellphones. One master’s thesis I read in my research for this post included a study of activities in the cemetery, and the vast majority of visitors were there for recreational purposes instead of for mourning purposes. When interviewed, people mentioned that they go to the cemetery instead of to nearby Haga Park because the cemetery is calmer and quieter than the park.<br />
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This use of the cemetery as a quiet green space would never be possible if the cemetery wasn’t as secure feeling as it is. I, for example, am probably the most safety-conscious person I know when it comes to deserted places and dark corners. I have learned the hard way to trust my instincts about insecure spaces. But although I was always acutely aware of my surroundings and on the lookout for suspicious people, I felt perfectly comfortable wandering alone in even the most secluded, undeveloped, and forested parts of the cemetery. This is a beautiful testament to the city of Stockholm and how incomparably safe it feels. <br />
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The Northern Cemetery is important in the landscape of Stockholm because it provides a different kind of green space. It is a place where one can be quiet and contemplative, even if one is not mourning a lost loved one. It is a place where one can be unconsciously alone; there is a total lack of social pressure to be in the company of someone else, unlike the highly social <a href="http://walkingstockholm.blogspot.se/2015/11/haga-park-part-i.html" target="_blank">Haga Park</a> next door.<br />
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I also think this cemetery is also an important lesson for us architects, because its significance lies not only in its original intended purpose, but also in an evolved pattern of use that was never imagined by the original designers. We architects are often so focused on implementing an idea for today’s society that we don’t think about how our spaces might evolve over the centuries. I don’t really think that an architect could consciously and successfully anticipate tomorrow’s needs and uses of a space, but an architect <i>can</i> design a space without placing unnecessary restraints on the space’s future evolution. A truly successful space doesn’t just meet the needs of today, but it can evolve to meet the needs of tomorrow, too. <br />
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Sources:<br />
Hedvig Schönbäck, <i>De svenska städernas begravningsplatser</i> 1770-1830 (2008)<br />
Karl-Axel Björnberg,<i> Kungliga och Norra begravningsplatsern</i>a (1998)<br />
Göran Åstrand, <i>Känt och okänt på Stockholms kyrkogårdar</i> (1998)<br />
Peter Blundell Jones, <i>Gunnar Asplund</i> (2006)<br />
Johanna Thuresson, "En unik plats i staden's rum? En studie om platsskapande på Norra begravningsplatsen" (2015, Master's thesis, Stockholms universitet)<br />
<a href="http://www.stockholm.se/-/Serviceenhetsdetaljer/?enhet=add2704343b44aceb876a2cb274addadhttp://www.katolskakyrkogarden.se/historia" target="_blank">http://www.stockholm.se/-/Serviceenhetsdetaljer/?enhet=add2704343b44aceb876a2cb274addadhttp://www.katolskakyrkogarden.se/historia</a><br />
Audio Guide: </div>
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<a href="http://www.stockholm.se/Fristaende-webbplatser/Fackforvaltningssajter/Kyrkogardsforvaltningen/Norra-begravningsplatsen/?kontakt=">http://www.stockholm.se/Fristaende-webbplatser/Fackforvaltningssajter/Kyrkogardsforvaltningen/Norra-begravningsplatsen/?kontakt=</a><br />
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All images are mine unless marked *. Those are from Schönbäck's book listed above.<br />
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Rainahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03436765499184988845noreply@blogger.com1